Particle
Neutrons
Source
Natural GR
Emitted GR
Emitted
Neutrons
Application
Shaliness
Correlation
Porosity
Density
Lithology
Porosity
Gas
Oil
GR Tools
Density Tools
Neutron Tools
NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY
Spontaneous emission of , and particles
from the nucleus of a atom
DENSITY LOG
Uses radioactive source to generate gamma
rays
Gamma ray collides with electrons in
formation, losing energy
Detector measures reduced intensity of gamma
rays
Response of density tools is a function of the
formations electron density
Electron density is a measure of bulk density
DENSITY LOG
Bulk density, b, is dependent upon:
Rock lithology
Formation porosity
Density and saturation of fluids in pore
space
DENSITY PRINCIPLE
Detect GRs from the source which have been
scattered back by the formation
Low Density
Windows
Formation
Hydraulic
sonde
Stabilizer
Skid
Caliper
arm
Cesium
Source
Detectors
Gamma rays
Near Detector
Tungsten
Bore Liner
Far Detector
DENSITY PRINCIPLE
GRs emitted into formation from source
Detectors used to measure returning GR
Energy level of returning GR measured
High energy GR relate to - Density
Low energy GR relate to - Lithology
GR
API
CALIX
IN
16
CALIY
IN
16
200
RHOB
G/C3
-0.25
3
DRHO
G/C3
0.25
4100
Gamma ray
Density
correction
4200
Caliper
Density
DENSITY MEASUREMENTS
Uses
Porosity
Lithology
Curves
Bulk density
(b and )
Pe
b
Pe
Long spacing
detector
Short spacing
detector
Source
1.7
0.6
Density (gr/cc)
NPHI (v/v)
2.7
0
Shale
Gas
Oil
Water
Sandstone
1.7
0.6
Density (gr/cc)
NPHI (v/v)
2.7
0
Shale
Coal
Limestone
Shale
Coal
b = (1 ) ma fl
Typical values
Matrix density 2.65 SS; 2.71 LS; 2.87 Dol
Fluid density
0.9 - 1 OBM and fresh WBM
1.1 - 1.2 salty WBM
ILDC
0.2
200
SNC
0.2
200
RHOC
1.95
2.95
CNLLC
0.45
-0.15
DT
150 us/f 50
MLLCF
0.2
200
RHOC
1.95
10800
10900
Bulk Density
Log
2.95
Porosity equation
ma b
=
ma f
f = mf Sxo + h (1 Sxo )
ma b
D =
ma fl
Charts
POR-5 (S)
POR-10 (H)
CAL
-0.25
+0.25
FACTORS AFFECTING
DENSITY LOG RESPONSE
Hydrocarbons
In oil zones, hc = o which can be measured from
fluid samples
In gas zones, hc = g which can be measured or
calculated using gas properties
PHOTOELECTRIC INTERPRETATION
Pe =
(1 ) ema Pema + e fl Pe fl
(1 ) ema + e fl
Typical Values
Matrix Pe:
1.8 SS; 5.1 LS; 3.1 DOL
Matrix ePe: 4.8 SS; 13.8 LS; 9 DOL
Fluid ePe:
0.1 - 0.4 OBM and fresh WBM
0.4 - 1 salty WBM
PHOTOELECTRIC INTERPRETATION
U = (1 )U ma + U fl
TYPICAL FORMATIONS
RHOB
PEF
2
0
5.1
Limestone
Dolomite
Sandstone
3
10
2.71
3.1
1.8
2.87
2.65
TYPICAL VALUES
Litho Density
Tool (LGT)
Three-Detector
Lithology Density
(TLD)
Flex
Joint
Nal(TI)Scintillation Detector
Geiger-Muller Detecter
Gamma Ray Source
DENSITY SUMMARY