6/19/2011

Unit 2 Size Reduction

By
Evelyn R. Laurito

Characterization of Particles
Particle Volume, Vp

Vp aD p

Particle Surface Area, Sp

S p 6bD p

Sphericity, s (Table 7.1/158MSH) a 6Vp

s
b D pSp

6/19/2011

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

UST Faculty of Engineerg

Example 1
Calculate the sphericity of a cylinder of diameter
1 cm and height 3 cm.
s

Surface Area of a Sphere of the same Volume as the Particle

Surface Area of the Particle

Volume of particle = p rc2 h = p x 0.52 x 3 = 2.356 cm3

Radius of sphere of volume 2.356 cm3:4 p rs3 / 3 = 2.356
rs = 0.8255 cm
Surface area of sphere of same volume as the particle = 4 p rs2 = 4 x p x 0.82552
= 8.563 cm2
Surface area of particle = 2 p rc (h + rc) = 2 x p x 0.5 x (3 + 0.5) = 10.996 cm 2
Sphericity (f s) = 8.563/10.996 = 0.779

6/19/2011

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

UST Faculty of Engineerg

6/19/2011

Characterization of Particles
Particle Volume, Vp

Vp aD p

Particle Surface Area, Sp

S p 6bD p

Sphericity, s (Table 7.1/158MSH) a 6Vp

s
b D pSp
Total surface Area, A = NSp
6m
A
s D pp
Total Volume, V=NVp=m/p
6/19/2011

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

UST Faculty of Engineerg

Characterization of Particles
Total Volume, V=NVp=m/p

6m
s D pp

p = bulk density, Table 21-4/21-6 HB

Bulk (or apparent) density , b
is the total mass per unit of total volume.
not an intrinsic characteristic of the material
it varies with the size distribution of the particles
differs from the true density of the material due to presence of void
spaces in a bulk materials.
For a single nonporous particle, the true density equals the bulk density.
Particles of homogeneous solids have the same density as the bulk
material.
6/19/2011

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

UST Faculty of Engineerg

True Density and Bulk Density

Material

Density, lb/cu .ft.

249

Bauxite

159

Barites, BaSO4

280

180 (crushed)

Calcite, CaCO3

169

90-96 ( crushed)

145

80 100 (crushed); 60-80 (powdered)

Gypsum, CaSO4 2H2O

Hematite, Fe2O3

306 330

Pyrite, FeS2

308 318

Halite, NaCl

131 162

Galena, PbS

460-480

Quartz, SiO2

165

Sphalerite, ZnS

255

Beans, corn, flaxseed, wheat

Coal, bituminous

80 (crushed)

150 (crushed)

80 (crushed); 45 (powdered)

100 110 (gravel)

45-48

Cottonseed, oats

25-26
84

Coke

44-52
23-34

Petroleum coke

6/19/2011

Bulk density, lb/cu. ft.

Alumina, Al2O3

Portland
Cement
ChE 211
Course Notes by ERLaurito

35-40
100

UST Faculty of Engineerg

6/19/2011

Characterization of Particles
Specific Surface of Mixture, Aw

Particle Size
Volume-surface mean diameter, Ds

6/19/2011

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

UST Faculty of Engineerg

Characterization of Particles
Particle Size
Arithmetic mean diameter, DN

Mass mean diameter, Dw

6/19/2011

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

UST Faculty of Engineerg

Characterization of Particles
Particle Size

Volume mean diameter, DV

Number of Particles in mixture, Nw

6/19/2011

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

UST Faculty of Engineerg

6/19/2011

Characterization of Particles
Screen Analysis of Particles Smaller
than 200 mesh
x
k
a Dp
Dp

X= wt frac retained
Dp= mean particle diameter

log x log Dp log a k log Dp

log x log a (k 1) log Dp

6/19/2011

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

UST Faculty of Engineerg

10

Example 2, Ex 28-1/950 MSH

The screen analysis applies to a sample of
crushed quartz. The density of quartz(p) is
2,650 kg/m3 and shape factors are a=2 and
s = 0.571. For the material between 4 and
200 mesh, calculate:
Specific surface, mm2/g
Ds, Dv, Dw
N for particles 150/200
Screen Analysis below 200 mesh

6/19/2011

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

UST Faculty of Engineerg

11

Example 2, Ex 28-1/950 MSH

Mesh

Dp, mm

4
6
8
10
14
20
28
35
48
65
100
150
200
Pan

6/19/2011

4.699
3.327
2.362
1.651
1.168
0.833
0.589
0.417
0.295
0.208
0.147
0.104
0.074

Wt frac
0.0000
0.0251
0.1250
0.3207
0.2570
0.1590
0.0538
0.0210
0.0102
0.0077
0.0058
0.0041
0.0031
0.0075

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

UST Faculty of Engineerg

12

6/19/2011

Example 2, Ex 28-1/950 MSH

s = 0.571

p=2650 kg/m3

a=2

a)
Click Here to Show Calculations

b)

6/19/2011

13

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

UST Faculty of Engineerg

Example 2, Ex 28-1/950 MSH

s = 0.571

p=2650 kg/m3

a=2

Click Here to Show Calculations

c)

6/19/2011

14

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

UST Faculty of Engineerg

Example 2, Ex 28-1/950 MSH

s = 0.571

p=2650 kg/m3

a=2

d) Screen Analysis below 200 mesh

270
400

6/19/2011

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

UST Faculty of Engineerg

0.0045
0.003

15

6/19/2011

Mesh Dp, mm Wt Frac,xi Dp mean

AW

xi/Dpi

6
s p

xi

Dp

4.699

0.0000

3.327

0.0251

4.013

0.006255

2.362

0.1250

2.8445

0.043944

10

1.651

0.3207

2.0065

0.159831

14

1.168

0.2570

1.4095

0.182334

20

0.833

0.1590

1.0005

0.158921

28

0.589

0.0538

0.711

0.075668

35

0.417

0.0210

0.503

0.04175

48

0.295

0.0102

0.356

0.028652

65

0.208

0.0077

0.2515

0.030616

100

0.147

0.0058

0.1775

0.032676

Dp

150

0.104

0.0041

0.1255

0.032669

Ds =1.2075 mm

200

0.074

0.0031

0.089

0.034831

Pan

0.0075

i 1

i 1

s = 0.571
p=0.002650 g/mm3
Aw =3308.6 mm2/g

DS

1
N

xi

i 1

xi
= 0.828147
Dpi

Return

1/ 3

1
DV N

xi

3
Dp
i

1
i

Mesh Dp, mm Wt frac,xi Dp mean xi/Dp3

4
4.699
0.0000
6
3.327
0.0251
4.013 0.006255
8
2.362
0.1250
2.8445 0.043944
10
1.651
0.3207
2.0065 0.159831
14

1.168

0.2570

1.4095 0.182334

20

0.833

0.1590

1.0005 0.158921

28

0.589

0.0538

0.711 0.075668

35

0.417

0.0210

0.503

48

0.295

0.0102

0.356 0.028652

65

0.208

0.0077

0.2515 0.030616

100

0.147

0.0058

0.1775 0.032676

150

0.104

0.0041

0.1255 0.032669

200

0.074

0.0031

0.089 0.034831

Pan

0.0075

Dv =0.48382 mm

0.04175

xi

Dp
i 1

NW

1
a p

i 1

xi
Dpi

a =2 p = .000265
Nw =1666/(.0031)

= 8.829557947
3

Return

Analysis below 200 mesh

last 5 pts: y = 0.8686x - 1.5959

0.0
-0.5
log xi

-1.0

R = 0.9986

last 4 pts:

y = 0.8883x - 1.5781
2
R = 0.9982

-1.5

last 3 pts:

-2.0

y = 0.9076x - 1.5598
2
R = 0.9965

-2.5
-3.0
-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

log Dp

6/19/2011

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

UST Faculty of Engineerg

18

6/19/2011

Analysis below 200 mesh

last 5 pts: y = 0.8686x - 1.5959

R = 0.9986

Mesh
Dp
230
0.0675

6/19/2011

270

0.057

325

0.048

400

0.0405

log
(Dp)[x y=log xi

xi=10^y

-1.1707

-2.61277

0.0024

-1.24413

-2.67655

0.0021

-1.31876

-2.74137

0.0018

-1.39254

-2.80546

0.0016

19

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

UST Faculty of Engineerg

Sphericity
Material

Spheri
city,
s

Spheri
city,
s

Spheres, cubes, short cylinder (L= Dp)

1.0

Mica flakes

0.28

Berl saddles

0.30

Coal dust, natural (up to 3/8 in.)

0.65

Raschig rings (L = Dp)

L = Do , Di = 0.5 Do
L = Do , Di = 0.75 Do

0.58
0.33

Coal dust, pulverized

0.73

Sand ( average for various types)

0.75

Cork

0.69

Crushed glass

0.65

Flue dust ( fused, aggregates)

0.55

Flue dust ( fused, spherical)

0.89

Glass, crushed, jagged

0.65

*Values from Unit Operation by McCabe and Smith 6th Ed p. 158, 2001 and
R.H. Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 6th Ed. P.5-54, 1984

6/19/2011

Material

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

UST Faculty of Engineerg

Sand, rounded

0.83

Sand, angular

0.73

Flint sand, jagged

0.65

Ottawa sand

0.95

Wilcox sand

0.60

Tungsten powder

0.89

20