TO
EUROCODES
Prabhakara Bhatt
University of Glasgow
Spon
an
imprint
Press
of
CONTENTS
Preface
Basic
2.
xix
1
concepts
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Prestressed
1.3
concrete
Technology of prestressing
2.1
2.2
Methods of
prestressing
Pre-tensioning
2.2.1
Debonding/blanketing
2.3
10
Deflecting/draping/harping
2.2.3
12
2.2.4
Transmission
12
of strands
11
length
Example
of calculation of transmission
length
14
Post-tensioning
2.3.1
Post-tensioning anchors
2.3.2
Loss of prestress at transfer
21
2.3.3
External
21
2.3.4
Unbonded systems
Material
3.1
5
of strands
2.2.2
2.2.4.1
3.
prestressing
15
18
22
25
properties
25
3.3
Properties of concrete
Compressive strength of concrete
Tensile strength of concrete
3.4
Defonnational
27
3.2
3.5
properties
25
26
3.4.1
Elastic moduli
27
3.4.2
Creep coefficient
27
3.4.3
Shrinkage
31
Stress-strain
3.5.1
relationship
33
34
3.5.2
Parabolic-rectangular relationship
Bi-linear relationship
3.5.3
Confined concrete
35
35
3.6
Permissible
stresses in concrete
36
3.7
Prestressing
steel
37
3.8
Relaxation
3.9
Maximum Stress at
Jacking
40
3.10
40
3.11
40
39
viii
4.
Design
4.2
Beam
4.3
of prestressed
4.3.4
4.3.5
Debonding
4.3.6
Initial
sizing
4.4.1
4.5
beams
43
43
43
44
of
eccentricity
of
47
49
50
53
54
eccentricity
at different sections
of section
Example
44
52
56
56
58
preliminary sizing
beam section
59
4.6
Composite
4.5.1
Magnel equations for composite beam
4.5.2
Shrinkage stress calculation
4.5.3
Example of shrinkage stress calculation
4.5.4
Magnel diagrams for a composite beam
4.5.5
Choice of prestress and eccentricity at different sections
Cracking
4.7
Thermal
stress
4.7.1
Heating
72
4.7.2
Cooling
73
4.7.3
4.7.4
5.
pre-tensioned
4.4
of
concrete structure
calculation
60
61
64
67
70
71
71
Example
of thermal
4.7.4.1
4.7.4.2
stress
gradients
calculation
73
74
Heating
Cooling
75
78
4.8
Detailing
79
4.9
80
Bonded
post-tensioned
5.1
Post-tensioned beams
5.2
Cable
5.2.1
profile in
Example
5.2.1.1
5.3
81
structures
81
post-tensioned beam
81
of
82
permitted cable
Magnel equations
zone
85
5.2.1.2
Determination of maximum
5.2.1.3
Determination of cable
5.2.1.4
Detailing
of
eccentricity
zone
post-tensioned
tendons
87
88
88
5.3.1
General
equation
5.3.2
General
profile
for
85
equivalent
loads
90
91
Contents
ix
5.3.3
6.
Load
93
5.4
5.5
94
94
95
95
Analysis
to
determine the
6.2.1
Equivalent
6.2.2
General
6.2.3
General
loads for
97
distribution due
cable
to
prestress
for
equation
equivalent
loads for
cable
105
of three
parabolas
111
of two
parabolas
114
116
116
6.3.1
Fixed end
6.3.2
moments
four-parabola
cable
profile
121
Example
118
118
6.4.1
6.6
117
to
prestress
6.5
99
profile
Analysis
98
100
of four
parabolic segments
6.2.3.1 Alternative profile consisting
instead of four parabolas
6.2.3.2 Alternative profile consisting
instead of three parabolas
Loss of prestress and equivalent loads
6.2.4
6.4
moment
6.3
95
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.2
structures
Introduction
of a continuous
bridge
beam
122
122
6.6.1
Analysis
6.6.2
Determination of
126
6.6.3
Refined
128
of the
bridge
123
129
6.6.3.4
129
6.6.3.5
analysis
due to
129
129
132
6.7
Concordant cable
6.8
132
6.9
Equivalent loads
134
6.9.1
6.10
Equivalent
132
profile
and shift in the centroidal axis
girders
analysis
area
136
136
139
7.
6.11.2
Thermal
calculation:
Reduction of moment
6.13
Ultimate
support
over
heating
139
cooling
142
in continuous beams
147
147
Introduction
7.2
7.3
Stress
7.4
Rectangular
7.5
Stress
strain
strain
149
for concrete
relationship
stress
147
loading
150
Prestress and
7.6.2
Strain due to
7.6.3
150
in steel
pre-strain
bending in
steel
151
stress in steel
151
151
7.9
bridge
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
The strain
Stress-strain
Example
149
150
for steel
relationship
compatibility method
Properties of a trapezium
Ultimate moment calculation of a
7.8
144
145
7.1
7.7
relationship
152
for unstressed
beam
152
157
162
reinforcing
steel
163
unstressed steels
164
167
7.15
7.16
170
7.14
Analysis
171
Introduction
8.2
Cracked section
8.3
Cracked section
8.5
analysis
analysis of a double T-beam
strain relationship for concrete
strain relationship for steel
8.3.1
Stress
8.3.2
Stress
8.3.3
Cracked section
Partially prestressed
Composite
8.5.1
169
171
of cracked sections
8.1
8.4
9.
stress
6.12
7.6
8.
6.11.1
172
174
174
174
analysis
180
beam
183
beam
Magnel diagram
171
for
composite
beam
strength
calculations
184
193
9.1
Introduction
193
9.2
195
Contents
xi
9.2.1
Example
of calculation of shear
capacity
of
section
Checking
9.4
Shear capacity of
and cracked in
9.4.1
198
bending
198
9.5
197
Design
199
bending
of shear reinforcement
200
9.5.1
Derivation of
9.5.2
9.5.3
Design
of
beam not
9.5.4
Design
of
beam
equations (9.7)
and
(9.11)
201
design
203
needing design
shear reinforcement
203
Shear
9.7
capacity
9.8.1
of
composite
9.10
9.11
204
beam
207
9.9
212
213
flange
214
215
9.10.1
227
Spacing
of torsion reinforcement
9.12
Design
Warping
9.13
References
torsion
219
227
228
to Eurocode 2 clauses
228
229
10.1
Introduction
10.2
Exposure
10.3
229
10.4
Minimum steel
231
10.4.1
10.5
229
classes
229
areas
Example
of minimum steel
Calculation of crack
area
calculation
233
10.7
width, wk
10.5.1
Crack spacing, Sr, max
10.5.2
Example of crack width and spacing calculation
Example of a partially prestressed beam
10.6.1
Example of minimum steel area calculation
10.6.2
Example of width and spacing of crack
Control of cracking without direct calculation
238
10.8
References
239
10.6
11.
shear reinforcement
9.6
9.8
10.
needing design
to
Eurocode 2 clauses
Loss of prestress
234
235
235
236
236
237
241
11.1
Introduction
241
11.2
241
11.2.1
Elastic loss in
241
11.2.1.1
pre-tensioned beams
Example of elastic loss calculation
loss in post-tensioned beams
243
11.2.2
Elastic
244
11.2.3
11.2.3.2
Example
11.2.4
245
11.2.3.1
247
profiles
248
252
11.2.4.1
254
Example
11.3
255
11.4
References
259
Design
to
Eurocode 2 clauses
of slabs
12.1
Introduction
12.2
Typical
257
261
261
261
depths
12.2.1
12.3
12.4
12.3.2
slab
12.3.3
Choice of prestress
12.3.4
Calculation of losses
12.3.5
Calculation of correct
12.3.6
12.3.7
271
12.3.8
272
263
264
266
267
equivalent
loads
at service
at transfer
slab
269
270
272
slab
273
12.5
Flat slabs
276
12.6
Methods of
279
12.7
12.8
12.9
283
283
12.8.1
12.8.2
Results of
load pattern 1
288
12.8.3
Results
294
12.8.4
Results
load pattern 2
load pattern 3
12.8.5
Results of
303
Finite element
284
analysis
analysis
of
for dead
strip
plus
of flat slab
298
307
12.9.1
Results of
12.9.2
Results of
for dead
plus
12.9.3
Results
for dead
plus live
315
12.9.4
Results
for dead
plus
load pattern 2
live load pattern 3
318
12.9.5
Results
for dead
plus
321
analysis
of analysis
of analysis
of analysis
309
live load partem 1
312
Contents
xiii
12.10
Comparison
a
12.11
strip
and
324
12.12
Grillage analysis
12.13
Example
12.13.1
12.14
of slab
of
for
design
Results of
irregular
column
layout
of flat slab-frame
analysis
327
329
329
331
to
330
wedge
draw-in
333
333
Fixed end
moments due
patch
333
couple
Equivalent loads and fixed end moments
12.16.1 Equivalent loads and fixed end moments
12.16.2 Equivalent loads and fixed end moments
334
334
at
transfer
at service
12.16.3
equivalent loads
12.16.4
equivalent
loads at service
12.16.5
equivalent
loads
at
at transfer
equivalent
12.6.7
12.16.8
337
340
342
loads and
342
stages
343
348
Ultimate limit
12.17.1
Moment
12.17.2
Parasitic moments
12.17.3
Parasitic
envelopes
349
example
capacity
12.18
Detailing
of steel
12.19
12.20
References
350
351
353
to Eurocode 2 clauses
348
350
moments:
13.
334
transfer 338
12.17
324
327
shear
detailing of steel
357
357
359
13.1
Punching
shear failure
359
13.2
359
13.3
13.4
Effect of holes
363
13.4.1
13.5
near
the column
Example
Columns with
capitals
361
363
364
Prestressed Concrete
xiv
13.6
moment
13.7
13.8
13.9
Punching
15.
moment
acting
369
simultaneously
13.7.1
Special cases of shear force and moment acting together370
371
Punching shear stress checks
373
Example of punching shear capacity design
13.10 Reference
14.
Design
Loading
on
to Eurocode 2 clauses
376
377
buildings
14.1
Introduction
377
14.2
Limit states
378
14.3
Classification of actions
379
14.4
379
14.5
Design
values of actions
380
14.6
Combination of actions
381
14.6.1
381
14.6.2
Values of y factors
382
14.6.3
Examples
of the
use
383
of y factors
14.7
389
14.8
390
Loading
on
393
bridges
15.1
Introduction
393
15.2
Notional Lanes
393
15.3
Load models
394
15.3.1
Load Model 1
394
15.3.2
Load Model 2
395
15.3.3
Load Model 3
395
15.3.4
Load Model 4
396
15.4
Dispersal
15.5
Horizontal forces
15.5.1
Breaking
15.5.2
15.6
Loads
of concentrated load
396
forces
Centrifugal
on
396
3 96
forces
footways, cycle
397
of traffic loads
bridges
397
15.7
398
Groups
15.8
398
15.9
Values of y factors
399
15.10
15.11
399
15.12
400
bridges
399
Contents
16.
Analysis
16.1
and
16.1.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
401
Introduction
401
402
Methods of
analysis
Grillage analysis
16.3.1
Aspects of behaviour ignored
16.3.2
Edge stiffening
405
407
in
407
grillage analysis
409
Torsional constant
409
16.4.1
16.4.2
Example
of analysis of
411
16.5.1
Bending properties
16.5.2
Section
16.5.3
Section
16.5.4
Torsion
16.5.5
Alternative
expressions
rectangular
cross
412
of precast beam
412
414
416
constant
for
416
approximate value of J
for
sections
16.5.6
Section
16.5.7
Material
16.5.8
properties
418
of transverse beams
418
properties
419
bending
moment
distribution
Stresses due to
16.7
Thermal
stresses
16.7.1
Thermal stresses:
16.7.2
Thermal
shrinkage
in the
419
of slab
composite
stresses:
426
beam
426
heating
cooling
427
429
16.8
432
16.9
Magnel diagrams
433
16.10
16.9.1
16.11
437
bending
moment distribution in
438
Self-weight
443
16.12 Ultimate
16.13
Stress checks
moments
moment
443
447
16.13.2
16.13.3
16.13.4
16.14
Analysis
448
452
Summary of results
453
Design
of shear reinforcement
454
along
459
461
Heating
464
Cooling
466
eccentricity
467
471
Prestressed
xvi
Calculation of moments
16.14.6
Design
474
ULS
477
479
481
16.14.1
ODesign
16.14.11
moment at ULS
483
Longitudinal
16.14.12 Stress
17.
at
Concrete
487
487
16.15
489
16.16
491
16.17
Lower bound
anchorages
comparison
491
approaches to design
at ultimate
limit state
493
17.1
Introduction
493
17.2
Theory of Plasticity
In-plane stresses
17.3.1
Examples of reinforcement calculations
Presence of prestressing cables
17.3.2
Designs for a combination of in-plane and flexural forces
17.4.1
Example of design for a combination of in-plane
493
17.3
17.4
494
497
503
504
and
507
flexural forces
17.5
17.6
Out-of-plane
17.7
508
510
shear
17.7.1
B and D
17.7.2
Saint Venant's
17.7.3
An
Design
17.7.5
Types
17.7.6
Correct
511
Regions
example
17.7.4
511
design
512
principle
of strut-tie
of nodal
515
layout
517
zones
17.7.6.1
Correct
17.7.6.2
Correct
layout of struts
layout of struts
and ties:
deep
beam
520
521
design
of corbel
17.7.6.4
17.7.6.5
Reinforcement
17.7.6.3
18.
520
17.7.6.2.1
17.8
514
modelling
of struts
at frame corners
523
525
527
529
531
533
18.1
Introduction
533
18.2
Ductility
535
18.3
Types
of structural systems
536
Contents
18.4
Behaviour
18.5
Ductility
18.6
540
18.6.1
540
18.6.3
18.6.4
540
system
Calculation of eigenvalues
18.6.5
18.6.6
544
545
545
Eigenvectors of [K-o2 M]
Properties of eigenvectors
547
18.6.8
Mode
549
18.6.10
Elastic
Methods of
18.8.1
spectrum
Eurocode 8
analysis
18.8.2.3
18.8.2.4
18.8.2.5
552
method of
spectrum
554
example
analysis
Displacement spectrum
Combining modal values: SRSS and
CQC rules
Rayleigh damping
'Resultant'storey level displacements
'Resultant'storey level forces
18.8.2.2
551
553
18.8.2.1
550
553
analysis
Modal response
550
551
acceleration
design spectrum:
18.8.1.1
18.8.2
548
554
556
557
558
558
559
559
18.9
560
18.10
design
561
18.11
564
569
18.14
18.16
571
18.12
18.13
19.
542
18.6.7
18.6.9
18.8
538
dynamics
Single-degree-of-freedom system
Multi-degree-of-freedom system
Response to an acceleration of the base
Vibration of an undamped free multi-degree-of-freedom
18.6.2
18.7
factor, q
classes
Miscellaneous
19.1
566
topics
573
Introduction
19.2
Unbonded
19.3
Design
of
570
573
design
573
19.3.1
19.3.2
19.3.3
19.3.4
Bending
19.3.5
Thermal stresses:
573
SLS
at SLS
stresses at SLS
573
574
574
575
575
xviii
20.
19.4
Determination of
19.5
Cracking
19.6
Ultimate moment
19.7
Ultimate shear
19.8
Calculation of deflection
582
19.9
585
prestress
moment
575
578
capacity
capacity
579
580
References
587
Index
591