499-514
Copyright 2002, ditions Technip
500
Oil & Gas Science and Technology Rev. IFP, Vol. 57 (2002), No. 5
INTRODUCTION
Productivity of a reservoir, to some extend, depends on the
microseismic fissures that exist in the oil formation. The
more intense the extend of fissuring, the more economic the
reservoir is as fissures promote flow in the oil bearing strata.
Due to the random statistical distribution of the fissures,
direct numerical modeling of each individual fissures is a
formidable task due to the large number of data sets involved
in one hand, and the exceedingly high computational cost on
the other. Hence, a continuum approach based on the double
porosity model introduced by Barenblatt et al. (1960), and
later extended by Warren and Root (1963) is more suitable in
this scenario.
Over the past few decades, double porosity models with
varying degree of sophistication have been developed to
simulate flow through fractured porous media. Taking into
account the deformability of the oil formation, Aifantis and
co-workers (Aifantis, 1985; Wilson and Aifantis, 1982;
Khaled et al., 1984) extended Barenblatts model to what is
now known as deformable double porosity formulation.
Alternative of Aifantis formulation were also given latter by
others in this area, e.g. Valliappan and Khalili (1990), Cho et
al. (1991), Bai et al. (1993), Berryman and Wang (1995),
Ghafouri and Lewis (1996), Chen and Teufel (1998), in
chronological order. The majority of these works, however,
concentrated on single-phase flow phenomena in a
deformable geo-material, which has its special utility in civil
engineering application like footing analysis etc. Direct
application of such models to a deformable oil reservoir is an
idealization far from realistic as far as the petroleum industry
is concerned. More recently, Lewis and Ghafouri (1997) and
Bai et al. (1998) have extended the double porosity concept
to include multiphase flow. To the authors knowledge, the
models developed by these two groups represent the only
existing simulators able to analyze multiphase flow in deformable fractured geo-material, with particular emphasis on
petroleum reservoir mechanics. However, a few inadequacies
exist in these models. The formulation given in (Lewis and
Ghafouri, 1997) neglected the fracture deformation while
those in (Bai et al., 1998) only considered a two-phase oilwater problem.
The objectives of the present paper are threefold. First, to
eliminate the deficiencies in the present multiphase double
porosity model. Second, to recast the governing equations
based on a multiphase flow formulation and finally, to
present a numerical analysis of the proposed model.
1 PRELIMINARY CALCULATIONS
The model presented here conceptually consists of two
separate models:
the deformable skeleton;
and the multiphase fluid flowing through the porous media.
(1)
= + vs
dt t
x
(2)
(3)
(4)
(6)
From Equations (3), (5) and (6), the following saturationpressure relationships can be derived:
Sw
p
p
= S 'w o w
t
t
t
(7)
RW Lewis and WKS Pao / Numerical Simulation of Three-Phase Flow in Deforming Fractured Reservoirs
S g
t
p g po
= S ' g
t
t
p g
So
p
p
= S 'w w + ( S ' g S 'w ) o S ' g
t
t
t
t
(8)
(9)
where:
S 'w =
Sw
pcw
(10)
and:
S ' g =
S g
pcg
(11)
are the slope of the S vs. pc plot for an oil-water and an oilgas system, respectively.
To relate the skeleton motion due to the fluid, the effective
average pore pressure is defined, where it is an average pore
pressure weighted by the saturations for both the matrix and
fractures systems viz:
p = Sw pw + So po + S g p g
p g
p
p
p
= So'' o + Sw'' w + S ''g
t
t
t
t
are
In Equation (18), the phenomenological constants
termed the modified Biots coefficients (or modified BiotWillis parameter). As pointed out by Berryman and Wang
(1995), the form given by Equation (18) is not seriously in
doubt. An important characteristic of this equation is that
each point in space now has two weighted fluid pressures
associated with it, and therefore these pressures are not the
true microscopic pressures in the fluid, but the average over
some representative volume.
To obtain an explicit expression for the phenomenological
constants in terms of physically measurable parameters, one
can use Bettis reciprocity theorem. From the analysis carried
out in (Khalili and Valliappan, 1996) for an isotropic elastic
medium, it can be shown that:
1 =
K
K
,
K p Km
(13)
2 = 1
K
Kp
(19)
(12)
On incorporating Equations (7)-(9) into (12), the following equation is obtained for the average pore pressure in
a three-phase flow regime:
501
K
Km
(20)
where is the well-known Biot coefficient for a nonfissured material. This shows that Equation (18) lies within
the framework of Biot poroelasticity (Biot, 1941). It is
worthwhile mentioning that if the volume of fissures is
reduced to zero, i.e. Kp = K, then 2 = 0 and 1 = .
Substituting Equation (18) into (17), one obtains:
where:
So'' = So pcg S ' g pcw S 'w
(14)
(15)
(16)
2 MATHEMATICAL FORMULATIONS
div S v + L( )o Rso So v o
+ ( 1) = 0
= ' 1 p1 2 p2
(21)
(18)
+ ( 1) STC QSTC
S + L( )o Rso So
t
)
(22)
(23)
Oil & Gas Science and Technology Rev. IFP, Vol. 57 (2002), No. 5
502
( ) STC
B
(24)
dt
=
t B p
(25)
1 p
p
B t = B' t
(31)
and:
R S
div
v + L( ) so o v o + ( 1)(Q ) STC
Bo
B
S
R S
+ L( ) so o + ( 1)
=0
t B
Bo
B
d =
(26)
(27)
gradp
(28)
K
k
Rso Rso po
p
=
= R' so o
t
po t
t
(29)
d
db
b
b
(32)
(33)
(34)
k k r
d S
R k k
R S
div
gradp + L( ) so ro gradpo +
+ L( ) so o
o Bo
Bo
B
dt B
R S v
+
+ L( ) so o s + ( 1)(Q ) STC + ( 1)
=0
Bo
B
B
x
(30)
RW Lewis and WKS Pao / Numerical Simulation of Three-Phase Flow in Deforming Fractured Reservoirs
dM
dM
dp- 1
dM
II 44
64
47
8
I
678
d1
( 1 1)
dp1
= 1tr[ ]
b
Km
III 4444444
6444444
47
8
1 + 2 1
+ 1 2 1 2
d( p2 p1)
1 + 2 K
dp- 2
dM
Figure 1
Stress state Case I corresponds to an external hydrostatic
pressure of dM, an internal matrix pressure of dp1 and an
internal fissure pressure of dp2 (adapted from Khalili and
Valliappan, 1996).
dp- 1
dp- 1
dp- 1
dp- 1
dp- 1
dp- 1
Figure 2
Stress state Case II corresponds to an equal external and
internal matrix pressure of dp1 (adapted from Khalili and
Valliappan, 1996).
dp- 1
dp- 1
503
dp- 1
dp- 1
dp- 1
Figure 3
Stress state Case III an equal external and internal fissure
pressure of dp1 and a pore pressure of 0 (adapted from Khalili
and Valliappan, 1996).
II 44
6447
8
I
678
d 2
( 2 2 )
dp2
= 2 tr[ ]
b
Km
III 4444444
6444444
47
8
1 + 2 1
+ 1 2 1 2
d( p1 p2 )
1 + 2 K
(35)
(36)
x
t
dt
t
the following compact form of the mass balance equations
for each fluid phase is finally obtained:
For the water phase in the pore matrix:
k k
div 1 rw 1 gradpw 1 w 1( pw 1 pw 2 )
w Bw 1
p g 1
(38)
pw 1
p
p
+ w 1o1 o1 + w 1g 1
+ w 1w 2 w 2
t
t
t
t
p g 1Sw 1
p
+w 1o 2 o 2 + w 1g 2
+
mT
=0
t
t
Bw 1
t
+w 1w 1
Oil & Gas Science and Technology Rev. IFP, Vol. 57 (2002), No. 5
504
where:
w 1
(39)
k k
= 1 rw 1
w Bw 1
w 1w 1 = 1Sw 1B'w 1
w 1o1 =
1
1
S
+
S 'w 1 w 1 So''1 1
Km
Bw 1
Bw 1
K
w 1g 1 =
w 1w 2 =
1
S
1
S ' w 1 S '' 1
+ (40)
Bw 1 w 1 Bw 1 w 1 K m
K
Sw 1 '' 1 1
S
+
Bw 1 g 1 K m
K
(41)
(42)
Sw 1 ''
S
S
Sw 2 , w 1o 2 = w 1 So'' 2 , w 1g 2 = w 1 S ''g 2
Bw 1 K
Bw 1 K
Bw 1 K
(43)
+ 2
= 1 2 1 2 1
1 + 2
(44)
p g 1
pw 1
p
p
+ w 2o1 o1 + w 2 g 1
+ w 2w 2 w 2
t
t
t
t
p g 2 2 Sw 2
po 2
(46)
+w 2o 2
+ w 2 g 2
+
mT
=0
t
t
Bw 2
t
+w 2w 1
where:
w 2 =
k 2 k rw 2
w Bw 2
w 2w 1 =
(47)
Sw 2 ''
S
S ,
= w 2 S '' ,
= w 2 S ''
Bw 2 K w 1 w 2o1 Bw 2 K o1 w 2 g 1 Bw 2 K g 1
(48)
w 2w 2 = 2 Sw 2 B'w 2
w 2o 2 =
2
S
2
S ' w 2 S '' 2
+
Bw 2 w 2 Bw 2 w 2 K m
K
2
S
2
S 'w 2 w 2 So'' 2 2
+
Bw 2
Bw 2
Km
K
w 2 g 2 =
Sw 2 '' 2 2
S
+
Bw 2 g 2 K m
K
(51)
Sw 1 '' 1 1 pw 1
S
+
Bw 1 w 1 K m
K t
(52)
(53)
(49)
v r = S (v v s )
(50)
(54)
RW Lewis and WKS Pao / Numerical Simulation of Three-Phase Flow in Deforming Fractured Reservoirs
(55)
i.e. two relative flow vector are defined, one with respect
to the porous block and the other one with respect to
the fissured block. By imposing the stress equilibrium
condition:
= 1 = 2
1C1
1 1 + C + C t
1
2
(59)
4 n( n + 2)
l2
(60)
and:
d1 n = 1
2 d1d2 n = 2
l = d1 + d2
3d1d2 d3
n=3
d1d2 + d2 d3 + d3 d1
p0 ( x) = pi ( x)
(62)
0 ( x) = S ( x)
S
i
(63)
(58)
C1
1 1
C1 + C 2
(56)
Sw 1 T
m
Bw 1
505
k k r
B
gradp = q on q
(65)
In practice, two different types of flow boundary conditions are usually applied, firstly by prescribing the flow rate:
q = q on q
(66)
(67)
(61)
(64)
and q p =
(68)
For the equilibrium equations, one requires the displacement boundary conditions, i.e.:
(69)
u = u on
u
(70)
Oil & Gas Science and Technology Rev. IFP, Vol. 57 (2002), No. 5
506
(71)
4 NUMERICAL DISCRETISATION
A Galerkin-based Finite Element Method was applied to the
governing equations obtained in the Section 2, where the
displacements, u, and the fluid pressures, p, in the two
overlapping continua, namely the matrix and the fractured
network, are the primary unknowns. By first recasting the
governing equations
) in a weak form and approximating the
unknown vector X as:
) )
)
)
)
(72)
u Nu, p 1 = Np 1, p 2 = Np 2
)
) ) )
where X = u, p 1, p 2 , the following equation is obtained:
)
d )
AX + B X = F
dt
(73)
)
)
)
dXt = Xt +1 Xt
(75)
5 x 50 ft
Finite element mesh used for the SPE example (not in scale).
(77)
Fractured
Figure 4
Qo 2 = I p po 2
Overburden
10 x 200
ft
The selected numerical example is a pseudo threedimensional, field scale case, which was a part of the sixth
SPE comparative solution project for double porosity
simulators (Firoozabadi and Thomas, 1990). This example
was chosen not only because the information required for the
simulator is complete, but also a comparison of the solution
technique with other simulators is also possible. A linear
section of reservoir was modeled (Fig. 4). Vertically, five
layers each having a height of 50 ft [15.2 m] was used.
Horizontally, the reservoir was divided into ten 200 ft [61 m]
grid blocks. A uniform thickness of 1000 ft [305 m] was used
in the y-direction. The layer description for the cross-section
is given in Table 1. Whereas both the shape factors and
fracture permeabilities may be determined in terms of the
matrix block size, the corresponding values given in Thomas
et al. (1983), and presented in Table 1, were used directly.
The oil production rate was calculated as follows:
reservoir
ft
00
5 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
strata
10
RW Lewis and WKS Pao / Numerical Simulation of Three-Phase Flow in Deforming Fractured Reservoirs
k ro 2 J
Bo 2o 2
507
pressure. The coefficient J has dimension of ResB-cp/daypsi, or Darcy-ft, and the corresponding values for each layer
are given in Table 1.
The water and gas rates were obtained in terms of the
mobility ratio values as follows:
(78)
Qw 2 = Mwo 2Qo 2
(79)
(80)
TABLE 1
Basic data for the sixth SPE comparative solution project
Layer
Matrix block
size, ft
[ 0.3048 m]
Fracture
Permeability, mD
[ 9.87 1010 m2]
Shape
Factor, ft2
[ 0.0929 m2]
J
Ft2[m2]
RB-cp/D psi [m3]
1
2
3
4
5
25 [7.62]
25 [7.62]
5 [1.524]
10 [3.048]
10 [3.048]
10 [9.89 109]
10 [9.89 109]
90 [8.88 108]
20 [1.97 108]
20 [1.97 108]
0.040 [0.431]
0.040 [0.431]
1.000 [10.76]
0.025 [0.269]
0.025 [0.269]
1 [0.0283]
1 [0.0283]
9 [0.2549]
2 [0.0566]
2 [0.0566]
1[9.89 1010]
0.29
0.01
6000 [41.37]
0.87 [6000]
0.02 [500]
3.5 106 [5.075 1010]
Multiply calculated values by 0.1
TABLE 2
PVT data for the Sixth SPE comparative solution project
Pressure
(psi)
Bo
(RB/STB)
Bg
(RB/SCF)
Rso
(SCF/STB)
o
(cp)
g
(cp)
(dyne/cm)
1674.0
2031.0
2530.0
2991.0
3553.0
4110.0
4544.0
4935.0
5255.0
5455.0
7000.0
1.3001
1.3359
1.3891
1.4425
1.5141
1.5938
1.6630
1.7315
1.7953
1.8540
2.1978
0.00198
0.00162
0.00130
0.00111
0.000959
0.000855
0.000795
0.000751
0.000720
0.000696
0.000600
367.0
447.0
564.0
679.0
832.0
1000.0
1143.0
1285.0
1413.0
1530.0
2259.0
0.529
0.487
0.436
0.397
0.351
0.310
0.278
0.248
0.229
0.210
0.109
0.0162
0.0171
0.0184
0.0197
0.0213
0.0230
0.0244
0.0255
0.0265
0.0274
0.0330
6.0
4.8
3.3
2.2
1.28
0.072
0.444
0.255
0.155
0.090
0.050
5545 [38.23]
51.14 [810.04]
0.058 [0.91870]
1.07
3.5 106 [5.075 1010]
0.35 [0.35 103]
Oil & Gas Science and Technology Rev. IFP, Vol. 57 (2002), No. 5
508
where Mwo2 and Mgo2 are the mobility ratios of water to oil
and mobility ratio of gas to oil, respectively, and are
calculated as follows:
Mwo 2 =
M go 2 =
( k rw 2 / w 2 ) Bw 2
( k ro 2 / o 2 ) Bo 2
(81)
( k rg 2 / g 2 ) B g 2
(82)
( k ro 2 / o 2 ) Bo 2
0.9
0.9
Krog
0.8
Relative permeability, Kr
Relative permeability, Kr
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Krg
0.4
0.3
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.8
0.9
Krow
0.7
Krw
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.8
0.9
Figure 5
Figure 6
50
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
500
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Gas saturation, Sg
-300
0
0.9
Figure 7
Figure 8
RW Lewis and WKS Pao / Numerical Simulation of Three-Phase Flow in Deforming Fractured Reservoirs
p
I cgI
(83)
509
500
20 000
Present model
17 500
15 000
GOR (SCF/STB)
400
Lewis and Ghafouri
300
Solution
halted
200
12 500
Lewis and Ghafouri
10 000
Solution
halted
7500
5000
100
Present model
2500
0
4
6
Time (years)
10
4
6
Time (years)
Figure 9
Figure 10
10
Oil & Gas Science and Technology Rev. IFP, Vol. 57 (2002), No. 5
510
7000
6000
5728
Present model
5723
5719
Pressure (psi)
5000
5715
4000
5711
3000
5728
5723
5719
4815
2000
Figure 12
1000
0
4
6
Time (years)
10
4842
4838
Figure 11
Pressure at Grid block (5,1,1) versus time for the SPE
example (1 psi = 6894.8 Pa).
4834
4842
4838
4830
4827
4823 4815
Figure 13
Pressure distribution (psi) contours in the cross-section of the
reservoir at 5 years (1 psi = 6894.8 Pa).
4250
4255
4260
4255
4260
4250 4244
4239
Figure 14
Pressure distribution (psi) contours in the cross-section of the
reservoir at 9 years (1 psi = 6894.8 Pa).
RW Lewis and WKS Pao / Numerical Simulation of Three-Phase Flow in Deforming Fractured Reservoirs
-0.1
-0.1
year 1
-0.2
Displacements (ft)
-0.2
511
-0.3
year 3
-0.4
-0.5
year 5
-0.6
-0.7
year 7
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
-0.8
-0.9
year 9.2
-0.9
-0.3
-1
-1
0
500
1000
Distance (ft)
1500
2000
4
6
Time (years)
10
Figure 15
Figure 16
casing and pipeline, e.g. some old fields in the United States,
i.e. Buena Vista (0.27 m), Fruitvale (0.04 m) and Santa Fe
Spring (0.66 m). Figure 16 illustrates the displacement vs.
time curve at the gridblock (5,1,1). Note that the
displacement is almost linearly proportional to the oil rate
and the pressure drawdown.
CONCLUSIONS
The mathematical formulation of a three-phase threedimensional fluid flow and rock deformation in fractured
reservoir was introduced in this paper. The present formulation, consisting of both the equilibrium and multiphase
mass conservation equations, accounts for the significant
influence of coupling between the fluid flow and solid
deformation. The final set of equations, which contain the
additional cross coupling terms as compared to similar
existing models, accounts for the displacements compatibility
condition between the porous rock and the fissured block. A
field scale example was employed as an alpha case to test
the soundness of the current formulation and the robustness
of the numerical scheme. The results illustrate a significantly
different behavior for the case of a reservoir where the
impact of coupling was also considered.
REFERENCES
Aifantis, E.C. (1985) Introducing a Multi-Porous Medium.
Developments in Mech., 9, 46-69.
Aziz, K. and Settari, A. (1979) Petroleum Reservoir Simulation,
Applied Science Publisher, London.
Bai, M., Elsworth, D. and Roegiers, J.C. (1993) Modelling of
Naturally Fractured Reservoir Using Deformation Dependent
Flow Mechanism. Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech., 30,
1185-1191.
Bai, M., Meng, F., Roegiers, J.C. and Abousleiman, Y. (1998)
Modelling Two-Phase Fluid Flow and Rock Deformation in
Fractured Porous Media. In Poromechanics, Thimus et al. (eds),
Balkema, Rotterdam.
Barenblatt, G.I., Zheltov, I.P and Kochina, I.N. (1960) Basic
Concepts in the Theory of Seepage of Homogeneous Liquids in
Fissured Rocks. J. Appl. Math. Mech., USSR, 24, 1286-1303.
Berryman, J.G. and Wang, H.F. (1995) The Elastic Coefficients
of Double-Porosity Models for Fluid Transport in Jointed Rock.
UCRL-JC-119722.
Biot, M.A. (1941) General Theory of Three-Dimensional
Consolidation. J. App. Phys., 12, 155-163.
Chen, H.Y. and Teufel, L.W. (1998) Coupling Fluid-Flow and
Geomechanics in Dual-Porosity Modeling of Naturally Fractured
Reservoirs. Paper SPE 38884 presented at SPE Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas.
Cho, T.F., Plesha, M.E. and Haimson, B.C. (1991) Continuum
Modelling of Jointed Porous Rock. Int. J. Num. Anal. Meth.
Geom., 15, 333-353.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
512
Oil & Gas Science and Technology Rev. IFP, Vol. 57 (2002), No. 5
RW Lewis and WKS Pao / Numerical Simulation of Three-Phase Flow in Deforming Fractured Reservoirs
APPENDIX
k k
pw 1
p
+ BT 1So''1mN o1
t
t
p g 1
p
+ BT 1S ''g 1mN
BT 2 Sw'' 2 mN w 2
t
t
p g 2
p
+ BT 2 So'' 2 mN o 2 + BT 2 S ''g 2 mN
+f =0
t
t
(A.1)
K t + BT 1Sw'' 1mN
513
p g 1
pw 1
p
p
+ w 2o1 o1 + w 2 g 1
+ w 2w 2 w 2 (A.9)
t
t
t
t
p g 2 2 Sw 2
p
+w 2o 2 o 2 + w 2 g 2
+
mT
=0
t
t
Bw 2
t
+w 2w 1
where:
w 2 =
k 2 k rw 2
w Bw 2
w 2w 1 =
(A.10)
Sw 2 ''
S
S ,
= w 2 S '' ,
= w 2 S ''
Bw 2 K w 1 w 2o1 Bw 2 K o1 w 2 g 1 Bw 2 K g 1
(A.11)
w 2w 2 = 2 Sw 2 B'w 2
w 2o 2 =
2
S
2
S 'w 2 w 2 Sw'' 2 2
+
Bw 2
Bw 2
Km
K
(A.12)
2
S
2
S ' w 2 S '' 2
+
Bw 2 w 2 Bw 2 o 2 K m
K
Sw 2 '' 2 2
+
S
Bw 2 g 2 K m
K
(A.13)
k k
p
div 1 rw 1 gradpw 1 w 1( pw 1 pw 2 ) + w 1w 1 w 1
w Bw 1
w 2 g 2 =
p g 1
po1
p
p
+ w 1g 1
+ w 1w 2 w 2 + w 1o 2 o 2
t
t
t
t
p g 1Sw 1
(A.2)
+
mT
=0
+w 1g 2
Bw 1
t
t
+w 1o1
where:
w 1
w 1w 1 = 1Sw 1B'w 1
w 1o1 =
w 1w 2 =
p g 1
po1
p
p
+ o1g 1
+ o1w 2 w 2 + o1o 2 o 2
t
t
t
t
p g 2 1So1
(A.15)
+ o1g 2
+
mT
=0
t
Bo1
t
(A.3)
1
S
1
S 'w 1 w 1 Sw'' 1 1
+ (A.4)
Bw 1
Bw 1
Km
K
where:
1
S
1
S 'w 1 w 1 So''1 1
+
Bw 1
Bw 1
Km
K
w 1g 1 =
k k
p
div 1 ro1 gradpo1 o1( pow 1 po 2 ) + o1w 1 w 1
o Bo1
t
+ o1o1
k k
= 1 rw 1
w Bw 1
Sw 1 '' 1 1
S
+
Bw 1 g 1 K m
K
k1k ro1
o Bo1
(A.5)
o1 =
(A.6)
o1w 1 =
Sw 1 ''
S
S
= w 1 S '' ,
= w 1 S ''
S ,
Bw 1 K w 2 w 1o 2 Bw 1 K o 2 w 1g 2 Bw 1 K g 2
(A.16)
1
S
1
S 'o1 o1 Sw'' 1 1
+
Bo1
Bo1
Km
K
o1o1 = 1So1B'o1 +
(A.8)
(A.17)
1
S
1
( S ' g 1 S 'w 1 ) o1 So''1 1
+
Bo1
Bo1
Km
K
(A.18)
(A.7)
+ 2
= 1 2 1 2 1
1 + 2
(A.14)
o1g 1 =
S
1
1
S ' o1 S '' 1
+
Bo1 g 1 Bo1 g 1 K m
K
(A.19)
Oil & Gas Science and Technology Rev. IFP, Vol. 57 (2002), No. 5
514
o1w 2 =
So1 ''
S
S
Sw 2 , o1o 2 = o1 So'' 2 , o1g 2 = o1 S ''g 2
Bo1 K
Bo1 K
Bo1 K
(A.20)
g 1w 1 =
1Rso1
1
S 'w 1 c g 1Sw'' 1 1
+
Bw 1
Km
K
g 1o1 =
1So1
R
R' so1 + 1Rso1So1B'o1 + 1 so1 ( S ' g 1 S 'w 1 )
Bo1
Bo1
k k
1
1
+
S ' g 1 c g 1So''1 1
Km
Bg 1
K
g 1g 1 = 1S g 1B' g 1 +
p g 1
pw 1
p
p
+ o 2o1 o1 + o 2 g 1
+ o 2w 2 w 2
t
t
t
t
p g 2 So 2
po 2
(A.21)
mT
=0
+ o 2o 2
+ o 2 g 2
+
t
Bo 2
t
t
1
c g 1S ''g 1 1
+
Km
K
+ o 2w 1
k 2 k ro 2
o Bo 2
o 2w 1 =
o 2w 2 =
(A.22)
So 2 ''
S
S
Sw 1, o 2o1 = o 2 So''1, o 2 g 1 = o 2 S ''g 1
Bo 2 K
Bo 2 K
Bo 2 K
(A.23)
2
2
S
+
S 'w 2 o 2 Sw'' 2 2
Km
Bo 2
Bo 2
K
o 2o 2 = So 2 2 B'o 2 +
2
( S ' g 2 S 'w 2 )
Bo 2
S
2
o 2 So'' 2 2
+
Bo 2
Km
K
o 2 g 2 =
2
S
2
S ' g 2 o 2 S ''g 2 2
+
Bo 2
Bo 2
Km
K
(A.24)
(A.25)
k 2 k rg 2
div
gradp g 2 + g 2 ( p g 1 p g 2 ) + (Q g ) STC
g Bg 2
p g 1
p
pw 1
p
+ g 2o1 o1 + g 2 g 1
+ g 2w 2 w 2
t
t
t
t
S
p
g2
2 g2
+ g 2o 2 o 2 + g 2 g 2
+
mT
= 0 (A.34)
t
t
Bg 2
t
+ g 2w 1
where:
g 2 =
(A.26)
k 2 k rg 2
p g 1
p
p
p
+ g 1o1 o1 + g 1g 1
+ g 1w 2 w 2 + g 1o 2 o 2
t
t
t
t
p g 2 1Sw 1
(A.27)
+ g 1g 2
+
mT
=0
t
Bw 1
t
Sg 2
Bg 2
cg1 =
Sg1
Bg 1
R S
+ so1 o1
Bo1
g 2w 1 = c g 2
g 2w 2 =
Rso 2 So 2
Bo 2
(A.36)
''
2 Rso 2
2
S 'w 2 c g 2 Sw'' 2 2
+
Bo 2
Km
K
g 2o 2 = 2 Rso 2 So 2 B'o 2 +
S R' 2 S '
Bo 2 o 2 o 2 B g 2 g 2
R
2
+ 2 so 2 ( S ' g 2 S 'w 2 ) c g 2 So'' 2 2
+
Bo 2
Km
K
where:
g Bg 1
(A.35)
g Bg 2
k1k rg 1
p
div
gradp g 1 g 1( p g 1 p g 2 ) + g 1w 1 w 1
B
t
g g1
k1k rg 1
(A.32)
cg 2 =
g 1 =
(A.31)
''
S ,
= c g 1 So'' 2 , g 1g 2 = c g 1 S ''g 2
K w 2 g 1o 2
K
K
(A.33)
g 1w 2 = c g 1
where:
o 2 =
1
R
S ' g 1 1 so1 S ' g 1
Bo1
Bo1
(A.30)
(A.28)
(A.29)
g 2 g 2 = 2 S g 2 B' g 2 +
2
R
S ' 2 so 2 S ' g 2
Bg 2 g 2
Bo 2
2
c g 2 S ''g 2 2
+
Km
K
(A.38)
(A.39)
(A.40)