A

SEMINAR REPORT
ON

PRESSURE GAUGE
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree
of
BACHLORE OF TECHNOLOGY
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted to

Submitted by

Mr. Anil Kumar Mahawar

Deepak Kumar

(HOD Deptt. Of Mechanical Engg.)

11EAEME719

AIET, Alwar

Department of Mechanical Engineering

ALWAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY ALWAR (RAJ)

Rajasthan Technical University, Kota

November-2014

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to pay our sincerest gratitude to our respected teachers for their invaluable support
and constructive suggestion beside all pains he took for the successful finalization of our
project
A special note of thanks to Mr. Anil Kumar Mahawar (HOD Deptt. of ME) for unique way
of inspiring students through clarity of thought, enthusiasm and caring and for providing
necessary resources.
My special thanks go to my friends for giving me support and encouragement and for
everything else.

Deepak Kumar

ABSTRACT
The $2.5 Billion rover of NASA, Curiosity is all set to take the tiniest detail of the planet
Mars. The rover is designed to be highly precise in observing its ambient conditions
including atmospheric pressure and the gravitational force. For this purpose, its Instrumental
Control Unit or the ICU has been equipped with pressure sensors. These sensors will help in
detecting the Dust Devils that are a characteristic of the planet and will also detail with the
concentration of various gases in the atmosphere at various points. Lets have a look on what
makes a pressure sensor capable enough to perform such specific tasks and where else it can
be used.
Since a long time, pressure sensors have been widely used in fields like automobile,
manufacturing,

aviation,

bio

medical

measurements,

air

conditioning,

hydraulic

measurements etc. A pressure sensor is a device which senses pressure and converts it into an
analog electric signal whose magnitude depends upon the pressure applied. Since they
convert pressure into an electrical signal, they are also termed as pressure transducers.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page

Acknowledgement

ii

Abstract

iii

Index

iv-vi

List Of Figures

vii

CONTENTS
S.NO. PARTICULARS

PAGE NO.

1. Pressure Measurement

1.1 Absolute, Gauge And Differential Pressures

2. Units

3. Static And Dynamic Pressure

3.1 Applications

4. Instruments

4.1 Hydrostatic

4.1.1 Piston

4.1.2 Liquid Column

4.1.3 Mcleod Gauge

4.2 Aneroid

4.2.1 Bourdon

4.2.2 Diaphragm

12

4.2.3 Bellows

12

4.2.4 Magnetic Coupling

13

4.3 Spinning Rotor Gauge

13
4

5. Electronic Pressure Sensors

13

5.1 Thermal Conductivity

14

5.1.1 Pirani (One Wire)

14

5.1.2 Two-Wire

14

5.2 Ionization Gauge

14

5.2.1 Hot Cathode

15

5.2.2 Cold Cathode

16

6. Calibration

17

7. Dynamic Transients

17

8. Standards

17

9. Pressure Sensors (Strain Type)

18

9.1 Measuring Circuits

18

9.1.1 Bonded Resistance Strain Gage

18

9.2 Pressure Sensors

19

9.3 Pressure Gauge Designs

21

9.4 Protective Accessories

21

10. Pressure Sensors

22

10.1 Need For Pressure Sensors

22

10.2 Types Of Pressure Measurements

23

10.3 Types Of Pressure Sensors

24

11. Pressure Sensor Specifications

26

12. Limitations And Challenges:

27
5

13. How Do Pressure Gauges Work

27

13.1 Pascal's Principle

28

13.2 Archimedes' Principle

29

References

30

LIST OF FIGURES
FIG. NO.
Fig. 1

FIG. NAME
The Construction Of A Bourdon Tube Gauge.

PAGE NO.
1

Fig. 2

Mcleod Gauge

Fig. 3

Membrane-Type Manometer

Fig. 4

Indicator Side With Card And Dial

10

Fig. 5

Mechanical Side With Bourdon Tube

10

Fig. 6

Mechanical Details

11

Fig. 7

Pressure Capsules With Corrugated Diaphragms In An

12

Aneroid Barograph.
Fig. 8

Bayard-Alpert Hot-Cathode Ionization Gauge

15

Fig. 9

Wheatstone Bridge Circuit Schematic

18

Fig. 10

Differential Pressure Tranducers In A Variety Of

19

Ranges And Outputs.

Fig.11

Major Structural Elements Of A Typical High-Level

20

Pressure Sensor.
Fig. 12

Strain Gauge Type

24

Fig. 13

Capacitive Pressure Sensor

25

Fig. 14

Piezoelectric Pressure Sensor

25

Fig. 15

Pascal's Principal

29