B.Tech Students, Department of ECE, Vijaya Institute of Technology for Women, Vijayawada, India.
gottumukkalanavya@gmail.com, mounika.yara47@gmail.com, sirisha.mudunuri248@gmail.com, vukyam.mounika@gmail.com
5
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, Vijaya Institute of Technology for Women, Vijayawada, India.
kalipindimurali@gmail.com
Article Info
ABSTRACT
Article history:
st
Received on 1 April2015
Accepted on 5th April 2015.
Published on 9th April 2015
Keyword:
Cognitive radio
Spectrum sensing
CE-ED
AWGN
Corresponding Author:
K. Murali
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE,
Vijaya Institute of Technology for Women,
Vijayawada, India.
Email Id: kalipindimurali@gmail.com
Performance Evaluation of Computationally Efficient Energy Detection Based Spectrum Sensing for
Cognitive Radio Networks
Page 13
w n : H0
y n
x n w n : H1
(1)
where x = hs.
The complex signal, s has real component sr and imaginary
component si, i.e., s = sr+jsi.
The AWGN samples are assumed to be circularly
symmetric complex Gaussian (CSCG) random variables
with mean zero (E{w(n)} = 0) and variance
Figure 1: A basic cognitive radio network architecture.
A. Spectrum Sensing
The purpose of spectrum sensing is to identify the
spectrum holes for opportunistic spectrum access [4, 5].
After available channels (spectrum holes) are detected
successfully, they may be used for communications by a
secondary transmitter and a secondary receiver. Spectrum
sensing is performed based on the received signal from the
primary users. Primary users have two states, idle or
active. With the presence of the noise, primary signal
detection at a secondary user can be viewed as a binary
hypothesis testing problem in which Hypothesis 0 (H0) and
Hypothesis 1 (H1)are the primary signal absence and the
primary signal presence, respectively .Based on the
mean
and
i.e., w n ~ CN 0, 2
variance,
2
w
respectively,
(2)
H 0 and = 1 for H 1 .
Performance Evaluation of Computationally Efficient Energy Detection Based Spectrum Sensing for
Cognitive Radio Networks
Page 14
N N 2 2 , N 2 2 2
w w
N N 2 w2 1 , N 2 w2 1 2
N N 2 2 1 , N 2 2 2 1 2
w
w
(3)
Under the low-SNR assumption
: H0
: H1 with S1 or S 3
i.e.; 1 ,the
which
are
well-known
Gaussian
H1 [12, 13].
low
nN
:H
N , N
N 1 , N : H
2
N 2
1
Erfc
2
2 N 2
(5)
And
Pmd
N 2 1
1
Erfc
2
2 N 2
(6)
respectively, where where Q z 1 Erfc z and
2
2
2
Erfc z
e t dt [4]. Since the detection
z
2
probability,
Pd 1 Pmd ,
relates to the
Pd or Pmd versus Pf
as the
communications,
Pd depends
on
the
: H1 with S 2
Pf
(4)
where
Pf
2 w .
can be
evaluated as
Performance Evaluation of Computationally Efficient Energy Detection Based Spectrum Sensing for
Cognitive Radio Networks
Page 15
k n / 2 where . is the ceiling function, the k-out-ofn rule represents OR rule, AND rule and Majority rule,
respectively.
It is assumed that the decision device of
the fusion center is implemented with the k out- of-n rule
(i.e., the fusion center decides the presence of primary
activity if there are k or more cooperative nodes that
individually decide the presence of primary activity).
When k = 1, k = n and
k n / 2
p f and pd to represent
max
N max
L
(8)
where Nmax N is the maximum possible number of
occupied channels. Figure 1 depicts the spectrum of a
multiband signal at the sensing radio, which contains L =
32 channels, each with a bandwidth of B = 10 MHz. The
signal is present in N = 6 channels, and the active channel
set is b [8].
The problem is, given Bmax, B and max, to find the
presence or absence of the signal in each spectral band or
equivalently find the active channel set, b, at a sub-Nyquist
sample rate.
Performance Evaluation of Computationally Efficient Energy Detection Based Spectrum Sensing for
Cognitive Radio Networks
Page 16
S=[4
5 10 11 16 17]
40
0.2
X(f)
0.25
0.15
20
0.1
0.05
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Probability Of False Alarm
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
L=22
p=7
10
12
14
f
MSE=3.8365%
16
18
20
200
400
600
t
Simulation
Theory
800
1000
1200
X: -11
Y: 0.8725
0.9
0.8
300
MU
P (k)
Probability Of Detection
400
0.7
0.6
200
100
0
0.5
01
2 23
4 45
7
6
9
8
10 10
11 12 12
13 14 15
14 16 17
16 18 19
18 20 21
2022
k, spectral index
50
0.4
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
Signal To Noise Ratio (dB)
-8
-6
-4
-2
|X(f)|
40
-20
30
20
10
10
12
14
16
18
20
frequency
50
40
|x(t)|
|X(f)|
1.5
1
0.5
0
20
time
40
10
frequency
15
20
10
frequency
15
20
50
40
|Xr(f)|
|x r(t)|
20
10
1.5
1
0.5
0
30
30
20
10
20
time
40
0.5
i
400
350
300
MU
P (k)
250
200
150
100
50
0
10
12
k, spectral index
14
16
18
20
Performance Evaluation of Computationally Efficient Energy Detection Based Spectrum Sensing for
Cognitive Radio Networks
Page 17
REFERENCES
[1] Y. Ma, D. I. Kim, and Zhiqiang Wu, Optimization of
OFDMA-Based Cellular Cognitive Radio Networks,
IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 58, no. 8, Aug. 2010, pp.
226576.
[2] H. Bezabih et al., Digital Broadcasting: Increasing
the Available White Space Spectrum Using TV
Receiver Information, IEEE Vehic. Tech. Mag., vol.
7 no. 1, Mar. 2012, pp. 2430.
[3] Y.-J. Choi and K. G. Shin, Opportunistic Access of
TV Spectrum Using Cognitive-Radio-Enabled
Cellular Networks, IEEE Trans. Vehic. Tech., vol.
60, no. 8, Oct. 2011.
[4] A. Goldsmith et al., Breaking Spectrum Gridlock
with Cognitive Radios: An Information Theoretic
Perspective, Proc. IEEE, vol. 97, no. 5, May 2009,
pp. 894914.
[5] S. Srinivasa and S. A. Jafar, The Throughput
Potential of Cognitive Radio: A Theoretical
Perspective, ACSSC 06, Oct.Nov. 2006, pp. 221
25.
Performance Evaluation of Computationally Efficient Energy Detection Based Spectrum Sensing for
Cognitive Radio Networks
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