.

t
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DEFINITION
CERAIJICS ) solid compounds that are forme!
heat
by the application of heat, and sometimes
and pressure, where:
comprising at lea:: c:: retal and a nonmetallic

'drnaMiCS
,

-ffi1*7le\,\U-f,'0\rtn +"r.,ctp i:or"*r

6,t;n lrno

Lih^6
l-anoar Fr"Jy irvhq^

TiC'
elemental-solid or a nonmetal, exp: MgO' SiO2'
Zr B,
a combination of at least two nonmetallic elemental

solids, exP SiC

elemental
or a combination of at least two nonmetallic
.otias ano a nonmetal, exp: BaTo., YBarCu.ot and

I3SiC2

of ceramic materials
from simple compounds. to

irliol
Ceramic n-terials can be calegorizedL'FE-S
i_j
2 classes.

Chemical composilions

i"lit,iniioli;dit )
rfrfffi;T-mefry

comPlex Phases oonoeo

together.

Jgto",
I^oS

,./
toYo

. The orooerties of ceramic materia.ls-also vary

due tb ofuferences in bonding. -, Siu2F \$ cltrnua
. ln oeneralceramic materials are.tpically;|ard
afi-cfE-rittle rvith low tqugh-qes.s and quqr!qy:-(:
crectricdl and
; tEffi-icJ are usfEilv good
-to the
ab^ence ot
fiErmij--inJutators drie
't
conduction electrohs
. Normallv ceramic materials have relatively high
metting iemperalures and high chemical stability
of their slrong bonds

*dnu
li*"

J-^ttungot^

b-'^"'* t{h&n}cl

'!k-.

t?t

. Made ftom three

basirc components
silica (flint), and feldsPar'

q4

.1

-Advanced

Al2o3,

sic'

high performarEo,
si3Nl

clay'

I ,^,1- A/a712-'

erlgineering

ceramics) automotive, circui cbips

,:'l
l

Ceramic materiars

cr)6talline
Bonding

Cmmb

exist as

lGriine

Mco

sio,

sl:
st,N.

Crystal

Bonding atoms

Mg

Al _o
-O

lon'E

si

73
63
51

si

11
-o
si -c
30
structure-N
) FCC and HCp

tr covC..l
bondrrg
49
37
49

27s6
2050
1715

E9

25@
19m

sr1o.{ trr-.r,^,L rl
f

Qat {orb4\4^

Advanced ceramics materials can be classified

into two majortlpes:

- Monoli$ic
- Composite

Mofrng

r-{. *)

. The maJor ditrerence behrcen these two is a

reinforcing phase
. Composite -) Adding a clisconlinuous phase )

such as V{hil|grs, plalelets, or particulites

composiie TAooit(Tat;ffious fibers can

reinforce ceramic malerials

Among the family of advanced ceramic

materials, ceramic composites will find wider
applications when increased loughness, due
to
tiber or whisker-reinforcement, is combined
with
the inherent refractory properties of tne ceramic

materials. l+

ionic, covalent and mixd bondingc

bcrding

Arq

and non

l,

)r,Ir,no
'r

atuL

lts developmenl will allow the use of ceramics

al
temperalures beyond the temperalures
limifs for
metals, but without the familiar fraclure of
conveniional ceramics

Processing and structure of

monolithic ceramics
Advanced ceramics

- MosUy crystalline
- Bonding t ionic, covalent mixd covalent-ionic
- Cwalent bonding I stronger than ionic, and it is
-

djqclaql, sec,a[,

Due to the bonding, the ceramics hlye hiqh mehino

points. Complex crystal otructure
mgke th-e
britde and strong
Most of rnodem advancd ceramici. such as
alumina
are produced by potder route

,"i"ii"i,

'fbtndo, r (ern v'fl- ru@tgibel

arfl lul .G tia
frrDl
t
l^t^ '

Powder Route

Wet Processing
A sEpe.Efon d

Pr66irt:ghprFue, bhm

(apdi:atim

dp(w!

>

sadc pords h

Cct174s

?cJ.

'6a.n?A"(
green
.^cfu

"

haf

A\^i',r

Processing and structure of

Processing and structure of

monolithic ceramics
Glass-ceramics

Und.er a certain conditions, il I possible to

cryda.Sze a glass to form a glass-ceramic

Processing: Appropiate rarr materiab (usuafy

sonre

-Are defined as fin+grained polycrystalline

pressing)

- ttct *

r:cyrled gtass), rnelt to produce into tfre req*ed

shape (can use bblv-fiddr, spin cdnng afid
Jn formrng process, viscosity

dglass

is very

mportaflt it b a func*ion of ternperdrre and

compcition

rnaterials

glasses can be crystallized to form

gilass-cerafirics
5Oi5 to g8% o{ the volurne may be cqatalline
Pro*fxfon mthod -fourder route

r"

1}-"..^. Gz.r=.,aly
trw^^ (7o*--

Ceramic Matrix ComPosites (CMC)

.
.

The main objective in producing CMC is to

increase the toughness
A reinforcing phase (particle, short fiber or
continuous fiber) can imProve the
toughness, while maintaining the
advantages of ceramic materials such as
enhanced wear resistan@, hardness,
sistance and high temPeralure

Properties and aPPlications of

advanced ceramics .-,(
. Traditionalceramics ) from sdiitary ware '

'

Ct,,.",,iiy i. q."-,.--*l
ceramics))ceramics engines to optical
communications, electrooptic to laser
materials, substrates in eledronic circuits
to electrodes in photoelecirochemical
devices.

Electrical and dielectric

high-temperature fumace linings

insulation
for insulation (oxide fibers such as silica,
alumina, and zirconia).
Refracloriness t high lemPeralure fumace
linings for insulation and conlainmeni of
molten melals and slags
Thermal conductivity ) Heat sinks for
electronics packages

(SiC,

\ 1lr'' ,1 2,

t{

-. {t,e;t;t

Heating elemenls for fumace

ZOt, MoSi,

) Capacitors @a-tilanatebased materials

Low-vottage insulators ) ceramic insulations

- Fenoeleclrocity
-

(porcelain)

lJ

Conductivity

lnsulators in eledronic apSications )

substrates for electronic packaging and
electrical insulalors in general (AlzOs)
Gas-sensitive conductivity ) gas sensors
(SnOr, ZnO)

t_

|qn,Et/

products

.
Thermal

lr^Isn

to fine Chinas and porcelains to glass

capabilitY

{^no^

*y" af".l

lc c.^.*^,1.

-a r 6 ceV
I-

n\ex ( aAt

[-

?El"r

!cf" i M-4

Magnetic and suPerconductive

Fenite magnets (Ba' S0O'

-tvtagnet
wires
SuPerconductivitY

Chemical

6FqO'

- Catalyst t fiters (zeolite),

gases
- Lticonosion propaties )

silica)

linertness ) heat
-Translucency and chemical
materials' usually
conosion-resistance
and
for Na lamPs (AltOr' MgO)

-. -==

heat ex&nges (Sc)'

conoaive environments,

OPtical

gE))!'
-Transparency ) winoows tsoua-ot's
cableior optical communication (uttra pure

purifrcation of exhaust

chemical equipment h
membranes
afificiral
Biocompalibility

jrint prosthses (Al2os)

Mechanical

- Hardness )

cutthg loob (SiC wtrislker-teinlorced

Abq.sLN'

strength retentbn ) Stators

- niln-t"tp"r"tureceramic
engins (sLN,

rufone uioes,

Wear resistance

and

Bearings (S'lgNr)