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SHORT ANSWER
PHYSICS
(VOLUME I&II)
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www.rejinpaul.com 1. ELECTROSTATICS
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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How does microwave oven works?
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9.
14.
16. Why it is safer to be inside a car than standing under a tree during lightning?
The metal body of the car provides electrostatic shielding where the electric field is
zero. During lightning the electric discharge pass through the body of the car.
17. Define corona discharge? What are its advantages?
The leakage electric charge from the sharp points on the charged conductor is known
as action of points or corona discharge.
Uses: in electrostatic machine for collecting charges and lightning arresters.
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Here C is called as the capacitance of the conductor. Unit of the capacitance is farad.
20. Define 1 farad?
The unit of capacitance is farad. A conductor has a capacitance of one farad if a charge
of 1 coulomb given to it, raises its potential by 1 volt.
Practical units micro farad(f), pico farad(pf)
21. What is mean by electric polarisation?
The alignment of the dipole moment of the permanent or induced dipoles in the
direction of applied electric field is called polarisation or electric polarisation.
P = E is known as molecular polarisability
22. Distinguish between polar and non polar molecules?
POLAR MOLECULES
1. Centre of gravity of positive charge
is separated by the centre of gravity
of negative charge by a finite
distance.
2. They have permanent dipole
moment.
3. E.g.: H2O, N2O, HCl, NH3.
2.
3.
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2. CURRENT ELECTRICITY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Its unit is mV s
6.
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Comparison of emf and potential difference.
7.
1.
2.
3.
emf
It is the difference of potentials 1.
between the two terminals of a cell
in an open circuit.
It is a causes
2.
It is an independent of external 3.
resistance of the circuit.
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POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
It is the difference in potentials
between any two points in a closed
surface.
It is a effect
It is proportional to the resistance
between any two points.
8.
9.
=
14. What is called internal resistance of a cell?
Resistance offered to current flow of the electrolyte of the cell is termed as internal
resistance of the cell.
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SECONDARY
1.
1.
2.
Cannot be recharged
2.
Can be recharged
3.
3.
long time
4.
Resistivity is small.
b)
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3. Effects of electric current.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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Define ampere?
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9.
Ampere is defined as that the constant current which when flowing through two
parallel infinitely long straight conductors of negligible cross section and placed in air
or vacuum at a distance of one metre apart, experience a force of 2x10-7 Newton per
unit length of the conductor.
10. Increasing the current sensitivity does not necessarily increases the voltage sensitivity
comment?
When the number of turns (n) is doubled, current sensitivity is also doubled, but
increasing the number of turns correspondingly increases the resistance (G). Hence
voltage sensitivity remains the unchanged.
11. State end rule?
When looked from one end, if the current through the solenoid is along clockwise
direction, the nearer end corresponds to South Pole and the other end is North Pole.
When looked from one end, if the current through the solenoid is along anti-clock wise
direction, the nearer end corresponds to North Pole and the other end is south pole.
12. Differentiate between peltier effect and joule effect.
Joule effect
Peltier effect
1. Heat produced
1. Heat produced
2. Irreversible
2. Reversible
3. Thermal effect of current 3. Thermo electric effect
13. Why nichrome is used as heating element?
Nichrome which is an alloy of nickel and chromium is used as the heating element for
the following reasons.
a) It has high specific resistance
b) It has high melting point
c) It is not easily oxidized
14. Neutral and inversion temperature
Keeping the temperature of the cold junction constant, the temperature of the hot
junction is gradually increased. The thermo emf rises to a maximum at a temperature
(n) called neutral temperature and then gradually decreases and eventually becomes
zero at a particular temperature (i) called temperature of inversion.
15. Seebeck effect
In 1821, German physicist Seebeck discovered that in a circuit consisting of two
dissimilar metals like iron and copper, an emf is developed when the junctions are
maintained at different temperature. This is called Seebeck effect or thermo electric
effect.
16. Conversion of galvanometer into an ammeter.
Galvanometer is converted into ammeter by connecting low resistance in parallel with
it. As a result when large current flows in a circuit only a small fraction of current
passes through the galvanometer and the remaining larger portion of the current
passes through the low resistance.
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4. Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
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-=
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= 5
%
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5. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND WAVE OPTICS
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
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What are Fraunhofer lines?
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6)
When the light from the central core of the sun passes through suns atmosphere,
certain wavelengths are absorbed by the elements present in the chromosphere and
the spectrum is marked by dark lines. This dark line in the solar spectrum is called as
Fraunhofer lines.
7)
8)
9)
PHOTON
Source emitted from the bundle of the
pocket of energy called photon.
Light energy is energy of photon
E=h
Proposed by Plank in his quantum theory.
10) Why does sun looks reddish at sun set and sunrise?
a) At sun set and sunrise the ray from the sun has to travel a large part of the
atmosphere than at noon.
b) So most of the blue light is scattered away and red light which is least is scattered
to the observer.
c) Hence sun set and sunrise appears reddish in colour.
11) What is Tyndal scattering?
When light pass through a colloidal solution its path is visible inside the solution. This is
because, the light is scattered by the particle of the solution the scattering of the light
by the colloidal particle is called Tyndal scattering.
12) What is Huygenss principle?
a) Every point on a given wave front may be considered as the source of secondary
wavelet which spread out with the speed of light in that medium
b) The new wave front is the forward envelop of the secondary wavelets at the
instant.
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13) Write the Condition for total internal reflection takes place.
a) The light must travel from the denser medium to a rarer medium
b) The angle of incidence inside the denser medium must be greater than the critical
angle .i.e. i >C.
14) State Principle of Superposition of wave?
When two or more wave simultaneously passes through the same medium, each wave
acts on every particle of the medium as if the other waves are not present. The
resultant displacement of any particle is the vector addition of the displacements due
to individual wave. This is known as the principle of superposition.
= 6
+ 6
6
15) What is coherent source? Why two independent sources are coherent?
Two sources are said to be coherent if they emit light waves of the same wave length
and start with same phase or have a constant phase difference.
Two independent monochromatic sources emit wave of same wavelength. But the
wave are not in phase so they are not coherent this is because atom cannot emit light
wave in same phase and this source are said to be incoherent source.
16) Distinguish between constructive and destructive interference?
CONSTRUCTIVE
DESTRUCTIVE
1. At points where the crest of one
wave meets the crest of other wave
1. At point which the crest of one wave
or trough of one wave meets the
meets the trough of other wave.
trough of other wave.
2. The waves are in phase.
2. The waves are in opposite phase.
3. The displacement is maximum and
3. The displacement is minimum and
these points appear bright.
these points appear dark.
4. These points are marked by
4. These points are marked by circle (O).
crosses(X).
17) Condition for sustained interference
a) The two sources are said to be coherent.
b) Two sources should be very narrow.
c) The source should lie very close to each other to form distinct and broader fringes.
18) What are Newton rings?
When the air film is illuminated by monochromatic light normally, alternate bright and
dark concentric circular rings are formed with dark spot at the centre. These rings are
known as Newtons rings.
19) Why the centre of the Newton ring is dark?
The wave reflected from the denser glass plate has suffered a phase change of while
the wave reflected at the spherical surface of the lens has not suffered any phase
change. Hence the point o appears dark. Around the point of contact alternate bright
and dark fringes are formed.
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6. ATOMIC PHYSICS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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State Braggs law
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9.
z
11. Difference hard and soft X-rays?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hard x-rays
X-rays have low wavelength of order
of 1
Having high frequency and hence
high energy
Penetrating power is high
They are produced by comparatively
high potential energy
1.
2.
3.
4.
Soft X-rays
X-rays having wavelength of 4
and above.
Having less frequency and less
energy
Penetrating power is low
They are produced by comparatively
low potential energy
2.
3.
Spontaneous
If the excited state is ordinary state. 1.
Atom comes to the ground by
emitting in coherent light
Not a principle of laser
2.
In coherent light is emitted
3.
Stimulated
If the excited state is meta stable
state, emitted photon emits further
emission causes laser transmission
It is the principle of laser
Laser lights is emitted
N1 >N2
LASER LIGHT
Monochromatic
Coherent
Extremely intense
Does not diverge
1.
2.
3.
4.
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ORDINARY LIGHT
Polychromatic
Incoherent
Not much intense
Diverge
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7. DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER AND RELATIVITY
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
:=
<=
8)
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Define frame of reference?
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9)
A system of co-ordinate axis which defined the position of the particle in two three
dimensional space is called a frame of reference.
10) What are the limitations of electron microscope?
An electron microscope is operated only in high vacuum. This prohibits the use of the
microscope to study living organism which would evaporate or disintegrate under such
condition.
11) State the postulates of special theory of relativity?
a) The laws of physics are the same in all the frames of the reference.
b) The velocity of light in free space is a constant in all the frame of reference.
12) Discuss the concept of space and time.
Concept of Space:
a) Fixed frame of reference by which the position or motion of any object in the
universe could be measured.
b) The geometrical form of an object remains the same irrespective of change in
position or state of motion of the object or observer.
Concept of Time:
a) The time interval between two events has the same value for all observers
irrespective of their motion
b) If two events are simultaneous for an observer, they are simultaneous for all
observers, irrespective of their position or motion. This means simultaneity is
absolute.
13) What are inertial and non inertial frames?
INERTIAL
The bodies in this frame obey Newtons
law of inertia and other Newtonian
mechanics.
A body remains at rest or in continuous
motion unless acted upon by an external
force.
NON INERTIAL
The bodies in this frame do not obey
Newtons law of inertia and other
Newtonian mechanics.
A body not acted upon by an external
force is accelerated.
14) If the body moves with the velocity of light. What will be its mass? Comment on your
result.
<=
Put v = C
<
51 =
?@
m=
Its mass will be infinity.
Comment: Hence no particle moves with the velocity of light.
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8. NUCLEAR PHYSICS.
1)
2)
3)
Define radioactivity.
The phenomenon of spontaneous emission of highly penetrating radiation such as ,
, and rays by heavy elements having atomic number greater than 82 is called
radioactivity and the substances which emits these radiations are called radioactive
elements.
4)
Define curie?
Curie is defined as the quantity of radioactive substances which gives 3.7 X 10
disintegrations per second or 3.7 X 10 Becquerel. This is equal to the activity of one
gram of radium.
5)
+ 2He 4
7N*
7N*
+ 0n
0
6C + + 1e
6)
7)
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Define radio carbon dating?
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8)
a) By calculating the amount of C14 in the sample of will enable to find the time of
death.
b) Method of finding the age of dead matters by calculating the relative amount of C4
in them is called radio carbon dating.
9)
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2
E=
!F G< 15
=
=5
FH GH
3
1 K
1
=A C =
2
32
D
N
27) The half life of radon is 3.8 days. Calculate its mean life?
T = 3.8 days
T = 0.6931
= 1.44 x T
= 3.8 X 1.44
= 5.48 days
28) Show that that the nuclear density is almost constant for all the nuclei
V F E"GW =
=
EV F <F""
X<+
=
EV F =!V< 4 Z N
3
X<+
<+
=
= 1.816 10[ \]<^N
4 N
4 N
3 Z
X 3 Z
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1)
2)
What is rectification?
The process in which alternating voltage or alternating current is converted into direct
voltage or direct current is known as rectification. The circuit is called rectifier.
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
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What are universal gates? Why are they are so called?
9)
NAND and NOR gates are called universal gates because they can perform all the basic
logic functions such as AND, OR and NOT.
10) What is an EXOR gate? Give the Boolean expression.
EXOR gate has an output 1, only when the inputs are complement to each other
Boolean expression.6 = X = X` + X
11) Give the important parameter of an operational amplifier.
a) Very high input impedance or even infinity
b) Very high gain
c) Very low output impedance or even zero
12) CE configuration is preferred over CB configuration why?
a) Very high input impedance
b) Very high gain
c) Very low output impedance
So CE configuration is preferred over CB configuration.
13) What is integrated circuit? Give its advantage.
An INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC) consists of a single crystal chip of Silicon, contain both
active (diodes and transistors) and passive (resistors, capacitors) elements and their
interconnections
ADVANTAGES
a) low power consumption
b) extremely small in size
c)
very small weight
d) easy replacement
e) reliability
f)
reduced cost
14) Difference between Linear ICs and Digital ICs
Linear ICs
Digital ICs
The integrated circuits which The integrated circuits which process
process the analog signals called digital signals are called digital ICs
linear ICs
15) Define input impedance of a transistor connected in C.E mode
ef$
GEbV G<bFE c = A
C
f
gh
The input impedance of the transistor is defined as the ratio of small change in baseemitter voltage to the corresponding change in base current at a given VCE. ri of the
transistor in CE mode is very high
16) Define output impedance of a transistor connected in C.E mode
e/$
!VbV G<bFE i = A
C
/ 1
j
The output impedance of the transistor is defined as the ratio of small change in
collector-emitter voltage to the corresponding change in collector current at a given IB.
ro of the transistor in CE mode is very low.
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17) The gain of the amplifier without feedback is 100. Gain of positive feedback is 200.
Calculate feedback ratio.
Data
A= 100 Af = 200
SOLUTION
Xl X
100
1
=
=
= 0.005
k=
Xl X
200 100 200
18) When the negative feedback is applied to an amplifier of gain 50, the gain after
feedback to 25. Calculate the feedback ratio.
Data
A= 50 Af= 25
SOLUTION
X Xl
25
1
k=
=
=
= 0.02
Xl X
25 50 50
19) State and prove De Morgans theorem.
FIRST LAW
The complement of a sum is equal to the product of the complements
````````
X + = X `
SECOND LAW
The complement of a product is equal to the sum of the complements
``````
X = X + `
````````
``````
A
B
`
X
X `
X
X
+
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
20)
X + `
1
1
1
0
OR GATE
AND GATE
21) Draw the circuit diagram of NPN in CE mode, CB mode and OC mode.
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10. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
1)
<!VFG!E HF !< =
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
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What is phase modulation? Give its importance?
8)
Phase of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the amplitude of the modulating
signal and the rate of variation is proportional to signal frequency.
Advantage:
a) Small band width.
b) High transmission speed.
c) FM signal produced from PM is very stable.
9)
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