Uniaxial Loading

MAE314 SolidMechanics
Y.Zhu

Slide 1

Deformations Under Axial Loading

Conditions
Solid bars, cables, coil springs, etc.
Axial tension or compression
Prismatic
Recall Hookes Law (

= E ) and

P
equations for stress ( = ) and strain ( = ).
A
L
P

PL
=E =
A
L
AE

Slide 2

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Deformations Under Axial Loading - contd

What about non-prismatic bars?

Discrete Changes: total change in length
is simply the summation of the change in
length of each portion.

Pi Li
=
i Ei Ai
Important: Each time the internal
force area,
force,
area or material changes
you need a new free-body diagram!

P1 L1 P2 L2 P3 L3
=
+
+
A1 E A2 E A3 E
Note: Misprint in textbook example 2.01 E = 29x106 psi

Slide 3

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Deformations Under Axial Loading contd

What about non-prismatic bars?

Continuous Changes: continuously changing area (as shown) or
continuously changing force (such as a rod hanging under its own
weight)
Deformation of an element of length
dx can be expressed as:

P( x)dx
d =
EA(x
( x)
Integrating this over the length of the
rod:
This is an approximation since we
L

P( x)
=
dx
EA( x)
0

made the assumption earlier that the

stress distribution is constant over the
cross-section.
good
For small variations this is a g
approximation.

Slide 4

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Example Problem 1
A single axial load of magnitude P = 58 kN is applied at
end C of the brass rod ABC. Knowing that E = 105 GPa,
d t
determine
i th
the di
diameter
t d off portion
ti BC ffor which
hi h th
the
deflection of point C will be 3 mm.

Slide 5

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Slide 6

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Statically Indeterminate Problems

Statically determinate structure reactions and internal forces can

be determined uniquely from free-body diagram and equations of
equilibrium.

Statically indeterminate structure there are more unknown

reactions than equations of equilibrium.

Where do the other equations needed to solve the unknown

reactions come from?
Equations of compatibility which are based on displacements.
Here is a easy method to determine how many compatibility equations
you need for any given problem:
M=RN
M = number of compatibility equations needed
R = number of unknown reactions (or internal stresses)
N = number of equilibrium equations

Slide 7

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Statically Indeterminate Problems - contd

R1

R1

R = 1 : R1

R = 2 : R1, R2

N = 1 : FY = R1 P = 0

N = 1 : FY = R1 P R2 = 0

M=1-1=0

M=2-1=1

R2

Statically indeterminate structure

Slide 8

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Example Problem 2

Slide 9

Two cylindrical rods, CD made of steel (E=29x106 psi) and AC made

of aluminum (E=10.4x106 psi), are joined at C and restrained by rigid
supports
t att A and
d D.
D Determine
D t
i ((a)) th
the reactions
ti
att A and
dD
D, (b) th
the
defection of point C.

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Slide 10

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Example Problem 3
A rod of length L, cross-sectional area A1, and modulus of elasticity
E1, has been placed inside a tube of the same length L, but of crosssectional area A2 and modulus of elasticity E2. what is the
deformation of the rod and tube when a force P is exerted on a rigid
end plate as shown?

Slide 11

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Slide 12

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Temperature Changes

Changes in temperature produce expansion or compression,

which cause strain.

T = T

= coefficient of thermal expansion

T = change in temperature
Sign convention: expansion is positive (+), contraction is
negative (-)

For a bar that is completely free to deform (one or both ends

free):

T = T L = (T ) L

Slide 13

In this case, there is thermal strain but no thermal stress!

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Temperature Changes - contd

Thermal stresses occur when the bar is constrained such that

it cannot deform freely.

In this case there is thermal stress but no thermal strain!

Staticallyy Determinate Structures

Statically Indeterminate Structures

Slide 14

Uniform T in the members produces thermal strains but no

thermal stresses.
Uniform T in the members produces thermal strains and/or
thermal stresses.

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Example Problem 4

A rod consisting of two cylindrical portions AB and BC is restrained at

both ends. Portion AB is made of steel (Es=29x106 psi, s=6.5x10-6/oF)
and portion BC is made of brass (Eb=17x106 psi, b=10.4x10-6/oF).
Knowing that the rod is initially unstressed, determine (a) the normal
stresses induced in portions AB and BC by a temperature rise of 65oF,
(b) the corresponding deflection of point B.

1.25-in
1.25
in diameter
12 in

2.25-in diameter
15 in

Slide 15

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Example Problem 5
Knowing that a 0.02-in. gap exists when the temperature is 75 oF, determine
(a) the temperature at which the normal stress in the aluminum bar will be
equal to -11
11 ksi,
ksi (b) the corresponding exact length of the aluminum bar.
bar

Slide 17

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Example Problem 6

Example 2.4 in the book

Slide 19

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