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c
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. .c Practical clamping circuits
. .c
tt
tt
oo
oo
p
p
If
a
square
wave
is
applied
as
input
to
a
clamping
circuit,
the
output
reaches
the
p
p
s
ss steadyggs
state value after a few cycles. Hence for the input in Fig.(a) the outputg
of
gthe clamping
o
lo
circuit is given in (b).
l
.b
b
.
f
f f
oof
g
nng
aa
h
h
ss
tt
n
een
d
d
u
u
t
t
.s
.s
(a) input
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t. .c
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pp
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c
t. .c
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o
o
l
(b) steady-state
output
l
b
.
b
Input and steady-state output of the clamping
circuit
f .
flevels
ff V1, V11, V2 and V21.
The output at steady-state is as in figure above with voltage
o
o
1
g1, V
This output can be plotted to scale if the voltages Vn
1, V1g
2 and V2 are calculated. To
aanand these four equations are
calculate these four unknowns, we need four equations
h
obtained as follows.fig.
ssh
tt
(a) consider the situation at t = 0- n
e21 n
At t = 0- , Vs =V11 and Vd
0 = Ve
dthe corresponding equivalent circuit is
u
The diode is reverse biased
and
u
t
t
.s
.s
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c
The voltage across the capacitor terminals at t=0- is
. .c
tt
oo
p
VA(0-) = Vs-Vi
--------2
p
ss
gg

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c
. .c
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p
p
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lo
lo
b
.
b
ff.
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n
aan

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m
mV = V11 and V 1 = V R
o
o
s
2
i
c
. .c
Rs + R
tt
oo
(
R
s
+
R
)
pp
Vi = V21
ss
R
gg
Substituting the values of Vs and Vi in equation 2

m
m
o
o
c
. .c
tt
oo
p
p
s
ggs
lo
lo
b
(
R
s
+
R
)
11
1
.
b
VA(0-) = V V2
-------3 ff.
f
R
o f
ggo
(b) Consider the situation at the instant t = 0+
n the corresponding equivalent
At t= 0+, Vs = V1 and V0 = V1. the diode is a
ONn
and
a
h
circuit is
ssh
tt
nn
ee
d
d
u
u
t
t
.s
.s
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The voltage across the capacitor terminals at t = 0+ is

VA(0+) = Vs Vi
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1
o
o
o
o
=
V
V
i
c
c
. .c
t. .c
tt
Rf
oot
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V1 =Vi
,
pp
ppo
Rs + Rf
ss
ss
gg
g
( Rs + Rf )
oog
Vi =
V1
l
Rf
bbl
.
ff.
( Rs + Rf )
f
VA(0+) = V1 V1
-------4f
o
Rf
ggo
ninstantaneously
Since the voltage across the capacitor cannot change
aan
hh
VA(0-) = VA(0+)
ss
t
Hence, from equations 3 and 4
nnt
e
R
+
R
S
R
s
+
R
f
e
V11 V2 1 = V1 V1
-------5
d
d
R
R
f
u
u
tt
ss
The peak-to-peak amplitude
of the input is V. Therefore
.
.
11
V = V1 Vw
w
w
Rs + Rf
R + RS 1
w
From equation
5 ,V = V1 V11 = V1
V2 -------6
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Rf
R
Once again consider the situation at t = T1- , Vs = V1 and V0 = V11 and the diode is ON

m
m
o
o
c
. .c
tt
oo
VA(T1-) = Vs-Vi
p
p
s
ggs

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c
. .c
tt
oo
p
p
s
ggs
lo
lo
b
.
b
ff.
ff
o
ggo
n
aan

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w
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m
m
Rf + Rs 1
m
m
1
o
o
=
V
V
------7
o
o
1
c
c
. .c
. .c
Rf
tt
tt
oo
oo
Similarly, at t = T1+ from the equivalent circuit, since D is OFF
p
p
p
p
s
s
ggs
ggs
lo
lo
b
.
b
ff.
ff
o
ggo
n
aan
hh
ss
tt
nn
VA(T1+) = Vs Vi
ee
R + RS d
= V11 V2 d ------- 8
u
Rsttu
. s
Again as VA(T1-) = VA(T.1 +), from equations 7 and 8
w
w
w
w
Rf +w
Rs 1
R + RS
V1 V1 = V11 V2
w
R
R
f
R
s
+
R + RS
V = V1 V11 =
V1 1 V2
------9
Rf
R
m
m
m
m
Further at t = 0+, V0 = V1 and in the interval 0 to T1, V0 decays with a time constant
o
o
o
o
c
c
t. .c (Rf+Rs)C
t. .c

oot
p
s p
ggs

Rf

oot
p
ssp
Hence, V11 = V1 e
--------10 g
oogtime constant
Similarly in the interval T1 to T2, the diode is reverse biased and thelcircuit
bbl
.
is (Rs+R)C
fff.
The voltage V2 decays to V21
oof
g
(T2 T1)
nng
a
(Rs +R )C
hha--------V2 1 = V2 e
11
s
s
ttdetermine
1
1
Equations 6, 9, 10 and 11 will enable us
to
the
voltage
V
1, V1 , V2 and V2 . If
n
n
ee
in the above circuit Rs = 0.
d
d
Equations 6 and 9 reduce to u
ttu
s2s
V = V1-V21 = V11 .V
-------12
. discussion that the
It is evident from the
above
output
is
independent
of the levels V1 and
w
w
11
V associated w
with
wthe input and is only determined by the amplitude V.
Subtracting
equation 9 from equation 6
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T1
(Rf +Rs )C

Rf + Rs
R + RS
(V1 V11) (V21-V2) = 0
Rf
R
If V1-V11 = f and V21 V2 = r
m
From Equation 13
o m

o
.c
.c
tt
oo
Rf + Rs
p
p
s
Rf
ggs

f =

R + RS
r
R

-------

13

m
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c
. .c
tt
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p
p
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lo
lo
b
.
b
ff.
ff
o
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n
aan

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w
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m
Rf
R + RS
m
o
f=
.
o
c
. .c
Rs + Rf
R
tt
oo
If Rs << R
pp
ss
Rf
gg
f =
r ,
Rs + Rf

m
m
o
o
c
. .c
tt
oo
p
p
s
ggs
lo
lo
b
where f is the tilt in the forward direction and r is the tilt f
in.the
reverse
direction .
b
fff.
Let Rs << Rf
o
Then f r
ggo
n
aan
hh
ss
tt
nn
ee
d
d
u
u
t
t
.s
.s
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c
t. .c
oot
pp
ss
gg

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c
. .c
tt
oo
p
p
s
ggs

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c
t. .c
oot
pp
ss
gg
o
lo
bbl
.
fff.
oof
g
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a
hha
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tts
n
een
d
d
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u
t
t
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c
. .c
tt
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p
p
s
ggs
lo
lo
b
.
b
ff.
ff
o
ggo
n
aan

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