2 Types Cardiac Muscle Cells:

Conduction

cells

Contractile

Autorhythmic, pacemaker

cells

Seen in histology

39

Activity of Autorhythmic Cells

Found

in SA & AV nodes

40

Conduction
System of Heart

Autorhythmic
(self excitable)
SA node

Pacemaker
potential

AV node

AV bundle of His

Divides into
bundle branches
& purkinje fibers
41

Impulse Conduction
In Heart

SA node Atria AV node

Bundle of His Bundle branches
& Purkinje fibers Ventricles

42

Action Potential in a
Ventricular
Contractile fiber

43

Physiology of Muscle Contraction

Depolarization

triggers contraction
Plateau maintains contraction
Repolarization triggers relaxation

44

Electrocardiogram - ECG or EKG

P

wave

PQ

interval

QRS
T

complex

wave

45

Cardiac Cycle
All

events associated with one heartbeat

Systole & diastole of atria & ventricles

In each cycle, atria & ventricles alternately contract &

relax
Forces blood from higher pressure to lower pressure

During

relaxation period, both atria & ventricles

are relaxed
The faster the heart beats, the shorter the
relaxation period

Systole & diastole lengths shorten slightly

46

Phases
of the
Cardiac
Cycle

Linking ECG to AP & Contraction

Action
Potentials in
Atrial &
Ventricular
Contractile
Cells
ECG
Readings

Systole &
Diastole in
Heart
Chambers
Heart Valve
Openings&
Closings

48

Arrhythmia
Categories:

Supraventricular or atrial

Ventricular

Bradycardia

Tachycardia

Fibrillation

49

Ventricular Pressures
BP

in aorta is ~120mm Hg

BP in pulmonary trunk is ~30mm Hg

Differences

in ventricle wall
thickness allows heart to push
same amount of blood w/ more
force from L ventricle

Volume blood ejected from each

ventricle is ~70ml = stroke volume

50

Cardiac Output
Amount

of blood pushed into aorta or pulmonary

trunk by ventricle

CO = SV (stroke vol) x HR (heart rate)

Example:

70ml stroke volume & 75 beat/min

- CO = 70mL/beat X 75 beat/min = 5250 mL/min (5.25 L/min)

Cardiac

reserve = difference between max CO &

CO at rest

average is ~4-5 resting volume

while athlete is 7-8 resting volume
heart disease may decrease the reserve

51

Clinical Application:

Congestive Heart Failure

Causes of CHF

CAD, HTN, MI, valve disorders,

congenital defects

Left side heart failure

Loss of pumping efficiency

Blood remains in ventricle

Pulmonary edema

Right side failure

Peripheral edema
52

Regulation of Heart Rate & Contractility:

Autonomic (nervous) control

Cardiovascular center input from:

Cortex, limbic system, hypothalamus

Proprioceptors
Chemoreceptors
Baroreceptors (pressure receptors)

53

Regulation of Heart Rate & Contractility:

Autonomic (nervous) control

Output: to heart (balancing act)

Sympathetic impulses
Parasympathetic impulses

54

Regulation of Heart Rate & Contractility:

Autonomic (nervous) control

55

Variables That
Influence
Stroke Volume
56

Chemical Regulation of Heart Rate

Hormones
Epi & norepi
(from adrenal
medulla)
Thyroid HM
Cations
+
Relative [ ] K ,
+2
+
Ca & Na =
significant
effect on
cardiac fxn
Other Factors:
Age
Gender
Physical fitness
Body temp

57

58

Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances

Risk

factors in heart disease:

High blood cholesterol level

HTN
Cigarette smoking
Obesity & lack of regular exercise

Other

factors include:

DM
Genetic predisposition
Male gender
High blood levels of fibrinogen
Left ventricular hypertrophy
59

Plasma Lipids & Heart Disease

High

blood cholesterol

promotes growth of fatty

plaques
lipids transported as
lipoproteins
- HDL
- LDL
- VLDL

sources of cholesterol in
body

foods & from liver

60

Exercise & the Heart

Benefits

of aerobic exercise:

increased CO

increased HDL & decreased

triglycerides

improved lung fxn

decreased BP

weight control

61