EM Waves

Lecture 2: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 1
Outline
1
Electromagnetic Waves
Quasi-Monochromatic Light
Electromagnetic Waves Across Interfaces
Snells law
Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl
Fundamentals of Polarized Light

Electromagnetic Waves in Matter
Maxwells equations electromagnetic waves
optics: interaction of electromagnetic waves with matter as
described by material equations
polarization of electromagnetic waves are integral part of optics
Maxwells Equations in Matter
~ = 4
D
~
~ 1 D = 4~j
H
c t
c
~
B
1
~ +
E
=0
c t
~ =0
B
Symbols
~
D
~
H
c
~j
~
E
~
B
t
electric displacement
electric charge density
magnetic field
speed of light in vacuum
electric current density
electric field
magnetic induction
time

~ = 4
D
~
~ 1 D = 4~j
H
c t
c
~
B
1
~ +
E
=0
c t
~ =0
B
Symbols
~
D
~
H
c
~j
~
E
~
B
t
magnetic field
electric field
magnetic induction
time

~ = 4
D
~
~ 1 D = 4~j
H
c t
c
~
B
1
~ +
E
=0
c t
~ =0
B
Symbols
~
D
~
H
c
~j
~
E
~
B
t
magnetic field
electric field
magnetic induction
time

~ = 4
D
~
~ 1 D = 4~j
H
c t
c
~
B
1
~ +
E
=0
c t
~ =0
B
Symbols
~
D
~
H
c
~j
~
E
~
B
t
magnetic field
electric field
magnetic induction
time
Linear Material Equations
Symbols
dielectric constant
~ = E
~
D
~ = H
~
B
magnetic permeability
electrical conductivity
~j = E
~
Isotropic and Anisotropic Media

isotropic media: and are scalars
anisotropic media: and are tensors of rank 2
isotropy of medium broken by
anisotropy of material itself (e.g. crystals)
external fields (e.g. Kerr effect)
Linear Material Equations
Symbols
dielectric constant
~ = E
~
D
~ = H
~
B
magnetic permeability
electrical conductivity
~j = E
~
Isotropic and Anisotropic Media

isotropic media: and are scalars
anisotropic media: and are tensors of rank 2
isotropy of medium broken by
anisotropy of material itself (e.g. crystals)
external fields (e.g. Kerr effect)
Wave Equation in Matter

for most materials: = 0, = 1
combine Maxwell, material equations differential equations for
damped (vector) wave
~
2 E
~
~
2E
4 E
=0
c 2 t 2
c 2 t
~
2 H
~
~
2H
4 H
2
=0
2
2
c t
c t
damping controlled by conductivity

~ and H
~ are equivalent sufficient to consider E
~
E
~
interaction with matter almost always through E
~ are crucial
but: at interfaces, boundary conditions for H

~
2 E
~
~
2E
4 E
=0
c 2 t 2
c 2 t
~
2 H
~
~
2H
4 H
2
=0
2
2
c t
c t

~ and H
~
E
~
~ are crucial

~
2 E
~
~
2E
4 E
=0
c 2 t 2
c 2 t
~
2 H
~
~
2H
4 H
2
=0
2
2
c t
c t

~ and H
~
E
~
~ are crucial

~
2 E
~
~
2E
4 E
=0
c 2 t 2
c 2 t
~
2 H
~
~
2H
4 H
2
=0
2
2
c t
c t

~ and H
~
E
~
~ are crucial
Plane-Wave Solutions
~~
~ =E
~ 0 ei (k x t )
Plane Vector Wave ansatz E
~k
~k
~
|k |
~x
t
~0
E
spatially and temporally constant wave vector

normal to surfaces of constant phase
wave number
spatial location
angular frequency (2 frequency)
time
(generally complex) vector independent of time and space
~ =E
~ 0 ei (~k ~x t )
could also use E
damping if ~k is complex
~
real electric field vector given by real part of E
~~
~ =E
~ 0 ei (k x t )
~k
~k
~
|k |
~x
t
~0
E

wave number
spatial location
time
~ =E
~ 0 ei (~k ~x t )
could also use E
~
~~
~ =E
~ 0 ei (k x t )
~k
~k
~
|k |
~x
t
~0
E

wave number
spatial location
time
~ =E
~ 0 ei (~k ~x t )
could also use E
~
~~
~ =E
~ 0 ei (k x t )
~k
~k
~
|k |
~x
t
~0
E

wave number
spatial location
time
~ =E
~ 0 ei (~k ~x t )
could also use E
~
Complex Index of Refraction

temporal derivatives Helmholtz equation

2
4 ~
2~
E =0
E + 2 +i
c
dispersion relation between ~k and
2
~k ~k =
c2
complex index of refraction

4
+i
4 ~ ~
2 2
, k k = 2n
c
split into real (n: index of refraction) and imaginary parts (k :
extinction coefficient)
= n + ik
n
2 = + i
n


2
4 ~
2~
E =0
E + 2 +i
c
2
~k ~k =
c2

4
+i
4 ~ ~
2 2
, k k = 2n
c
= n + ik
n
2 = + i
n


2
4 ~
2~
E =0
E + 2 +i
c
2
~k ~k =
c2

4
+i
4 ~ ~
2 2
, k k = 2n
c
= n + ik
n
2 = + i
n


2
4 ~
2~
E =0
E + 2 +i
c
2
~k ~k =
c2

4
+i
4 ~ ~
2 2
, k k = 2n
c
= n + ik
n
2 = + i
n
Transverse Waves
plane-wave solution must also fulfill Maxwells equations

~k
~ 0 ~k = 0, H
~ 0 ~k = 0, H
~0 = n
~0
E
E
|~k |
isotropic media: electric, magnetic field vectors normal to wave
vector transverse waves
~ 0, H
~ 0 , and ~k orthogonal to each other, right-handed vector-triple
E
~ 0 and H
~ 0 out of phase
, E
conductive medium complex n
~
~
~
E0 and H0 have constant relationship consider only E
Transverse Waves

~k
~ 0 ~k = 0, H
~ 0 ~k = 0, H
~0 = n
~0
E
E
|~k |
~ 0, H
E
~ 0 and H
~ 0 out of phase
, E
~
~
~
Transverse Waves

~k
~ 0 ~k = 0, H
~ 0 ~k = 0, H
~0 = n
~0
E
E
|~k |
~ 0, H
E
~ 0 and H
~ 0 out of phase
, E
~
~
~
Transverse Waves

~k
~ 0 ~k = 0, H
~ 0 ~k = 0, H
~0 = n
~0
E
E
|~k |
~ 0, H
E
~ 0 and H
~ 0 out of phase
, E
~
~
~
Transverse Waves

~k
~ 0 ~k = 0, H
~ 0 ~k = 0, H
~0 = n
~0
E
E
|~k |
~ 0, H
E
~ 0 and H
~ 0 out of phase
, E
~
~
~
Energy Propagation in Isotropic Media

Poynting vector

~ = c E
~ H
~
S
4
~ energy through unit area perpendicular to S

~ per unit time
|S|:
~
direction of S is direction of energy flow
time-averaged Poynting vector given by

D E
~ = c Re E
~0 H
~
S
0
8
Re real part of complex expression
complex conjugate
h.i time average
energy flow parallel to wave vector (in isotropic media)

D E
~ = c |n
| |E0 |2
S
8
~k
|~k |

Poynting vector

~ = c E
~ H
~
S
4

~ per unit time
|S|:
~

D E
~ = c Re E
~0 H
~
S
0
8
complex conjugate
h.i time average

D E
~ = c |n
| |E0 |2
S
8
~k
|~k |

Poynting vector

~ = c E
~ H
~
S
4

~ per unit time
|S|:
~

D E
~ = c Re E
~0 H
~
S
0
8
complex conjugate
h.i time average

D E
~ = c |n
| |E0 |2
S
8
~k
|~k |

Poynting vector

~ = c E
~ H
~
S
4

~ per unit time
|S|:
~

D E
~ = c Re E
~0 H
~
S
0
8
complex conjugate
h.i time average

D E
~ = c |n
| |E0 |2
S
8
~k
|~k |
monochromatic light: purely theoretical concept
monochromatic light wave always fully polarized
real life: light includes range of wavelengths
quasi-monochromatic light
quasi-monochromatic: superposition of mutually incoherent
monochromatic light beams whose wavelengths vary in narrow
range around central wavelength 0
1
measurement of quasi-monochromatic light: integral over

measurement time tm
amplitude, phase (slow) functions of time for given spatial location
slow: variations occur on time scales much longer than the mean
period of the wave
1

measurement time tm
period of the wave
1

measurement time tm
period of the wave
1

measurement time tm
period of the wave
Polarization of Quasi-Monochromatic Light

electric field vector for quasi-monochromatic plane wave is sum of
electric field vectors of all monochromatic beams
~ (t) = E
~ 0 (t) ei (~k ~x t )
E
can write this way because 0
measured intensity of quasi-monochromatic beam
D
1
tm > tm
E D
E
~ + E
~ = lim
~xE
~yE
E
x
y
tm /2
tm /2
~ x (t)E
~ (t) + E
~ y (t)E
~ (t)dt
E
x
y
h i: averaging over measurement time tm

measured intensity independent of time
quasi-monochromatic: frequency-dependent material properties
(e.g. index of refraction) are constant within
10
Polarization of Quasi-Monochromatic Light

electric field vector for quasi-monochromatic plane wave is sum of
electric field vectors of all monochromatic beams
~ (t) = E
~ 0 (t) ei (~k ~x t )
E
can write this way because 0
measured intensity of quasi-monochromatic beam
D
1
tm > tm
E D
E
~ + E
~ = lim
~xE
~yE
E
x
y
tm /2
tm /2
~ x (t)E
~ (t) + E
~ y (t)E
~ (t)dt
E
x
y
h i: averaging over measurement time tm

measured intensity independent of time
quasi-monochromatic: frequency-dependent material properties
(e.g. index of refraction) are constant within
10
Polychromatic Light or White Light

wavelength range comparable wavelength (
1)
incoherent sum of quasi-monochromatic beams that have large
variations in wavelength
cannot write electric field vector in a plane-wave form
must take into account frequency-dependent material
characteristics
intensity of polychromatic light is given by sum of intensities of
constituting quasi-monochromatic beams
11

1)
characteristics
11

1)
characteristics
11

1)
characteristics
11

Fields at Interfaces
classical optics due to interfaces between 2 different media
from Maxwells equations in integral form at interface from
medium 1 to medium 2

~2 D
~ 1 ~n = 0
D

~2 B
~ 1 ~n = 0
B

~2 E
~ 1 ~n = 0
E

~2 H
~ 1 ~n = 0
H
~n normal on interface, points from medium 1 to medium 2
~ and B
~ are continuous across interface
normal components of D
~ and H
tangential components of E
12


~2 D
~ 1 ~n = 0
D

~2 B
~ 1 ~n = 0
B

~2 E
~ 1 ~n = 0
E

~2 H
~ 1 ~n = 0
H
~ and B
~ and H
12


~2 D
~ 1 ~n = 0
D

~2 B
~ 1 ~n = 0
B

~2 E
~ 1 ~n = 0
E

~2 H
~ 1 ~n = 0
H
~ and B
~ and H
12
Plane of Incidence
plane wave onto interface
incident (i ), reflected (r ), and
transmitted (t ) waves
~ i,r ,t
E
~ i,r ,t
H
~ i,r ,t ei (~k i,r ,t ~x t )

= E
0
c ~ i,r ,t ~ i,r ,t
k
E
=
interface normal ~n k z-axis

spatial, temporal behavior at interface the same for all 3 waves
(~k i ~x )z=0 = (~k r ~x )z=0 = (~k t ~x )z=0
valid for all ~x in interface all 3 wave vectors in one plane, plane
of incidence
13
Plane of Incidence
~ i,r ,t
E
~ i,r ,t
H
~ i,r ,t ei (~k i,r ,t ~x t )

= E
0
c ~ i,r ,t ~ i,r ,t
k
E
=

(~k i ~x )z=0 = (~k r ~x )z=0 = (~k t ~x )z=0
of incidence
13
Plane of Incidence
~ i,r ,t
E
~ i,r ,t
H
~ i,r ,t ei (~k i,r ,t ~x t )

= E
0
c ~ i,r ,t ~ i,r ,t
k
E
=

(~k i ~x )z=0 = (~k r ~x )z=0 = (~k t ~x )z=0
of incidence
13
Snells Law
spatial, temporal behavior the
same for all three waves
(~k i ~x )z=0 = (~k r ~x )z=0 = (~k t ~x )z=0

~
k = c n
, c the same for all 3 waves
Snells law
1 sin i = n
1 sin r = n
2 sin t
n
14
Snells Law
(~k i ~x )z=0 = (~k r ~x )z=0 = (~k t ~x )z=0

~
k = c n
Snells law
1 sin i = n
1 sin r = n
2 sin t
n
14
Snells Law
(~k i ~x )z=0 = (~k r ~x )z=0 = (~k t ~x )z=0

~
k = c n
Snells law
1 sin i = n
1 sin r = n
2 sin t
n
14
Monochromatic Wave at Interface

~ i,r ,t , B
~ i,r ,t = c ~k i,r ,t E
~ i,r ,t
~ i,r ,t = c ~k i,r ,t E
H
0
0
0
0
boundary conditions for monochromatic plane wave:
4 equations are not independent

only need to consider last two equations (tangential components
~ 0 and H
~ 0 are continuous)
of E
15

~ i,r ,t , B
~ i,r ,t = c ~k i,r ,t E
~ i,r ,t
~ i,r ,t = c ~k i,r ,t E
H
0
0
0
0

2~ r
2~ t
~i +n
~
12 E
n
E
n
E
0
1 0
2 0 n =0

~k i E
~ i + ~k r E
~ r ~k t E
~ t ~n = 0
0
0
0

~i +E
~r E
~ t ~n = 0
E
0
0
0

~k i E
~ i + ~k r E
~ r ~k t E
~ t ~n = 0
0
0
0
~ 0 and H
~ 0 are continuous)
of E
15

~ i,r ,t , B
~ i,r ,t = c ~k i,r ,t E
~ i,r ,t
~ i,r ,t = c ~k i,r ,t E
H
0
0
0
0

~i +E
~r E
~ t ~n = 0
E
0
0
0

~k i E
~ i + ~k r E
~ r ~k t E
~ t ~n = 0
0
0
0
~ 0 and H
~ 0 are continuous)
of E
15
Two Special Cases
TM, p
TE, s
electric field parallel to plane of incidence magnetic field is

transverse to plane of incidence (TM)
electric field particular (German: senkrecht) or transverse to plane

of incidence (TE)
general solution as (coherent) superposition of two cases
choose direction of magnetic field vector such that Poynting vector
parallel, same direction as corresponding wave vector
16
Two Special Cases
TM, p
TE, s
electric field parallel to plane of incidence magnetic field is

transverse to plane of incidence (TM)
electric field particular (German: senkrecht) or transverse to plane

of incidence (TE)
general solution as (coherent) superposition of two cases
choose direction of magnetic field vector such that Poynting vector
parallel, same direction as corresponding wave vector
16

EM Waves

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Lecture 2: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 1

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl

Lecture 2: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 1

Fundamentals of Polarized Light

Lecture 2: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 1

Fundamentals of Polarized Light

Lecture 2: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 1

Fundamentals of Polarized Light

Lecture 2: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 1

Fundamentals of Polarized Light

Lecture 2: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 1

Linear Material Equations

Isotropic and Anisotropic Media

Lecture 2: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 1

Linear Material Equations

Isotropic and Anisotropic Media

Lecture 2: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 1

Wave Equation in Matter

damping controlled by conductivity

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl

Lecture 2: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 1

Wave Equation in Matter

damping controlled by conductivity

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl

Lecture 2: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 1

Wave Equation in Matter

damping controlled by conductivity

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl

Lecture 2: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 1

Wave Equation in Matter

damping controlled by conductivity

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl

Lecture 2: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 1

spatially and temporally constant wave vector

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl

Lecture 2: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 1

spatially and temporally constant wave vector

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl

Lecture 2: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 1

spatially and temporally constant wave vector

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl

Lecture 2: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 1

spatially and temporally constant wave vector

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl

Lecture 2: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 1

Complex Index of Refraction

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl

Lecture 2: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 1

Complex Index of Refraction

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl

Lecture 2: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 1

Complex Index of Refraction

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl

Lecture 2: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 1

Complex Index of Refraction

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl

Lecture 2: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 1

plane-wave solution must also fulfill Maxwells equations

Lecture 2: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 1

plane-wave solution must also fulfill Maxwells equations

Lecture 2: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 1

plane-wave solution must also fulfill Maxwells equations

Lecture 2: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 1

plane-wave solution must also fulfill Maxwells equations