Heat Exchanger Lab: Counter-Flow Operation

LAB SESSION # 1
HEAT EXCHANGER
Heat exchangers are used to transfer heat from a fluid on a side of a barrier to a fluid on
the other side without allowing the fluids to mix together. Heat exchangers maximize the
surface area of a wall that is used between the two fluids while minimizing any
resistance to the flow of a fluid through the exchanger.
Example
The most well-known type of heat exchanger is a car radiator, in a radiator, a solution of
water and ethylene glycol, also known as antifreeze, transfers heat from the engine to
the radiator and then from the radiator to the ambient air flowing through it. This process
helps to keep a car's engine from overheating.
PARALLEL-FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER
Parallel-flow, a major type of heat exchangers, allows two fluids to enter the exchanger
at the same end. The two fluids then travel in parallel to the other side of the exchanger.
The hot fluid transfers heat to the wall via convection. Parallel-flow heat exchangers are
often used when two fluids must be brought to close to the same temperature.
LOGARITHMIC MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE

(LMTD) METHOD
The logarithmic mean temperature difference (also known as log mean temperature
difference or simply by its initialism LMTD) is used to determine the temperature driving
force for heat transfer in flow systems, most notably in heat exchangers. The LMTD is a
logarithmic average of the temperature difference between the hot and cold streams at
each end of the exchanger. The larger the LMTD, the more heat is transferred. The use of
the LMTD arises straightforwardly from the analysis of a heat exchanger with constant
flow rate and fluid thermal properties.
From Heat Transfer Eq. we get
Where, A is the total contact area and Tlm is the logarithmic mean temperature
difference (LMTD)
LMTD= T lm=
Significance of the LMTD

The LMTD is the driven force for the heat exchange between the two fluids. As the LMTD
value increases, the amounts of heat transfer between the two fluids also increase. The
LMTD value is used for calculating the heat duty of the heat exchanger.
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
The purpose of this unit is to demonstrate the working principles of industrial heat
exchangers in the most convenient way in the laboratory. Experiments show the practical
importance of the temperature profiles, co- and counter flow, energy balances, log-mean
temperature difference, and heat transfer coefficients.
The experimental setup consists of two concentric tubes in which fluids pass. The hot
fluid is hot water, which is obtained from an electric geyser. Hot water flows through the
inner tube, in one direction. Cold fluid is cold water, which flows through the annulus.
Control valves are provided so that direction of cold water can be kept parallel or
opposite to that of hot water. Thus, the heat exchanger can be operated either as
paralle1 or counter flow heat exchanger. The temperatures are measured with
thermometer. Thus, the heat transfer rate, heat transfer coefficient, LMTD and
effectiveness of heat exchanger can be calculated for both parallel and counter flow.
EXPERIMENT # 01
DEMONSTRATE
THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A

DOUBLE PIPE CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
OPERATING UNDER PARALLEL FLOW CONDITION.
Apparatus
Double pipe heat exchanger Apparatus with both parallel and counter flow arrangement
Procedure
Start the water supply. Adjust the water supply on hot and cold sides.
Keep the valves V2 & V3 closed and V1 & V4 opened so that arrangement is
Parallel flow.
Switch ON the geyser. Temperature of water will start rising.
After temperatures become steady, note down the readings in the observation
table.
Observations and Calculations

Length of pipe = L = 1.5 m
Tube outer diameter = do = (15x0.7) mm
Tube inner diameter = di = (22x0.9) mm
Set Temperature = 65C
Transmission Area = A = 0.067 m2
Hot water Flow rate = Qh =2 ltr/min
Cold water Flow rate = Qc =1 ltr/min
Mass Flow rate of hot water,
mh= p Q h=0.0333 kg /s
Mass Flow rate of cold water,
mc = p Qc =0.01667 kg /s
Density of water= 1000kg/m3
Specific Heat of Water= Cp= 4.186 kJ/kgC
Position
Inlet
Middle
Outlet
Temperature Difference at inlet =
Hot water
Temperatur
e (C)
Cold Water
Temperatur
e (C)
Thi=50
47
Tho=46
Tci=30
33.5
Tco=38.5
0m
0.75m
1.5m
T 1=T hiT ci=20 C
Temperature Difference at Outlet = T 2=T hoT co=7.5 C
Log mean Temperature Difference = LMTD = Tm=

Amount of heat Given out by hot liquid=
q emit =mh .C p .(T hiT ho )=557.6 Watts
Amount of heat Absorbed by Cold Water,
||=m
.C p .(T ci T co )=592.3 Watts

q
Losses,
||=35.3 Watts
qemitt q
Efficiency of Heat Exchanger,
||/q
emit
q x 100=94.13
=
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient,
( T 1 T 2 )
ln( T 1
)
T 2
12.74 C
||/( A
x T m)=694 Watt /m 2 C
U =q
Efficiency of cold water,

cold water=42.5
Efficiency of hot water,
hot water=20
Temperature Profile:
55
50
50
47
46
45
Temperature
T
(C)
40
38.5
35
33.5
30
Hot Water Temperature Profile

Cold Water Temperature Profile
30
25
20
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1.2 1.4 1.6
Distance along tube length

X
(m)
Comments
Never switch ON the geyser unless there is water supply through it.
If the red indicator on geyser goes off during operation, increase the water supply,
because it indicates that water temperature exceeds the set limit.
Ensure steady water flow rate and temperatures before noting down the readings,
as fluctuating water supply can give erratic results.
LAB SESSON#02
COUNTER-FLOW
In counter-flow heat exchangers, the fluids enter the exchanger from opposite ends. As
the two flows move toward each other from opposite directions, the system is able to
maintain almost a constant gradient between the two liquid flows as they travel the
length of the exchanger. This enables nearly all the heat properties from one flow to be
transferred to the other flow.
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
EXPERIMENT#02
DEMONSTRATE
THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A

DOUBLE PIPE CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
OPERATING UNDER COUNTER FLOW CONDITION.
Apparatus
Procedure
Open the valves V2 & V3 and then close the valves V1 & V4. The arrangement
is now counter flow.
Wait until the steady state is reached and note down the readings.
table.

Length of pipe=L= 1.5 m
Tube outer diameter=do= (15x0.7) mm

Tube inner diameter=di= (22x0.9) mm
Set Temperature= 65C
Transmission Area=A=0.067 m2
Hot water Flow rate= Qh=2 ltr/min
Cold water Flow rate= Qc =1ltr/min
Mass Flow rate of hot water=mh= pQh=0.0333 (kg/s)
Mass Flow rate of cold water =mc= pQc= 0.01667(kg/s)
p = Density of water= 1000kg/m3
Position
Inlet
Middle
Outlet
Hot water
Temperatur
e (C)
Cold Water
Temperatur
e (C)
Thi=55
51
Tho=50
Tco=40
34
Tci=30
0m
0.75m
1.5m
Temperature Difference at inlet= T1=Thi-Tco= 15 C

Temperature Difference at Outlet=T2=Tho-Tci= 20 C
Log mean Temperature Difference=LMTD=Tm=
( T 1 T 2 )
ln(T 1
)
T 2
17.4 C
Amount of heat Given out by hot liquid=qemit=mh.Cp.(Thi-Tho)= 697.8 Watts

Amount of heat Absorbed by Cold Water= qabs=mc.Cp.(Tco-Tci)= 697 Watts
Losses= qemit - qabs= 0.8 Watts
Efficiency of Heat Exchanger== (qabs/ qemit)x100=99.88%
Overall Heat Transfer Co-efficient=U=qabs/(AtxTm)=598.6 Watt/m2C
Efficiency of cold water= cold water
=40%
Efficiency of cold water= hot water
(Tco Tci )
100
(Thi Tci )
(Thi Tho )
100
(Thi Tci )
=20%
Temperature Profile:
60
55
55
51
50
50
Temperature
T
(C)
45
40
40
35
34
30
30
25
Hot Water Temperature

Profile
Cold Water Temperature
Profile
20
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1.2 1.4 1.6
Distance along tube length

X
(m)
Comments
If heat capacity rates of the cold and hot fluids are the same and the heat
exchanger is operated in the counter-flow regime then T is independent of
position in the heat exchanger.
Lab Sesson#03
THEORY
In general with higher flow rates the overall heat transfer coefficient will increase a bit and with lower flow
rates it will decrease. This is because the change in velocity will affect the film coefficient portion of the overall
heat transfer coefficient.
So with a higher flow rate you will get slightly better heat transfer but you will also have a greater mass
flowing through the exchanger. The net result will be the transfer of more heat but the actual temperature of the
fluid exiting the exchanger will likely be lower because of the extra mass involved.
Other things that are affected by changes in flow rate are the pressure through the exchanger (Higher flow rates
leads to higher pressure drops. Lower flow rates lead to lower pressure drops.) and in some cases possible
fouling of the exchanger.
Experiment#03
DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF VOLUME FLOWRATE VARIATION OF
A) HOT FLUID
B) COLD FLUID
ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A GIVEN HEAT EXCHANGER (FOR
BOTH PARALLEL AND COUNTER FLOW ARRANGEMENTS)
Apparatus
(a) For variation in Hot fluid Flowrate

1. For Parallel-Flow Arrangement
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Keep the valves V2 & V3 closed and V1 & V4 opened so that arrangement is Parallel flow.
After temperatures become steady, note down the readings in the observation table.
Vary the hot water flowrate and repeat the same procedure.

mc = p Qc =0.01667 kg /s
No. of
obs
1.
2.
Flowrat
e of hot
water
Qh
Hot water Temperature (C)

(C)
(ltr/min)
Inlet
(Thi)
At
x=0m
Mid
Inlet
(Tci)
At
x=0m
Mid
At
x=0.75m
Outlet
(Tho)
At
x=1.5m
46
53
44
52
41
49
29
29
31
35
1
2
At
x=0.75m
Outlet
(Tco)
At
x=1.5
m
34
39
3.
4.
3
4
60
55
56
52
55
50
29
29
37
35
Sample Calculations
For Observation Set #01
Temperature Difference at Outlet =
T 1=T hiT ci =17 C

T 2=T hoT co=07 C

||=m
.C p .(T ci T co )=348.83 Watts

q
Losses,
||=0 Watts
qemitt q
||/q
emit
q x 100=100
=
||/( A
x T m)=461.9Watt /m 2 C
U =q

cold water=29.4
( T 1 T 2 )
ln(T 1
)
T 2
11.27 C
44
42
hot water=29.4
Results for the Given Data Set:

Flowrate
T1
of hot
Thi-Tci
water
Qh
T2
Tho-Tco
LMTD
Tm
qemit
mh.Cp.
(ThiTho)
qabs
mc.Cp.
(Tci-Tco)
Losse
s
qemit qabs
U qabs/
(AtxTm)
cold
hot
water
water
(ltr/min)
(C)
(C)
(C)
Watts
Watts
Watts
1
2
3
4
17
24
31
26
7
10
11
8
11.27
16
19.3
15.27
348.83
558.13
1046.5
1395.3
348.83
696.7
1044.5
907
0
-138.5
2
488.3
Watt/m2
C
461.9
650
807.75
886.53
29.4
41.7
48.4
50%
29.4
16.67
16.12
19.23
Graphs
Scale : X-axis 1 big box=0.2 m
R1: for
R2: for
R3 :for
R4 :for
hot
hot
hot
hot
water
water
water
water
Flow
Flow
Flow
Flow
rate=
rate=
rate=
rate=
Y-axis 1 big box=5 (C)

Qh
Qh
Qh
Qh
=1ltr/min
=2ltr/min
=3ltr/min
=4ltr/min
65
60
60
55
55
53
56
52
50
Temperatture
T
(C)
46
45
55
50
49
44
44
42
41
39
40
37
35
35
30
34
31
29
R1 Hot Fluid
R1 Cold Fluid
R2 Hot Fluid
R2 Cold Fluid
R3 Hot Fluid
R3 Cold fluid
R4 Hot Fluid
R4 Cold Fluid
25
20
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
Distance along Length

X
(m)
2. For Counter-flow Arrangement

Procedure
1. Start the water supply. Adjust the water supply on hot and cold sides.
2. Open the valves V2 & V3 and then close the valves V1 & V4. The arrangement
3. Switch ON the geyser. Temperature of water will start rising.
4. Wait until the steady state is reached and note down the readings.
5. After temperatures become steady, note down the readings in the observation
table.


mc = p Qc =0.01667 kg /s
No. of
obs.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Flowra
te of
hot
water
Qh
Hot water Temperature

(C)

(C)
(ltr/min
)
Inlet
(Thi)
At
x=0m
Outlet
(Tco)
At
x=0m
1
2
3
4
53
49
50
52
Mid
At
x=0.75
m
48
47
48.5
50.5
Outlet
(Tho)
At
x=1.5
m
47
46
48
49.5
43
42
40
40
Mid
At
x=0.75
m
36
35
36
34
Sample Calculations
T 1=T hi T ci =12C
T 2=T hoT co=20.5 C

( T 1 T 2 )
ln( T 1
)
T 2
15.85 C
Inlet
(Tci)
At
x=1.5
m
29
29
29
29
||=m
.C p . ( T ci T co )=767.43 Watts
q
Losses,
||=0 Watts
qemitt q
||/q
e mit
q x 100=100
=
||/( A
x T m)=721.8 Watt /m2 C

U=q

cold water=47.8
hot water=10.9
Results Summary for all Readings

Flowrate
of hot
water
Qh
T1
T2
(ltr/min)
(C)
(C)
(C)
Watts
Watts
1
2
10
7
18
17
13.61
11.27
3
4
10
12
19
20.5
14.02
15.87
418.6
313.9
5
279.1
436.0
4
LMTD
Tm
qemit
qabs
cold
hot
water
water
Watt/m2
C
976.73
907
1071
1201
58.3
65
25
15
767.43
767.43
817
721.8
52.4
47.8
9.5
10.9
Graphs
Scale: X-axis 1 big box=0.2 m
R1: for
R2: for
R3 :for
R4 :for
hot
hot
hot
hot
water
water
water
water
Flow
Flow
Flow
Flow
rate=
rate=
rate=
rate=
Qh
Qh
Qh
Qh
=1ltr/min
=2ltr/min
=3ltr/min
=4ltr/min
55
53
52
50
50.5
50
49
49.5
48
47
46
48.5
48
47
45
Temperatture
T
(C)
43
42
40
R1 Hot Fluid
R1 Cold Fluid
40
R2 Hot Fluid
R2 Cold Fluid
36
35
34
35
R3 Hot Fluid
R3 Cold fluid
30
29
R4 Hot Fluid
R4 Cold Fluid
25
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6

X
(m)
(B)For variation in Cold fluid Flowrate

1. for parallel-flow Arrangement
Procedure
2. Keep the valves V2 & V3 closed and V1 & V4 opened so that arrangement is
Parallel flow.
table.
5. Vary the hot water flowrate and repeat the same procedure.

mh= p Q h=0.0333 kg /s
No. of
obs.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Flowra
te of
cold
water
Qc

(C)

(C)
(ltr/min
)
Inlet
(Thi)
At
x=0m
Inlet
(Tci)
At
x=0m
1
1.5
2
2.5
50
49
47.5
46
Mid
At
x=0.75
m
48
44.5
44
42.5
Outlet
(Tho)
At
x=1.5
m
45
44
43
42
Sample Calculations
T 1=T hi T ci =21C
T 2=T hoT co=07 C
29
29
29
29
Mid
At
x=0.75
m
36.5
31.5
31
30
Outlet
(Tco)
At
x=1.5
m
38
35.5
35
34
( T 1 T 2 )
ln( T 1
)
T 2
12.74 C

||=m
.C p . ( T ci T co )=627.9 Watts
q
Losses,
||=69.77 Watts
qemitt q
||/q
emit
q x 100=89.99
=
||/( A
x T m)=735.43 Watt /m C
U=q

cold water=42.85
hot water=23.8

Flowrat
e of
cold
water
Qc
T1
T2
LMTD
Tm
qemit
qabs
Loss
es
cold
hot
water
water
(ltr/min)
(C)
(C)
(C)
Watts
Watts
Watts
21
69.77
20
8.5
753.96
18.5
12.53
678.9
3
835.6
18.74
697.6
7
697.6
7
627.9
627.9
1.5
12.74
3
13.44
Watt/m2
C
735.43
207.7
995.3
2.5
17
11.94
558.1
3
870.4
1
312.7
1088
Graphs
R1: for
R2: for
R3 :for
R4 :for
cold
cold
cold
cold
water
water
water
water
Flow
Flow
Flow
Flow
rate=
rate=
rate=
rate=

Qc
Qc
Qc
Qc
=1ltr/min
=1.5ltr/min
=2ltr/min
=2.5ltr/min
42.8
5
32.5
23.8.
32.4
3
29.4
24.32
25
23.53
55
50
50
49
47.5
46
45
Temperatture
T
(C)
48
45
44
43
42
44.5
44
42.5
R1 Hot Fluid
R1 Cold Fluid
40
36.5
35
30
38
R2 Hot Fluid
35.5
35
34
R3 Hot Fluid
31.5
31
30
29
R2 Cold Fluid
R3 Cold fluid
R4 Hot Fluid
R4 Cold Fluid
25
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6

X
(m)
(2) for Counter-flow Arrangement

Procedure
2. Open the valves V2 & V3 and then close the valves V1 & V4. The arrangement
4. Wait until the steady state is reached and note down the readings.
table.


mh= p Q h=0.0333 kg /s
No. of
obs.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Flowra
te of
cold
water
Qc

(C)

(C)
(ltr/min
)
Inlet
(Thi)
At
x=0m
Outlet
(Tco)
At
x=0m
1
1.5
2
2.5
49
41
43
44
Mid
At
x=0.75
m
47
40
41
41
Outlet
(Tho)
At
x=1.5
m
46
38.5
40
40
40
33
30
30.5
Mid
At
x=0.75
m
36
31.5
28.5
28
Sample Calculations
T 1=T hi T ci =13.5 C
T 2=T hoT co=11 C

q emit =m h .C p .(T hiT ho )=558.13 Watts
||=m
q
( T 1 T 2 )
ln( T 1
)
T 2
12.21 C
Inlet
(Tci)
At
x=1.5
m
29
29
29
29
Losses,
||=261.8 Watts
qemitt q
||/q
emit
q x 100=53.1
=
||/( A
x T m)=319.8 Watt /m2 C

U=q

cold water=12.6
hot water=26.67

Flowrat
e of
cold
water
Qc
T1
T2
LMTD
Tm
qemit
qabs
Losse U
s
(ltr/min)
(C)
(C)
(C)
Watts
Watts
1
1.5
9
8
17
9.5
12.58
8.73
765.96 -417.8
--
13
11
11.97
418.6
348.8
3
418.6
2.5
13.5
11
12.21
Graphs
558.1
3
Watts
139.53 279.0
7
261.63 296.5
cold
hot
water
water
Watt/m2
C
908.76
714.3
55
33.3
15
20.8
173.97
7.1
21.42
319.8
12.6
26.67
R1: for
R2: for
R3 :for
R4 :for
cold
cold
cold
cold
water
water
water
water
Flow
Flow
Flow
Flow
rate=
rate=
rate=
rate=
Qc
Qc
Qc
Qc
=1ltr/min
=1.5ltr/min
=2ltr/min
=2.5ltr/min
55
50
49
47
45
Temperatture
T
(C)
46
44
43
41
40
40
R1 Hot Fluid
41
40
40
38.5
R3 Hot Fluid
R3 Cold fluid
33
31.5
30.5
30
30
R2 Hot Fluid
R2 Cold Fluid
36
35
R1 Cold Fluid
R4 Hot Fluid
29
28.5
28
R4 Cold Fluid
25
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6

X
(m)
Conclusion
The higher the flow rate the higher heat transfer, the higher the efficiency, and
greater the temp change.
The pay back is the higher the flow rate, the greater the pressure loss, the bigger
pump you need.
Lab Sesson#04
THEORY
Heat exchangers are typically employed in the process industries as a means of
providing heat transfer between two streams of fluid across a medium. The heat
exchanger ensures the conservation of heat energy otherwise known as heat economic
operations.
Effects of heat exchanger operating temperature

The heat exchanger operating temperature affects heat exchange. For example in
refineries, stream temperatures can vary due to changes in the operating procedures.
Any alterations in the stream temperature will create a variation in the approaches; the
exchanger duty and log mean temperature difference. Low approach difference will give
a corresponding log mean temperature difference, and high load vice versa. When the
operating temperature limits are exceeded, the material condenses as a result of
deposits and coats the internals of heat exchangers, which produces a wall temperature
that is lower than the bulk limit temperature. To maintain the operating temperature, the
inlet and outlet temperature must be monitored
Experiment#04
DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE VARIATION OF
HOT FLUID (SET) TEMPERATURE ON THE PERFORMANCE
OF A GIVEN HEAT EXCHANGER. (FOR BOTH PARALLEL
AND COUNTER FLOW ARRANGEMENTS)
Apparatus
1. for parallel-flow Arrangement

Procedure
2. Keep the valves V2 & V3 closed and V1 & V4 opened so that arrangement is
Parallel flow.
table.
5. Vary the hot fluid set temperature and repeat the same procedure.

mh= p Q h=0.0333 kg /s
mc = p Qc =0.01667 kg /s
No.
of
obs.
1.
Set
temperat (C)
ure of Hot
water
(C)
Inlet
Mid
Outlet
(Thi)
(Tho)
At
At
At
x=0m x=0.75
x=1.5
m
m
60
53
52
49
Cold Water
Temperature (C)
Inlet
(Tci)
At
x=0m
29
Mid
At
x=0.75
m
35
Outlet
(Tco)
At
x=1.5
m
39
2.
3.
65
70
50
60
47
56
46
55
29
29
33.5
37
Sample Calculations
T 1=T hi T ci =13.5 C
T 2=T hoT co=11 C

||=m
q
Losses,
||=261.8 Watts
qemitt q
||/q
emit
q x 100=53.1
=
||/( A
x T m)=319.8 Watt /m2 C

U=q

cold water=12.6
( T 1 T 2 )
ln( T 1
)
T 2
12.21 C
38.5
44
hot water=26.67

Flowrat
e of hot
water
Qh
(ltr/min)
T1
(C)
T2
(C)
LMTD
Tm
(C)
qemit
Watts
qabs
Watts
Losse
s
Watts
Watt/m2
C
1
2
3
Graphs
R1: for hot water set temperature= 60 C

cold
hot
water
water
65
60
60
56
55
53
50
Temperatture
T
(C)
55
52
50
49
47
46
44
45
40
39
38
37
35
33.5
35
30
R1 Hot Fluid
R1 Cold Fluid
R2 Hot Fluid
R2 Cold Fluid
R3 Hot Fluid
R3 Cold fluid
29
25
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6

X
(m)
2. for Counter-flow Arrangement

Procedure
Open the valves V2 & V3 and then close the valves V1 & V4. The arrangement
Wait until the steady state is reached and note down the readings.
table.
Change the set temperature and repeat above procedure.


mh= p Q h=0.0333 kg /s
mc = p Qc =0.01667 kg /s
No.
of
obs.
1.
2.
3.
Set
temperat (C)
ure of Hot
water
(C)
Inlet
Mid
Outlet
(Thi)
(Tho)
At
At
At
x=0m x=0.75
x=1.5
m
m
60
49
47
46
65
55
51
50
70
50
48.5
48
Cold Water
Temperature (C)
Outlet
(Tco)
At
x=0m
41
40
43
Mid
At
x=0.75
m
36
34
36
Sample Calculations
For Reading#01
T 1=T hi T ci =13.5 C
T 2=T hoT co=11 C

( T 1 T 2 )
ln( T 1
)
T 2
12.21 C
Inlet
(Tci)
At
x=1.5
m
29
29
29

||=m
q
Losses,
||=261.8 Watts
qemitt q
||/q
emit
q x 100=53.1
=
||/( A
x T m)=319.8 Watt /m C
U=q

cold water=12.6
hot water=26.67
Flowrat
e of hot
water
Qh
(ltr/min)
1
2
3
Graphs
T1
(C)
T2
(C)
LMTD
Tm
(C)
qemit
Watts
qabs
Watts
Losse
s
Watts
Watt/m2
C
cold
hot
water
water

60
Temperatture
T
(C)
55
55
50
50
49
51
50
48
46
48.5
47
45
R1 Hot Fluid
43
41
40
40
R1 Cold Fluid
R2 Hot Fluid
R2 Cold Fluid
36
34
35
R3 Hot Fluid
R3 Cold fluid
30
29
25
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2

X
(m)
1.4
1.6

Heat Exchanger Lab: Counter-Flow Operation

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Heat Exchanger Lab: Counter-Flow Operation

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LAB SESSION # 1

PARALLEL-FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER

LOGARITHMIC MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE

From Heat Transfer Eq. we get

Significance of the LMTD

CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A

Observations and Calculations

Specific Heat of Water= Cp= 4.186 kJ/kgC

Temperature Difference at inlet =

T 1=T hiT ci=20 C

Temperature Difference at Outlet = T 2=T hoT co=7.5 C

Log mean Temperature Difference = LMTD = Tm=

.C p .(T ci T co )=592.3 Watts

Efficiency of cold water,

Hot Water Temperature Profile

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

1.2 1.4 1.6

Distance along tube length

CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A

Observations and Calculations

Tube outer diameter=do= (15x0.7) mm

Temperature Difference at inlet= T1=Thi-Tco= 15 C

Log mean Temperature Difference=LMTD=Tm=

Amount of heat Given out by hot liquid=qemit=mh.Cp.(Thi-Tho)= 697.8 Watts

Overall Heat Transfer Co-efficient=U=qabs/(AtxTm)=598.6 Watt/m2C

Efficiency of cold water= cold water

Efficiency of cold water= hot water

Hot Water Temperature

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

1.2 1.4 1.6

Distance along tube length

(a) For variation in Hot fluid Flowrate

Observations and Calculations

Hot water Temperature (C)

Cold Water Temperature

T 1=T hiT ci =17 C

Log mean Temperature Difference = LMTD = Tm=

.C p .(T ci T co )=348.83 Watts

Efficiency of cold water,

Results for the Given Data Set:

Y-axis 1 big box=5 (C)

Distance along Length

2. For Counter-flow Arrangement

Observations and Calculations

Transmission Area = A = 0.067 m2

Hot water Temperature

Cold Water Temperature

Log mean Temperature Difference = LMTD = Tm=

x T m)=721.8 Watt /m2 C

Efficiency of cold water,

Results Summary for all Readings

Y-axis 1 big box=5 (C)

Distance along Length

(B)For variation in Cold fluid Flowrate

Observations and Calculations

Hot water Temperature

Cold Water Temperature

Log mean Temperature Difference = LMTD = Tm=

Amount of heat Given out by hot liquid=

Efficiency of cold water,

Results Summary for all Readings