9716523859
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Of liquids
a. Separating Funnel : a mixture of 2 immiscible liquids (e. Water &
kerosene oil) can be separated by a separating funnel based on the
difference in their densities.
b. Fractional Distillation is used to obtain a variety of products from
crude oil (a mixture of hydrocarbons), based on the principle that
lower hydrocarbons boil at a lower temperature than higher ones.
e.g. for oxygen atom, gram atomic mass is 16 units. But for oxygen molecule (O 2),
gram molecular mass = 2 X 16 = 32 units
Substance
1 mole of H atom
Symbol/
formula
H
1 mole of hydrogen
molecule
1 mole of water
1 mole of Ammonia
molecule
H2
H2O
2 + 16 = 18g
NH3
14 + 3 = 17g
Note that : isotones are the one with same number of neutrons e.g. H, He (2 each).
Isosters are molecules/ions with same number of atoms e.g. N2O , C2O
Structure of Atom:
Chemical Bonding
IONIC OR ELECTROVALENT BOND: formed by complete transfer of one or
more electrons from valence shell of one atom to another. The ion losing
electron gains positive charge and is called cation. The one gaining electrons
(or negatively charged) is anion.
Properties of Elements
Atomic Size
Ionisation Potential
Electronegativity
CHEMICAL REACTION
Chemical Reaction is the process in which new substances with new properties are
formed. During a chemical reaction, atoms of 1 element do not change into atoms of
another element. Only a rearrangement of atoms takes place.
Rate of Reaction = Change in concentration of a reactant
Time taken for change
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM :
a. At Equilibrium, both the forward & the backward reactions proceed at the
same rate and hence, the equilibrium is dynamic in nature.
b. At Equilibrium, all macroscopic properties such as pressure, concentration,
density, colour etc. of the system become constant and remain unchanged
thereafter.
c. Chemical Equilibrium can be established only when none of the product is
allowed to escape out.
d. Chemical Equilibrium can be approached from either direction.
Ionic equilibria:
1. Chemical reactions also takes place in solution in which generally ions
participitate.
2. The substances which furnish ions are known as electrolytes which may be
acids, bases or salt.
3. The equilibrium is present between the unionized molecules of a particular
substance and the ions formed in the solution.
4. Equilibrium constant is related to the strength of electrolyte.
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Ionic Product of Water: Water dissociates slightly to give hydrogen ion (H +) and
hydroxide ions (OH-). This is a reversible reaction in which most of the water
remains in the undissociated molecular form (H2O) at the equilibrium state.
Bases
Tastes bitter, soapy in touch
React with acids to neutralise them
e.g. NaOH
Limitations
Only limited to aqueous solutions.
Cannot explain how CO2, SO2 are
acids or NH3, Na2CO3 are bases.
Bronsted-Lowry:
acids
are
proton donor & bases are proton
acceptor.
Importance of pH
a. In agriculture : by determining the type of the soil and deciding on
fertilisers to be used and crop to be sown.
b. In biological processes : by knowing the pH, we can adjust the medium
of biological processes like fermentation, enzyme hydrolysis,
sterilization etc.
c. In corrosion research : by measuring the pH of sea-water, the effect of
alkaline sea-water on the material used for building ships and
submarines is studied.
Buffer Solution: a solution whose pH does not change when small amount of an
acid or a base is added in it. Its of three types:
a. Simple Buffer- weak acid + weak base e.g. CH3COONH4 , amino acids.
b. Acidic buffer-weak acid + its conjugate base or its salt formed with strong
base e.g. mixture of acetic acid & sodium acetate.
c. Basic Buffer- weak base + its conjugate acid or i ts salt formed with strong acid
e.g. mixture of NH4OH and NH4Cl in equimolar quantities.
SALTS
Common Salt
NaCl
PREPARATIONS
NaOH + HCl -> NaCl + H2O
USES
-Preservative in
pickle, for cooking
-Manufacture
soap
Sodium
Hydroxide
Electrolysis of brine
2NaCl + 2H2O -> 2NaOH + CL2 + H2
-Textile fibre
Manufacture
Paper
-Oil Refining
Washing Soda
NaCl + NH3 + H2O + CO2 -> NaHCO3 +
(Na2CO3.10H2O)
NH4Cl
2NaHCO3 -> Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
-Cleansing Agent
-Remove hardness
of water
-Manufacture
glass
Bleaching
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 -> CaOCl2 + H2O
-disinfecting
powder
or
drinking water
chloride of lime Passing chlorine gas over dry slaked -manufacture
(CaOCl2)
lime
chloroform
-making
wool
unshrinkable.
Plaster of Paris
CaSO4.1/2H2O
CaSO4.2H2O
3/2H2O
(gypsum)
->
CaSO4.1/2H2O
+ -setting fractured
bone, toys etc.
- its fire-proof
Physical Properties
Malleable* & Ductile**
Hardness
Good conductors of heat
Good conductors of electricity
Lustrous
Sonorous
State at room temperature
Melting & boiling points
Density
METALS
NON-METALS
Yes
Generally hard except
Na & K
Yes except lead
Yes except iron &
mercury
Yes
Yes
Generally solid
High except Na, K
High except Na, K
Chemical Properties
With oxgen
With water
With acids
METALS
NON-METALS
No reaction
No reaction
With Chlorine
With Hydrogen
Metalloids : which exhibit some properties of metals and some other properties
of non-metals. Eg. Boron, Silicon & Germanium.
Minerals & Ores :
The natural materials in which the metals or their compounds are found in earth
are called minerals. Those minerals from which the metal can be extracted
conveniently and profitably are ores.
Relative Abundance of metal on earth : Al > Fe > Ca > Na > K > Mg > Ti
The various process involved in extraction of metals from their ores and refining :
a. Concentration of ore/ benefication : removing unwanted material by
Hydraulic washing : difference in density of ore & gangue
Magnetic Separation
Froth floatation process : for sulphide ores
Leaching : ore is treated with suitable re-agent which dissolves ore
leaving behind impurities. This is used for bauxite. (Al ore)
b. Calcination: the process of heating ore below its melting point in the
presence of air to remove impurities and convert into metal oxides.
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Hardness of Water: water which does not easily form lather with soap is known
as soft water. The hardness of water is due to presence of soluble salts of calcium
and magnesium.
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Alloys
Homogenous mixture of 1 or more metals thus improving the various properties
(strength, hardness, resistance to corrosion, electrical conductivity, melting point) of
metals in the combination.
Alloys
Composition
Uses
Magnalium
ALNICO
Al + Ni + Co + Fe
Stainless steel
Fe + Cr + Ni + C
Nickel Steel
Fe + Ni
Steel
Fe + C
Brass
Cu + Zn
Bronze
Cu + Sn
German silver
Cu + Zn + Ni
Ornaments
Rolled gold
Cu + Al
Cheap ornaments
Gun metal
Cu + Sn + Zn + Pb
Dutch metal
Cu + Zn
Artificial jewellery
Solder
Pb + Sn
Amalgam
Hg + others
Duralumin
Isomers : the organic compounds having same molecular formula but different
structure are called isomers e.g. structural isomers of propanol (C3H7OH)
Note that when acetylene and pure oxygen are burned, then acetylene burns
completely producing a blue flame with high heat. This oxy-acetylene flame is used
of welding.
Unsaturated Cyclic hydrocarbon : Benzene C6H6 (aromatic compound)
Thermoplastic polymers
These are neither very strong nor very
weak and have no cross-links
between the chains.
They are linear or slightly branched.
They are capable of softening on
heating and hardening on cooling
Thermosetting polymers
These are cross-linked.1
Polymers
Nylon
Its Monomer
Uses
HOOC-(CH2)4- COOH & Making sheets, bristles for brushes,
H2N-(CH2)-NH2
textile industry
Poly
CH2=CH- CH2
Manufacturing ropes, toys, fibre and
propene
pipes
Polystyrene Benzene-CH= CH2
As insulator, manufacturing of TV
cabinets and radio
Polyvinyl
CH2=CH-Cl
Manufacturing of Raincoats, hand bags,
chloride
water pipes
Bakelite
Phenol (benzene-OH) & For making of combs of electrical
HCHO formaldehyde
switches, handles of utensils
(b) Silver
(c) Lithium
(d) Lead
2 Q) The most important ore of aluminium is
(a) bauxite
(b) calamine
(c) calcite
(d) galena
3 Q) The element present in the largest amount in rocks and minerals is
(a) carbon
(b) silicon
(c) hydrogen
(d) aluminium
4 Q) An alloy used in making heating elements for electric heating devices is
(a) solder
(b) alloy steel
(c) nichrome
(d) German silver
2 Pitchblende
C. Thorium
3 Bauxite
D. Lead
4 Galena
5 Haematite
(a) 5 3 2 4
(b)3 2 4 1
(c) 3 2 1 4
(d)2 3 1 5
21 Q) Which one among the following is not a periodic property i.e., does not show
any trend on moving from one side to the other in the Periodic Table?
(a) Atomic size
(b) Radioactivity
(c) Valency
(d) Electronegativity
24 Q) "Metal used to make wires for safety fuses must have "
(a) very low resistivity and high melting point
(b) high resistivity and low melting point
(c) low resistivity and low melting point
(d) high resistivity and high melting point
27 Q) Which one among the following polymers is used to make personal armour
such as combat helmets, ballistic face masks, and ballistic vests?
(a) Teflon
(b) PVC
(c) Bakelite
(d) Kevlar
28 Q)
Assertion (A) A buffer solution is a mixture of a strong acid and its conjugate base
or a strong base and its conjugate acid.
Reason (R) Buffer solutions keep the pH at a nearly constant value.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
29 Q) Which of the following gases in the atmosphere is/are responsible for acid
rains?
I.
II.
III.
Oxides of sulphur
Oxides of nitrogen
Oxides of carbon
List II
(Elements)
(Ores/Minerals)
A. Copper
1. Corundum, Bauxite
B. Iron
2. Malachite, Azurite
C. Lead
3. Galena, Lanarkite
D. Aluminium
4. Haematite,Limonite
(a) 2 4 3 1
(b) 2 3 4 1
(C) 4 3 1 2
(d) 4 1 3 2
31 Q) Vermicompost is a/an
(a) inorganic fertilizer
(b) toxic substance
(c) organic bio fertilizer
(d) synthetic fertilizer
32 Q) Which one of the following is involved for desalination of sea water?
(a) Simple osmosis
(b) Reverse osmosis
(c) Use of sodium aluminium silicate as zeolite
(d) Use of ion selective electrode
33 Q) Soaps are important cleansing agent and this property is due to their
emulsifying action. How does soap enhance the cleansing action?
(a) It has a strong acidic character which can dissolve the dirt
(b) It rises the temperature of the reaction
(c) It breaks triple bond formed between dirt and cloth
(d) It has capacity to render more prolonged the mixing of oil and water
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In the titration between weak bases and strong acids, the indicator such
as methyl orange is commonly used.
In the titration between a weak acid and a strong base, the indicator
such as phenolphthalein is commonly used. Which of the statements
given above is/are correct?"
(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Both I and II
(d) Neither I nor II
40 Q) Which one among the following polymers is used for making bullet-proof
material?
(a) Polyvinyl chloride
(b) Polystyrene
(c) Polyethylene
(d) Polyamide
42 Q) Ethanol mixed petrol is being sold in various states wef January 1, 2003. The
percentage of ethanol in petrol is
(a) 10%
(b) 7%
(c) 6%
(d) 5%
44 Q) Which one among the following salts causes hardness to the water?
(a) Calcium bicarbonate
(b) Calcium carbonate
(c) Sodium sulphate
(d) Potassium chloride
(a) Aldrin
(b)Malathion
(c) Atrazine
(d)Carbaryl
Ans 1).
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QUESTIONAIRE PART II
(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c)Both I and II
(d) Neither I nor II
54 Q) Which one of the following oxides is the most abundant in Earth crust?
(a) Na2O
(b) CaO
(c) MgO
(d) SiO2
58 Q) Scuba divers are at high risk due to high concentration of dissolved gases
while breathing air at high pressure under water. The tanks used by Scuba divers
are filled with
(a) air diluted with helium
(b) 02
(c) N2
(d) a mixture of nitrogen and helium
59 Q) "Which one of the following is correct? Setting of plaster of Paris is "
(a) dehydration
(b) oxidation with atmospheric oxygen
(c) hydration leading to another hydrate
(d) combination with atmospheric carbon dioxide
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60 Q)
Assertion (A) On mixing with water, plaster of Paris hardens.
Reason (R) By combining with water, plaster of Paris is converted into gypsum.
66 Q) "Many communities put salt on their roads after a snowfall, Why? "
(a)To enhance the freezing and hardening of snow
(b)To control the slipping of vehicles
(c)To keep the melted snow from refreezing
(d)None of the above
68 Q) Which one among the following would expand the most on being heated?
(a) Water
(b) Air
(c) Alcohol
(d) Glass
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72 Q) If four balloons A, B, C and D are filled with hydrogen, oxygen, helium and
nitrogen gases respectively and left in air, which balloon reaches to the highest
distance from the Earth?.
(a) Balloon A
(b) Balloon B
(c) Balloon C
(d) Balloon D
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75 Q) Which one among the following substances evolved heat when dissolved in
water?
(a) Glucose
(b) Fructose
(c) Quick lime
(d) Salt peter
(a)Only I
(b) Only II
(c)Both I and II
(d) Neither I nor II
List II (Compounds)
A. Baking soda
1. Sodium nitrate
B. Washing soda
2. Calcium hydroxide
C. Chile saltpeter
3. Sodium carbonate
D. Slack lime
4. Sodium bicarbonate
(a) 2 4 3 1
(b) 2 3 4 1
(c) 4 3 1 2
(d) 4 1 3 2
79 Q) Match the Following
List 1 (Polymers)
List II (Monomers)
A. Nylon-6
B. Kevlar
C. Nylon-66
D. Bakelite
(a) 2 1 3 4
(b) 2 3 4 1
(c) 3 4 2 1
(d) 3 1 2 4
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85 Q) Which one among the following agents is added to domestic LPG cylinder to
help in the detection of gas leakage?
(a) Methano
(b)Ethanol
(c) Thioethanol
(d)Chloroform
86 Q) To meet its rapidly growing energy demand, some opine that India should
pursue research and development on thorium as the future fuel of nuclear energy.
In this context, what advantage does thorium hold over uranium?
1. Thorium is far more abudant in nature than uranium
2. On the basis of per unit mass of mined mineral, thorium can generate more
energy compared to natural uranium.
3. Thorium produces less harmful waste compared to uranium.
Which of the statement (s) given above is/are correct?"
(a) Only 1
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 3
87 Q) Which one among the following will you put into pure water in order to pass
electric current through it?
(a) Kerosene
(b) Mustard oil
(c) Sugar
(d) Lemon juice
89 Q) "Carbonated beverages such as soft drinks and soda water contains mainly "
(a) carbon dioxide
(b) calcium carbonate
(c) calcium hydroxide
(d) potassium carbonate
91 Q) Which one among the following when dissolved in water give hissing sound?
(a) Limestone
(b)Sodalime
(c) Slaked lime
(d)Quick lime
II. Graphite
(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Both I and II
(d) Neither I nor II
93 Q) Which of the following pairs of chemical compounds has the potential for
carbon capturing by chemical process to reduce the global warming?
(a)Potassium oxide and sodium oxide
(b)Magnesium oxide and calcium oxide
(c)Magnesium oxide and potassium oxide
(d)Calcium oxide and potassium oxide
94 Q) Assertion (A) The nuclear fusion reaction releases less energy than the fission
reaction.
Reason (R) The nuclear fusion reaction takes place in the sun and other stars.
(a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b)Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c)A is true but R is false
(d)A is false but R is true
shared electrons towards itself where as Electron Gain Enthalpy is the amount of
energy released when an isolated neutral gaseous atom of the element takes up
extra electron to form a uni-negative gaseous ions, also called electron affinity. tell
the element with highest electronegavity and the one with highest electron
affinity?
(a) Fluorine, Chlorine
(b) Chlorine, fluorine
(c) Iodine, Fluorine
(d) Fluorine, fluorine
List II
(Elements)
(Colour on flame)
A. Barium
1. Yellow
B. Sodium
2. Greenish
C. Silver
3. Turns black
D. Lead Codes
4. Apple green
(a) 2 4 3 1
(b) 2 3 4 1
(c) 4 3 1 2
(d) 4 1 3 2
99 Q) The hair dye available in the market contains two bottles, one containing dye
and other containing hydrogen peroxide. The bottles are mixed before applying the
dye. The function of hydrogen peroxide is
(a) to dilute the dye
(b) to oxidise the dye to give desired colour
(c) to reduce the dye to give desired colour
(d) to acidify the dye solution
100 Q) From which one among the following water source, the water is likely to be
contaminated with fluorine?
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