DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. Purwati S, Salimar, Rahayu S. 2003. Perencanaan menu untuk penderita

tekanan darah tinggi. Depok: Penerbit Penebar Swadaya
2. Sheps SG. 2005. Mayo clinic hipertensi, mengatasi tekanan darah tinggi.
Jakarta: Intisari Mediatama
3. Rahajeng Ekowati, Tuminah Sulistyowati. 2009. Prevalensi Hipertensi dan
Determinannya di Indonesia.Vol. 59, No. 12
4. Sulalit E, Kapojos EJ, Lubis HR. 2001. Hipertensi primer. Dalam : Tjokro
Negara Arjatmo editor. Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. Edisi-3. Jilid II hal
453-71. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FK UI
5. Selvinna, Rianto Setiabudy. 2005. Disfungsi endotel dan obat antihipertensi.
Bagian Farmakologi dan Terapeutik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas
Indonesia Jakarta. Cermin Dunia Kedokteran No. 147
6. Boos, C. J. et al. 2006. Circulating Endothelial Cells in Cardiovascular
Disease, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 48 : 1538-1547.
7. Intharachatorn Thida, Srisawat Rungrudee. 2013. Antihypertensive Effects of
Centellaasiatica Extract. International Conference on Food and Agricultural
Sciences, Vol. 55: 2013, 122-126. DOI: 10.7763/IPCBEE.
8. Matsubara T, Bohgaki T, Watarai M, Suzuki H, Ohashi K, Shibuya H. 1999.
Antihypertensive

Actions

of

Methylripariochromene

from

Orthosiphonaristatus, an Indonesian Traditional Medicinal Plant. Biol Pharm

Bull.1999 Oct;22(10):1083-8.
9. Mak-Mensah E E, Komlaga G, Terlabi E O. 2010. Antiypertensive Action of
Ethanolic Extract of Imperata cylindrica Leaves in Animal Models. Journal of
Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 4(14), pp. 1486-1491, 18 July, 2010.

10. M. K. M. Zainol. 2004. Determination of flavonoids in Centella asiatica (L.)

Urban and their utilization in herbal noodles. Serdang, Malaysia: University
Putra Malaysia, MSc Thesis
11. Peart W. S., Hypertension ed. By Genest J., Kuchel O., Harmet P.,Cantin
M., NcGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1983, pp. 3-10.
12. Krishnaiah D., Devi T., Bono A. and Sarbatly R. 2009. Studies on
phytochemical constituents of six Malaysian medicinal plants.Journal of
Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 3(2), pp. 067-072
13. Erdbruegger U, Haubitz M, Woywodt A. 2006. Review: Circulating
endothelial cells: A novel marker of endothelial damage. Department of
Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-NeubergStrasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany. Elsevier: U. Erdbruegger et
al./ClinicaChimicaActa 373: 2006; 1726.
14. Fawcett DW. A Textbook of Histology. 12 Edition Chapman & Hall, Inc.
Tambayong, J. (penterjemah). Buku Ajar Histologi. Edisi 12. Penerbit Buku
Kedokteran EGC. Jakarta: 1994; 329-336.
15. Dorlands Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 27th ed., WB. Saunders, 1988 : 556
16. Luscher TF, Barton M. Biology of the endothelium. Clin. Cardiol.1997; 20
Suppl 2:3-10
17. Cooke JP. Therapeutic interventions in endothelial dysfunction: endothelium
as a target organ. Clin Cardiol. 1997; 20 Suppl 2:45-51
18. Sowinski KM. Endothelial function and dysfunction. Report of the American
College of Clinical Pharmacy 2000 Annual Meeting; 2000 Nov 5-8, Los
Angeles, California
19. Kadirvelu A, Chee KH, Chim CL. Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular
diseases. Med. Progr. 2002 : 4-12

20. Goligorsky MS, Gross SS. The ins and outs of endothelial dysfunction : much
a do about NO-thing. Drug New Perspect 2001; 14 : 133-42
21. Sargowo D. Peran endotel pada patogenesis penyakit kardiovaskular dan
program pencegahannya. Medika 1999; 10 : 643-55
22. Taddei S, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Sudano I, Salvetti A. Effects of
antihypertensive drugs on endothelial dysfunction. Drugs 2002; 62 : 265-84
23. Moncada S, Higgs A. The L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway. N Engl J Med
1993; 329 : 2002-12
24. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Buku ajar fisiologi kedokteran. Chapter 67-69,71,74,78.
Edisi XI. Jakarta: EGC; 2007.
25. Ganong, W. F. 2003. Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran Ganong. Edisi 22,
Jakarta:EGC
26. Badan Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan RI.
Riset Kesehatan Dasar Riskesdas. 2013
27. World Health Organization, Global status report on noncommunicable disease
2010. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2011
28. What

is

high

blood

pressure?

American

Heart

Association.

http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/AboutHig
hBloodPressure/What-is-High-Blood-Pressure_UCM_301759_Article.jsp.
Accessed Dec. 13, 2013
29. Wade, A Hwheir, D N Cameron, A. 2003. Using a Problem Detection Study
(PDS) to Identify and Compare Health Care Privider and Consumer Views of
Antihypertensive therapy. Journal of Human Hypertension, Jun Vol 17 Issue
6, p397.
30. Anonim.Hipertensi.Primer.http://www.scribd.com/doc/3498615/HIPERTENSI
PRIMER?autodown=doc. Diakses pada tanggal 20 Juni 2014

31. Oktora R. Gambaran Penderita Hipertensi Yang Dirawat Inap di Bagian

Penyakit Dalam RSUD Arifin Achmad Pekanbaru Periode Januari Sampai
Desember 2005, Skripsi, FK UNRI, 2007, hal 41-42.
32. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N. Hypertensive Vascular Disease. Dalam: Robn
and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th edition. Philadelpia: Elsevier
Saunders, 2005.p 528-529.
33. Cortas

K,

et

all.

Hypertension.

Last

update

May

11

2008.

http//:www.emedicine.com. Diakses pada tangal 25 Juni 2014

34. Armilawaty, Amalia H, Amirudin R. Hipertensi dan Faktor Risikonya dalam
Kajian

Epidemiologi

Bagian

Epidemiologi

http;//www.CerminDunia

FKM

UNHAS.

2007.

Kedokteran.com/index.php?

option=com_content&tas k=view&id=387itemid=12). Diakses tanggal 25

Juni 2014
35. Shapo L, Pomerleau J, McKee M. Epidemiology of Hypertension and
Associated Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Country in Transition. Albania:
Journal Epidemiology Community Health 2003;57:734739
36. Widayanto

D.

Apa

Manfaat

Garam

Sebagai

Bahan

Pengawat.

http://id.answers.yahoo.com/question/index;_ylt=Aj3eh2PdCnd0po.ZrHRTkN
LVRg x.;_ylv=3?qid=20080814042051AAWyOOk. Diakses pada tanggal 25
Juni 2014
37. Sianturi G. Cegah Hipertensi dengan Pola Makan. Last update 27 Februari
2003. www.gizi.net/cgi-bin/berita/fullnews.cgi?newsid1046314663,16713, 24k. Diakses pada tanggal 25 Juni 2014
38. Bowman ST et al. Clinical Research Hypertension. A Prospective Study of
Cigarette Smokey And Risk of Inciden Hypertension In Bringham And
Women Hospital
39. Sarwoyo HD dan Hendarwo M. Pola Perilaku Type A (PPTA) Pada Penyakit
Jantung Koroner (PJK). Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Brawijaya, Malang.

http://www.tempo.co.id/medika/arsip/092002/art-2.htm.

Massachucetts,

2007.p 1-3.
40. World Health Organization, Global status report on noncommunicable disease
2010. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2011
41. Carretero OA, Oparil S. Essential hypertension : Part I :Definition and
etiology. Circulation 2000; 101: 329-35.
42. Lifton RP. Molecular genetics of human blood pressure variation. Science
1996; 276: 676-80.
43. Lifton RP. Genetic determinants of human hypertension.Proc Natl Acad Sci
USA 1995; 92: 8545-51.
44. Sanjay Vicraut, SC Tiwari. 2001. Essential Hypertension-Pathogenesis and
Pathophysiology. Journal, indian academy of clinical medicine. Vol2, No.3.
leading article.
45. Laragh JH. The renin system and four lines of hypertension research.
Hypertension 1992; 20: 267-79.
46. Swales JD. Functional disturbances of the cell membrane in hypertension. J
Hypertens 1990; 8 (Suppl 7): S203-S211.
47. Campese VM, Tawadrous M, Bigazzi R et al. Salt intake and plasma arterial
natriuretic peptide and nitric oxide in hypertension. Hypertension 1996; 28:
335-40.
48. Barba G, Cappuccio FP, Russ L et al. Renal function and blood pressure
response to dietary salt restriction in normotensive men. Hypertension 1996;
27: 1160-4.
49. Resnick LH, Gupta RK, Difabio B et al. Intercellular ionic consequences of
dietary salt loading in essential hypertension. J Clin Invest 1994; 94: 1269-74.

50. K. S. Meera, Sara Rani Marcus. Endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress
in hypertension. Department of Biochemistry,M.S. Ramaiah Medical College,
MSR Nagar, Bangalore. India.2012; 1: 2277-7253
51. Stiffert W, Dusing R. Sodium proton exchange and primary hypertension.
Hypertension 1995; 26: 649-55
52. Compese VM, Mann A, Wuzgaft A. Effect of I-arginine on systemic and renal
hemodynamics in salt-sensitive hypertension [Abstract]. J Am Soc Neghool
1996; 7:1547.
53. Dierk H. Endemann, Ernesto L. Schiffrin. Endothelial Dysfunction. J Am Soc
Nephrol 15: 19831992, 2004
54. Miltenyi Biotec GmbH. Applications for the enrichment column of the
MACSQuant Analyzer Enumeration of circulating endothelial cells. CEC
Enrichment and Enumeration Kit: January 2012; 1-4.
55. Erdbruegger U, Haubitz M, Woywodt A. Review: Circulating endothelial
cells: A novel marker of endothelial damage. Department of Medicine,
Division of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1,
D-30625 Hannover, Germany. Elsevier: U. Erdbruegger et al./Clinica Chimica
Acta 373: 2006; 1726.
56. Grosjean J, Kiriakidis S, Reilly K, Feldmann M, Paleolog E. Vascular
endothelial growth factor signalling in endothelial cell survival: a role for
NFkappaB. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006;340:98494.
57. Frontiers in Bioscience S1, 304-318, June 1, 2009
58. Michael H. Cardone, Guy S. Salvesen, Christian Widmann, Gary Johnson,
Steven M. Frisch. 1997. The Regulation of Anoikis: MEKK-1 Activation
Requires Cleavage by Caspases. Cell, vol 90, 315-323
59. Douglas D. Bannerman, Malathi Sathyamoorthy and Simeon E. Goldblum.
1998. Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Disrupts Endothelial Monolayer Integrity

and Survival Signaling Events through Caspase Cleavage of Adherens

Junction Proteins. The Journal of Biological Chemistry
60. H. Sonnenberg & A. Mabsden-Potter. 1973. Proximal and Distal Tubular
Function in Salt-Deprived and in Salt-Loaded Deoxycorticosterone AcetateEscaped Rats. The Journal of Clinical Investigation Volume 52.
61. J. Mitchell & D. F. Bohr. 1983. Mechanism of Mineralocorticoid-induced
Hypertension. International Boehringer Mannheim Symposia 1983, pp 101112.
62. J. Mitchell & D. F. Bohr. 1983. Mechanism of Mineralocorticoid-induced
Hypertension. International Boehringer Mannheim Symposia 1983, pp 101112.
63. Badan POM RI - Direktorat Obat Asli Indonesia 2008.
64. Zainol, N.A., Voo, S. C., Sarmidi, M. R. and Aziz, R. A. 2008. Profiling of
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban extract. The Malaysian Journal of Analytical
Sciences 12:322-327.
65. Zheng, C. J. and Qin, L.P. 2007. Chemical Components of Centella asiatica
and Their Bioactives. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine 5: 348-351
66. Qin, L. P., Ling, R. X., Zhang, W. D. et al. 1998. Essential Oil from Centella
asiatica and Its Antidepressant Activity. Di Er Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao
(Second Military Medical University) 19: 186-187.
67. Mijanur Rahman, Shahdat Hossain, Asiqur Rahaman, Nusrat Fatima, Taslima
Nahar, Borhan Uddin and Mafroz Ahmed Basunia. Antioxidant Activity of
Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban: Impact of Extraction Solvent Polarity.
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. Vol 1.
68. Abigoil J. Larson, J. David Symons, Thunder Jalili. 2010. Quercetin : A
Treatment for Hypertension?. A Riview of Efficacyand Mechanisme
Pharmaceutical Journal. Review Article. Vol3.

69. Silvia Duarte, Daniel Arango, Arti Parihar, Patrice Hamel, Rumana Yasmeen
and Andrea I. Doseff. 2013. Apigenin Protects Endothelial Cells from
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Induced Inflammation by Decreasing Caspase-3
Activation and Modulating Mitochondrial Function. International Journal of
Molecular Sciences. 14, 17664-17679
70. Diakses

dari

http://www.globinmed.com/index.php?option=com_content&

view=article&id=101972:orthosiphon-stamineusbenth&catid=209&Itemid=143 pada tanggal 30 Mei 2014 pada pukul 13.00.

71. Padma R, Parvathy N.G, Renjith V, Kalpana P. Rahate. 2013. Quantitative
estimation of tannin, phenols and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of
imperata cyliandrica.J .Res. Pharm. Original article. 4(1), 73-77.
72. Atta-Ur-Rahman. 2002. Bioactive Natural Product. Elsevier
73. The Global Biodiversity Information Facility: GBIF Backbone Taxonomy,
2013-07-01. Diakses dari http://www.gbif.org/species/5289712 pada tanggal
15 Februari 2014.
74. Barnes, J., Anderson L. A., and Philipson J. D., 1996, Herbal Medicine, 2Nd
edition, 126, 313, Pharmacetical Press,London
75. Matsubara T, Bohgaki T, Watarai M, Suzuki H, Ohashi K, Shibuya H. 1999.
Antihypertensive Actions of

Methylripariochromene A from Orthosiphon

aristatus, an Indonesian Traditional Medicinal Plant. Biol Pharm Bull.1999

Oct;22(10):1083-8.
76. Badyal DK, Lata H, Dadhich A. 2003. Animal Models of Hypertension and
Effect of Drugs. Indian J. Pharmacol, 35, 349-362
77. Mahalaxi Mohan, Amol Shinde, Bhagyashree Khade. 2011. Effect of
Anthocyanidin Fraction of Hibiscus Rosa- Sinensis on Blood pressure in
Deoxycorticosterone Acetate (DOCA)-Salt-Hypertension Rats

78. Woywodt SJ et al. Circulating endothelial cells as a marker of endothelial

damage in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J. American
Society of Hematology. 2004; 103: 3603-3605
79. Juliana Hwang, Michael H. Ing, Adler Salazar, Bernard Lassgue, Kathy
Griendling, Mohamad Navab, Alex Sevanian, Tzung K. Hsiai. Pulsatile
Versus Oscillatory Shear Stress Regulates NADPH Oxidase Subunit
Expression: Implication for Native LDL Oxidation. Circulation Reearch.
2003;93:1225-1232.
80. Woywodt A, Bahlmann FH, de Groot K, Haller H, Haubitz M. Circulating
endothelial cells: life, death, detachment and repair of the endothelial cell
layer. Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hannover Medical
School, Hannover, Germany oxford Journals; Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002;
17: 17281730.
81. Athiroh, N., Permatasari, N., Sargowo., and Widod, M. A. 2014. Antioxidative
and Blood Presure-Lowering Effects from Scurrula atropurpurae on DOCAsalt Hypertensive Rats. Biomarkers and Genomic Medicine. ID : BGM-D-130024R1.
82. Vandemikum Tanaman Obat untuk Saintifikasi Jamu Jilid 2. 2011.
B2P2TOOT. Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
83. Farris, E.J. and Griffith, J.Q.. 1971. The Rat in Laboratory Investigation.
Newyork.http://www.worldcat.org/title/rat-in
laboratoryinvestigation/oclc/320499971 (Akses tanggal 15-Mei-2014)
84. Nour Athiroh AS and Erna Sulistyowati.2013. Scurrula atropurpurea increases
nitric oxide and decreases malondialdehyde in hypertensive rats. Univ Med
32:44-50
85. Chandra Joya, Samali Afshin, And Orrenius Sten. 2000. Triggering And
Modulation Of Apoptosis By Oxidative Stress. Division of Toxicology,

Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm,

Sweden. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, Vol. 29, Nos. 3/4, pp. 323333
86. Jin D., Russell JM. Plant phenolic:extraction, analysis and their antioxidant
and anticancer propetis. Molecules. 15 (2010):7313-7352
87. Mijnur Rahman, Shahdat Hossain et al.2013.Antioxidant activity of centella
asiatica (Linn) Urban : impact of extraction solvent polarity .journal of
pharmacognosy and phytochemistry.original article.
88. A Nurlaily, Ar Noor Baitee, M Musalmah. Comparative Antioxidant and Antiinflammatory Activity of Different Extracts of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban
and Its Active Compounds, Asiaticoside and Madecassoside. Department of
Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan
Raja Muda Abd. Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Med & Health 2012;
7(2): 62-72
89. Gustavo Lo pez-Lo pez, Laura Moreno et al.2004.Nitric oxide (NO)
scavenging and NO ptrotecting effects of quercetin and their biological
significance

vascular

smooth

muscle.

Mol

Pharmacol

65:851859,

2004.original article.
90. Manuel Sanchez, Milagros Galisteo.2006. Quercetin downregulates NADPH
oxidase, increase eNOS activity and prevents endothelial dysfunction in
spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of Hypertension, 24:7584.original
article.
91. Schut GA, Zwaving JH. Pharmacological investigation of some lipophilic
flavonoids from Orthosiphon aristattts . Fitoterapia 1993; 64 : 99-102
92. Efendi Jefri. Efek Ramuan Dekok Pegagan, Alang-Alang, Kumis Kucing
Terhadap Kadar Nitric Oxide Jaringan Arteri Ekor Tikus Model Hipertensi.
2014 in publishing.
93. Cao G, Sofic E, Prior RL. Antioxidant and prooxidant behavior of flavonoids:
structureactivity relationships. Free Radic Biol Med 1997;22:74960.

94. Heim KE, Tagliaferro AR, Bobilya DJ. Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry,
metabolism and structureactivity relationships. J Nutr Biochem 2002;13:
57284.
95. Hanasaki Y, Ogawa S, Fukui S. The correlation between active oxygens
scavenging and antioxidative effects of flavonoids. Free Radic Biol Med
1994;16:84550.
96. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free radicals in biology and medicine. third ed.
Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1998.
97. Stadler N, Lindner RA, Davies MJ. Direct detection and quantification of
transition metal ions in human atherosclerotic plaques: evidence for the
presence of elevated levels of iron and copper. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol
2004;24:94954.
98. YenGC,Duh PD, TsaiHL,Huang SL. Pro-oxidative properties of flavonoids in
human lymphocytes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2003;67:121522.
99. Bayrakeken F, Aktas S, Toptan M, Unlugedik A. High resolution electronic
absorption spectra of anisole and phenoxyl radical. Spectrochim Acta
2003;59:1358.
100.

Galati G, Chan T, Wu B, O'Brien PJ. Glutathione-dependent

generation of reactive

oxygen species by the peroxidase-catalyzed redox

cycling of flavonoids. Chem Res Toxicol 1999;12:5215.

101.

Chan T, Galati G, O'Brien PJ. Oxygen activation during peroxidase

catalysed metabolism of flavones or flavanones. ChemBiol Interact

1999;122:15 25.
102. Galati G, Sabzevari O, Wilson JX, O'Brien PJ. Prooxidant activity and cellular
effects of the phenoxyl radicals of dietary flavonoids and other polyphenolics.
Toxicology 2002;177:91104.

103.El Hajji H, Nkhili E, Tomao V, Dangles O. Interactions of quercetin with iron and
copper ions: complexation and autoxidation. Free Radic Res 2006;40:30320.
104.Toshiyuki Matsubara,Takako Bohgaki et al.Antihypertensive Action of
Methylripariochromene

from

Orthosiphon

aristatus,an

Indonesian

Traditional Medicinal Plant.Biol.Pharm. Bull.1999.22(10)1083-1088

105.Michele Chiesi And Roland Schwaller.1994. Inhibition Of Constitutive
Endothelial Nosynthase Activity By Tannin And Quercetin. Biochemical
Pharmacology, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 495-501.original article.
106.Masella, R.; Giovannini, C.; Vari, R.; Di Benedetto, R.; Coni, E.; Volpe, R.;
Fraone, N.; Bucci, A. Effects of dietary virgin olive oil phenols on low density
lipoprotein oxidation in hyperlipidemic patients. Lipids. 2001, 36, 1195-202.
107.Grassi, D.; Desideri, G.; Tiberti, S.; Ferri, C. Oxidative stress, endothelial
dysfunction and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. AgroFOOD Industry
Ii-tech. 2009, 20, 76-79
108.Grassi, D.; Desideri, G.; Croce, G.; Tiberti, S.; Aggio, A.; Ferri, C.
Flavonoids, vascular function and cardiovascular protection. Curr. Pharm.
Des. 2009, 15, 1072-1084.
109. Grassi, D.; Aggio, A.; Onori, L.; Croce, G.; Tiberti, S.; Ferri, C.; Ferri, L.;
Desideri, G. Tea, flavonoids and NO-mediated vascular reactivity. J. Nutr.
2008, 138, 1554S-1560S.
110. Ferri, C.; Grassi, D. Antioxidants and beneficial microvascular effects. is this
the remedy? Hypertension 2010, 55, 1310-1311
111. Avisena, A.F. Efek Kombinasi Ekstrak Daun Pegagan, Akar Alang-Alang dan
Daun Kumis Kucing Terhadap Kadar SOD dan MDA Serum Tikus Model
Hipertensi. 2014 in publishing.
112. Al Ulya Tara Dhiyaul Haq. Efek Dekok Centella asiatica, Imperata
cylindrical Dan Orthosipon aristatus Terhadap Tekanan Darah, Volume Urin
Dan Kadar Nacl Urin Tikus Model Hipertensi. 2014 in publishing.
113. Sameena S. Khan, Michael A. Solomon and J. Philip McCoy, Jr. Detection of
Circulating Endothelial Cells and Endothelial Progenitor Cells by Flow
Cytometry. 2005. 64B:1-8. Review