Abstract: In this paper a methodology for an improved performance analysis of the shaded pole motor is presented. They are used different approaches
to the computation of the motor characteristics. By
using them, a complex analysis of the single phase
shaded-pole motor is presented. On the basis of the
resolving field theory, a circuit model of the motor is
derived. The FEM model of the motor is also developed. By using the Finite Element Method, a set of
calculations is carried out and the distribution of the
magnetic flux density in the air gap is obtained. The
shaded-pole motor under consideration is studied
experimentally, too. The obtained results, are mutually
compared. A special emphasis is given to the investigation of the shading portion of the pole and on its
effect on the motor performance characteristics.
1. Introduction
The development of automatic control devices,
robotics and computer techniques recently, as
well as different appliances, has caused an appearance and an expansion of special different
types of fractional horsepower motors (micromotors) with enormous possibilities for their applications, hence, interesting for research. A design and a performance analysis of these motors
are considerably different from the design and
the performance of the classic ones, although
their operation bases on the same principles of
the electromechanical energy conversion. One of
these particular motors is the shaded-pole motor
which appertains to the class of the asymmetrical
single-phase induction motors.
The shaded pole motor is well recognized as
simple in construction but complicated for an
analysis. Compared to other types of induction
motors, the shaded-pole motor is more complicated by the fact that there exist three mutually
coupled windings and an asymmetrical elliptic
rotating magnetic field. The application of exact
analytical methods is almost improper. Many authors over the past made a lot of research efforts
[1] for an analysis and the design of this motor.
But, so far, it has not been established an universal method of analysis [2]-[5].
I1
I3
Zm + Zt + R + j X1' + 2 X 4'
(3)
Zm =
1
(Z1+ + Z1 )
2
(4)
Zt =
j C1'
(Z1+ Z1 )
2 C1
(5)
Z1+
jX m1 1 + jX1'
1 S
=
R1
+ j X1' + X m1
1 S
Z1
jX m1 1 + jX1"
1+ S
=
R1
"
+ j X1 + X m1
1+ S
(6)
(7)
s=
Note that the signs "+" and "-" are used for the
forward and backward sequence components,
respectively; although both currents and impedances are not specially marked, they are comprehended as complex quantities.
According to the revolving field theory the forward
and the backward components of the auxiliary
circuit currents are calculated as follows:
I1+ =
I1 =
C'
1
(I1 I 3 ) 1 jI1
C1
2
(1)
1
C'
(I1 I3 ) 1 + jI1
2
C1
(2)
ns n
ns
p
2
2p
4l g p
(8)
Ks 2 +
X 2' = 2fC 210 8
2 p
4p
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
The particular components are: the slot reactance X1"slot , the end regions reactance X1"end ,
the reactance due to the slot skewing
X1"skew
and
X1''slot = 2fC1210 8
Ks
Ss
X1''end = 2fC1210 8
X1''skew
0,647W p
2fC1210 8
lg p
X1''zigzag
(13)
(14)
2p
= 2fC1210 8
Ss
4l g
Za Zt
Z s + Z a + j X 3' + 2 X '4
(17)
Z a = R a + j X '2 X '4
(18)
C'
Z s = 1 (Z1+ + Z1 )
C1
(19)
9,55 2
2
I1+ R1+ I1 R1
n1
(20)
I1
I1
(21)
(22)
(1 s )nsMem
p%
9,55 1 +
100
(23)
p
sk
sin
2
1
sk
2
(15)
9,55P2
ns (1 s )
(24)
P2
P1
(25)
5.000e-001
B.n, Tesla
4.000e-001
3.000e-001
2.000e-001
1.000e-001
0.000e+000
-1.000e-001
-2.000e-001
-3.000e-001
-4.000e-001
-5.000e-001
0.000000
1.000e-001
0.000e+000
-1.000e-001
-2.000e-001
-3.000e-001
0.000000
5. Performance Analysis
By using the developed circuit model, as well as
the FEM model, the performance analysis of the
shaded-pole motor under consideration is carried
out. In order to prove the proposed methodology,
the motor has been tested thoroughly on the
computerised testing bench. The output results
of the test procedure are automatically plotted on
a diagram and they are presented in Fig. 9.
Fig. 5. Flux distribution when only
the shading coil is excited
0.8
cos FI
0.08
Eta
cosFI calculated
0.6
0.06
cosFI measured
0.4
0.04
Eta measured
0.2
0.02
Eta calculated
12
M2 [mNm]
0.2
10
measured
8
calculated
0.4
0.6
slip s
0.8
4
2
0
-2 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
slip s
0.25
0.2
calculated
0.15
measured
I1 [A]
Additionally, the most interesting matter of investigation is certainly the effect of shading portion of
the pole. Characteristics of rated Mn , starting
M p and peak electromagnetic torque Mmax when
0.1
0.05
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
slip s
0.8
20
P1[W]
P1 calculated
30
2
[W] P2
1.5
P1 measured
20
P2 calculated
10
0.5
P2 measured
0
0.2
0.4
120
140
8
M p [mNm]
6
4
2
0
0
0
60
80
100
Shading angle [deg]
40
40
0.6
slip s
0.8
40
60
80
100
120
Shading angle [deg]
140
6. Conclusion
16
M max [mNm]
12
8
4
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0.4
I1p [A]
I3p [A]
In this paper a mathematical model for calculation of shaded-pole motor performance characteristics based on the circuit model is presented.
By using the method of symmetrical components
in a relatively simple and fast way the performance characteristics are calculated. The obtained
results are compared with experimentally obtained ones and they show very good agreement.
Additionally the effect of the shaded angle variation to the electromagnetic torque and starting
currents in the stator windings is analysed.
The accuracy of calculated characteristics is
highly dependent on the proper and exact determination of the motor parameters. The application of the Finite Element Method is powerful
and effective approach to this task.
In the paper all calculations are accomplished
considering the fundamental harmonic only. Calculations can be expanded to the higher order
harmonics, especially the third, the fifth and the
seventh harmonic, so an analysis of their effect
on the characteristics could be done, too. This
work can serve as a guide in a later investigation.
7. References
[1] S.S.L.Chang: "Equivalent Circuits and Their Ap[2]
[3]
0.006
0.3
I1p
0.004
0.2
[4]
0.1
0.002
I3p
0
30
60
90
120
Shading angle [deg]
150
[5]