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Improved Workflow for Evaluation of Thinly

Bedded Sandstones
Revisiting the Normalised Qv equation of Juhasz

Jan van der Wal & Simon Stromberg

www.senergyworld.com

Thin Beds Introduction

2/19

What are Thin Beds?


Laminations of sand and shale, with..
.. beds so thin that logs do not read true properties.

Why do we care? In Thin Beds..


.. conventional evaluation can miss pay,
.. phi & perm are too low,
.. resistivity reads too low, and
.. saturation height functions give too low HC

Case Study data where is the HC?

Vshale
Original
Publication

Neutron &
Density

Deep Res

What steps in Thin Bed workflow?

Aim: properties of sand lamination


1. Thomas Stieber (1975)

, Vsand, Vsh.disp

2. Resistivity of the sand lamination

3D-res 2000s
Rsand

3. Saturation computation

Juhasz 1981

4/19

Definitions

Shale types:

Step 1
Thomas & Stieber, 1975

6/19

2 endpoints + 1

Clean Sand

Porosity

Pure Shale

Volume of Shale

Step 2:

7/19

Resistivity of Sand Laminations 3D-res

2a) Tensor Model


Horizontal and Vertical, or
Parallel Conductivity and Serial Resistivity
Res HOR

Smart Tensor Model;


Inputs Thomas Stieber

Res VER

2b) Anisotropy Model

Step 3

8/19

Saturation Calculation

Which saturation equation?


Poupon, parallel conductor

Conventional (deterministic):
Laminated Shaly sand eqs:
Poupon, Indonesia, Simandoux

1 V sh
V
1

m S wn sh
Rt
Rw
R sh

Thin Beds (dispersed clay/shale in sand lamination) :


Dispersed Shaly sand eqs:
Dual Water, Waxman Smits, Normalised Qv Juhasz

Saturation from Resistivity

Waxman Smits equation

Archie

9/19

Shale corr

For waterleg assume SWT = 1, (and a*=1):

Waxman Smits in Xplot

10/19

= aX +b
Y=
Slope B

X=
(cousin of Pickett-plot)

Juhasz

11/19

Juhasz: if no core Qv available,


Qv = f(Vshale)

~ Conductivity

1/Rw_shale

1/Rw

Qv_shale

100%
Shale

Juhasz Normalised Qv

12/19

Juhasz: Qv = f(Vsh), or Qv = f(Phi), f(1/Phi)


Qv = f(1/Phi, Vsh) = f(RPD), (similar to ~Qvn)
Relative Porosity Difference

Assume Qv = RPD*C, substitute

To better pick BC

13/19

= CWA

Slope B*C
1/Rw

RPD

To better pick Rw

14/19

Terms divided by RPD:

CWA/RPD

Slope 1/Rw
BC

1/RPD

Data Example

BC

15/19

Rw

RPD in Thin Beds?

16/19

RPD of Bulk not good enough


We require RPD of sand lamination (RPDs)
RPDs = f(1/PHIs, Vsh.disp), or

Vshale
Original
Publication

Neutron &
Density

H+V Res &


Parallel
Conductor

POROSITY
Conv

BVirr

HC

Case Study, data of Clavaud

H20

POROSITY
Conv &
Par.Cond.

POROSITY
Thin Beds &
3D-Res

Summary Workflow

18/19

In case of: 3D resistivity, no core, water leg


Optimise Thomas Stieber with Tensor Model
Resistivity Sand from Anisotropy model
Relate Qv to RPD
Compute RPD for sand lamination only
New Xplots for picking Rw and BQv

Conclusions

19/19

Workflow can be based on log data only


New form of Norm Qv of Juhasz applied to thin beds
Qv estimate refined

Conventional: low HC
Conventional with 3D res (Parallel Res): more HC
Thin Beds with 3D res: most HC

References

Clavaud, J. B., Nelson. R., Guru, U. K. and Wang, H., 2005, Field Example of Enhanced
Hydrocarbon Estimation in Thinly Laminated Formation with a Triaxial Array Induction Tool: A
Laminated Sand- Shale Analysis with Anisotropic Shale, SPWLA 46th Annual Logging Symposium,
June 26-29, 2005.
Thomas, E. C., Stieber, S. J., 1975, The distribution of shale in sandstones and its effect on
porosity. Transactions of the SPWLA 16th Annual Logging, Symposium, June 4-7, 1975.
Juhasz, I., 1981, Normalised Qv. The Key to Shaly Sand Evaluation using the Waxman-Smits
Equation in the Absence of Core Data. SPWLA 22nd Annual Logging Symposium, June 23rd-26th,
1981.
Cao-Minh, C., Clavaud, J., Sundararaman, P., Froment, S., Caroli, E., Billon, O., Davis, G. &
Fairbairn, R., Graphical Analysis of Laminated Sand-Shale Formations in the Presence of
Anisotropic Shales, 2008, PETROPHYSICS, Vol 49, No. 5, October 2008, pp. 395405.
Stromberg S., Nieuwenhuijs R., Blumhagen, C., Edwards, J., Ramamoorthy R., Herold, B.,
2007, Reservoir Quality, Net-to-Gross and Fluid Identification in Laminated Reservoirs from a new
generation of NMR logging tools. Examples from the Gharif Formation, Southern Oman.
Transactions of the SPWLA 1st Annual SPWLA Middle East Regional Symposium April 15- 19.
Waxman, M.H. & Thomas, E. C., 1974. Electrical Conductivities in Shaly Sands-I. The Relation
between Hydrocarbon Saturation and Resistivity Index; II. The Temperature Coefficient of Electrical
Conductivity. J. Pet Tech. 213-23. Trans., AIME, 257.

What is RPD?

Middle East for Carbonate stringers (PDO)


Shaliness indicator
Combines 1/PHIT and Vshale (~ Neu-Den separation)
RPD= (Neu + Co PhiT)/ PhiT
How to get Co
Use ND overlay
For clean sand: RPDs ~ 0
Clean but conduct: RPDs > 0

What if no 3D resistivity available?

Make cases for vertical resistivity


Check with Thomas Stieber
Simplest: Rv = Rh * C
Better: Rv = Rh * C * Vsh_lam, or
Rv = RH + (RH RshH)*RatioMax*Vshl
RV = RH + 1/ ((1/RshH 1/RH) * Vshl)

What is Parallel Conductor model?

Ct
= Vsand * Csand + Vsh.lam * Cshale, or
1/ RT = Vsand / Rsand + (1-Vsand) / Rsh.hor
Res HOR

When to apply Thin Beds

Neutron Density Data

GR

3 < Density > 2

Intermediate GR?
Dispersed, Laminated, or
Both?

3 < Neutron > 2

When to apply Thin Beds

DeepRes

3 < Density > 2

Conductive dispersed shale?

3 < Neutron > 2

What if you do have core?

Are plugs of the sand lamination?


Porosity:
Calibrate Clean Sand endpoint to match the high porosity
Optimise input PHIT

Calibrate BC & RPD to match the predicted QV curve

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