CHEM 112:

General Chemistry I Lecture

University of Illinois
at Chicago

UIC

General Chemistry 1
Lecture 27
Instructor: Dr. Chad Landrie
Lecture CRN: 18644
Time/Day: M,W,F; 2:00-2:50 pm
March 15, 2010

i>Clicker Question
Determine the vapor pressure of an aqueous solution that is
5.00% (w/w) NaCl if the equilibrium vapor pressure of water is
27.0 torr.

PH2 O = PHo2 O 2

5 % (w/w) =
5 g NaCl

95 g H2O

2 =

5 g NaCl
95 g H2O

1 mol NaCl
= 0.08556 mol NaCl
58.44 g NaCl

1 mol H2O
= 5.273 mol H2O
18.016 g H2O

UIC

ntotal

5.273
= 0.9686
2(0.08556) + 5.273

PH2 O = (27.0 torr) (0.9686) = 26.2 torr

University of
Illinois at Chicago

nH2 O

A.
B.
C.

2010, Dr. Chad L. Landrie

CHEM 112: General Chemistry 1, Spring 2010

25.7
26.6
26.2

D.
E.

0.862
none

Slide 2
Lecture: March 15

i>Clicker Question
A 5.00% (w/w) aqueous solution of acetone (C3H6O) is
prepared. The equilibrium vapor pressures of water and
acetone are 24.0 and 350 torr, respectively. Determine the
total vapor pressure of the solution.

5.00 g C 3H6O

2 =

nH2 O
ntotal

1 mol C2H6O
= 0.08609 mol C 3H6O
58.078 g C2H6O

95 g H2O

1 mol H2O
= 5.273 mol H2O
18.016 g H2O

5.273
=
= 0.9839 mol C2H6O
0.08609 + 5.273

PH2 O = (24.0 torr) (0.9839) = 23.6136 torr

PC3H6 O = (350. torr) (1-0.9839) = 5.635 torr
Ptot = 23.6136 torr + 5.635 torr = 29.2486 torr
University of
Illinois at Chicago

UIC

2010, Dr. Chad L. Landrie

CHEM 112: General Chemistry 1, Spring 2010

A. 374
B. 0.0206
C. 43.2
D. 33.5
E. none
Slide 3
Lecture: March 15

i>Clicker Question
A 5.00% (w/w) aqueous solution of acetone (C3H6O) is
prepared. The equilibrium vapor pressures of water and
acetone are 24 and 350 torr, respectively. Determine the
total vapor pressure of the solution. Then, determine the
mole fraction of acetone in the vapor.

5.00 g C 3H6O

2 =

nH2 O
ntotal

1 mol C2H6O
= 0.08609 mol C 3H6O
58.078 g C2H6O

5.273
=
= 0.9839 mol C2H6O
0.08609 + 5.273

95 g H2O

1 mol H2O
= 5.273 mol H2O
18.016 g H2O

C2 H6 O in vapor =

PH2 O = (24.0 torr) (0.9839) = 23.6136 torr

PC3H6 O = (350. torr) (1-0.9839) = 5.635 torr
Ptot = 23.6136 torr + 5.635 torr = 29.2486 torr
University of
Illinois at Chicago

UIC

C2 H6 O in vapor =

PC3H6 O
PC3H6 O + PH2 O
5.635
=
29.2486

2010, Dr. Chad L. Landrie

CHEM 112: General Chemistry 1, Spring 2010

A. 0.174
B. 0.0202
C. 0.980
D. 0.212
E. none

Slide 4
Lecture: March 15

Vapor Depression (P)

Case 1: Nonvolatile, Nonelectrolytes
The equilibrium vapor pressure for a liquid decreases as the
concentration of solute increases.
Mathematically, the partial vapor pressure of the solvent (Psolvent) depends on
its mole fraction (X) in the solution.
o
solvent

P = P

Xsolvent =

Psolvent

o
P = (Xsolute ) Psolvent

nsolvent
nsolvent
=
ntotal
nsolvent + nsolute

o
Psolvent = Xsolvent Psolvent

mole
fraction
Raoults
Law

P = partial pressure (mixtures)

P = equilibrium vapor pressre (pure liquids)
University of
Illinois at Chicago

UIC

2010, Dr. Chad L. Landrie

CHEM 112: General Chemistry 1, Spring 2010

Slide 5
Lecture: March 15

Vapor Depression (P)

Case 2: Nonvolatile, Strong Electrolytes
The equilibrium vapor pressure for a liquid decreases as the
concentration (total for all ions) of solute increases.

12 mol NaCl
Xsolute =

4800 mol H2O

(n

Na +

(n

Na +

12 mol Na+
12 mol Cl

) = 12 + 12 = 0.005
) + (n ) (12 + 12) + 4800

+ nCl

+ nCl

H2 O

The total moles of solute is the sum of the moles of each dissociated ion.
University of
Illinois at Chicago

UIC

2010, Dr. Chad L. Landrie

CHEM 112: General Chemistry 1, Spring 2010

Slide 6
Lecture: March 15

Vapor Depression (P)

Case 3: Volatile, Nonelectrolytes
The total vapor pressure for a solution is the sum (Daltons Law)
of the partial pressures for each component (Raoults Law).
PA
vapor pressure (torr)

Ptotal = PA + PB
Ptotal

PA
PB

XA 1
XB 0
University of
Illinois at Chicago

PB

0.75
0.25

PB = XB PBo

in soln
0.5
0.5

0.25
0.75

mole fraction (in the solution)

UIC

PA = XA PAo

0
1

nA
=
nA + nB

XA in vapor

2010, Dr. Chad L. Landrie

CHEM 112: General Chemistry 1, Spring 2010

PA
=
PA + PB

Slide 7
Lecture: March 15

Boiling Point
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its equilibrium
vapor pressure (P) is equal to the atmospheric pressure (Patm). At this point
there is rapid evaporation throughout the liquid, not just at the surface.

bp: Patm = PX
Therefore, anything that lowers P of a liquid
(e.g., increased IMF), raises the boiling point
since more energy (higher T) is required to
obtain a P equal to Patm. Likewise anything
the raises P of a liquid (e.g., decreased IMF),
lowers the boiling point.
University of
Illinois at Chicago

UIC

2010, Dr. Chad L. Landrie

CHEM 112: General Chemistry 1, Spring 2010

Slide 8
Lecture: March 15

Boiling Point Elevation (Tb)

Tb = kbm

Tb = Tb

(solution)

Tb

(solvent)

Tb = boiling point (C)

kb = molal b.p. elevation constant
solute
m = molality ( mol
)
kg solvent

specific for each solvent; does

not depend on the solute
must be molality for kb; not
molarity
University of
Illinois at Chicago

UIC

2010, Dr. Chad L. Landrie

CHEM 112: General Chemistry 1, Spring 2010

Slide 9
Lecture: March 15

Freezing Point Depression (Tf)

Tf = kf m
Tf = Tf

(solution)

Tf

(solvent)

Tf = freezing point (C)

kf = molal f.p. depression constant
solute
m = molality ( mol
)
kg solvent

specific for each solvent; does

not depend on the solute
must be molality for kb; not
molarity
University of
Illinois at Chicago

UIC

2010, Dr. Chad L. Landrie

CHEM 112: General Chemistry 1, Spring 2010

Slide 10
Lecture: March 15

Osmotic Pressure ()

University of
Illinois at Chicago

UIC

more concentrated solution

= higher in energy
osmosis: solvent will
diffuse through a
semipermeable membrane in
the direction that reduces
the concentration of the
most concentrated solution
osmotic pressure () =
pressure required to prevent
osmosis
hypertonic = more
concentrated solution
hypotonic = less
concentrated solution

2010, Dr. Chad L. Landrie

CHEM 112: General Chemistry 1, Spring 2010

Slide 11
Lecture: March 15

Osmotic Pressure ()

nsolute
=
RT
Vsolution
= MRT

= osmotic pressure (atm)

nsolute = moles solute
Vsolution = volume of solution (L)
R = gas constant; 0.08206

Latm
molK

T = temperatuer (K)

University of
Illinois at Chicago

UIC

2010, Dr. Chad L. Landrie

CHEM 112: General Chemistry 1, Spring 2010

Slide 12
Lecture: March 15

Determining Molar Mass

Tf = kf m

Tb = kbm

Tb = Tb

(solution)

Tb

nsolute
=
RT
Vsolution

(solvent)

Tf = Tf

(solution)

Tf

= MRT

(solvent)

Tb = boiling point (C)

Tf = freezing point (C)

kb = molal b.p. elevation constant

kf = molal f.p. depression constant

solute
m = molality ( mol
)
kg solvent

solute
m = molality ( mol
)
kg solvent

= osmotic pressure (atm)

nsolute = moles solute
Vsolution = volume of solution (L)
R = gas constant; 0.08206

Latm
molK

T = temperatuer (K)

Since all colligative properties relate number of particles (moles) to a change

() in a measurable quantity, they can be used to determine molar mass (g/mol)
of unknown compounds if the mass used to prepare the solution is known.

University of
Illinois at Chicago

UIC

2010, Dr. Chad L. Landrie

CHEM 112: General Chemistry 1, Spring 2010

Slide 13
Lecture: March 15

Determining Molar Mass

Tf = kf m

Tb = kbm

Tb = Tb

(solution)

Tb

nsolute
=
RT
Vsolution

(solvent)

Tf = Tf

(solution)

Tf

= MRT

(solvent)

Tb = boiling point (C)

Tf = freezing point (C)

kb = molal b.p. elevation constant

kf = molal f.p. depression constant

solute
m = molality ( mol
)
kg solvent

solute
m = molality ( mol
)
kg solvent

= osmotic pressure (atm)

nsolute = moles solute
Vsolution = volume of solution (L)
R = gas constant; 0.08206

Latm
molK

T = temperatuer (K)

measure T
know kg solvent
know unknown mass (g)
find mole solvent
calculate MM (g/mol)
University of
Illinois at Chicago

UIC

2010, Dr. Chad L. Landrie

CHEM 112: General Chemistry 1, Spring 2010

Slide 14
Lecture: March 15

Determining Molar Mass

Tf = kf m

Tb = kbm

Tb = Tb

(solution)

Tb

nsolute
=
RT
Vsolution

(solvent)

Tf = Tf

(solution)

Tf

= MRT

(solvent)

Tb = boiling point (C)

Tf = freezing point (C)

kb = molal b.p. elevation constant

kf = molal f.p. depression constant

solute
m = molality ( mol
)
kg solvent

solute
m = molality ( mol
)
kg solvent

= osmotic pressure (atm)

nsolute = moles solute
Vsolution = volume of solution (L)
R = gas constant; 0.08206

Latm
molK

T = temperatuer (K)

measure T
know kg solvent
know unknown mass (g)
find mole solvent
calculate MM (g/mol)
University of
Illinois at Chicago

UIC

2010, Dr. Chad L. Landrie

CHEM 112: General Chemistry 1, Spring 2010

Slide 15
Lecture: March 15

Determining Molar Mass

Tf = kf m

Tb = kbm

Tb = Tb

(solution)

Tb

nsolute
=
RT
Vsolution

(solvent)

Tf = Tf

(solution)

Tf

= MRT

(solvent)

Tb = boiling point (C)

Tf = freezing point (C)

kb = molal b.p. elevation constant

kf = molal f.p. depression constant

solute
m = molality ( mol
)
kg solvent

solute
m = molality ( mol
)
kg solvent

= osmotic pressure (atm)

nsolute = moles solute
Vsolution = volume of solution (L)
R = gas constant; 0.08206

Latm
molK

T = temperatuer (K)

measure
know T,V, R & mass solute (g)
find concentration (M)
calculate moles solute (mol)
calculate MM (g/mol)
University of
Illinois at Chicago

UIC

2010, Dr. Chad L. Landrie

CHEM 112: General Chemistry 1, Spring 2010

Slide 16
Lecture: March 15

i>Clicker Question
Which of the following solutions will have
the highest osmotic pressure?

Colligative properties
depend on the total
number of solutes, not
the identity.
University of
Illinois at Chicago

UIC

2010, Dr. Chad L. Landrie

CHEM 112: General Chemistry 1, Spring 2010

Slide 17
Lecture: March 15

i>Clicker Question
431. mg of an unknown protein are dissolved in enough
solvent to make 5.00 mL of solution. The osmotic pressure
of this solution is measured to be 0.325 atm at 25.0 C.
Determine the molar mass of the protein.

nprotein
Vsoln

nprotein =

MM =

RT

Vsoln
(0.325 atm)(0.00500 L)
5
=
=
6.6418

10
mol
Latm
(0.08206 molK )(298.15 K)
RT
m (g)
0.431 g
=
= 6490 g/mol
n (mol) 6.6418 10 5

University of
Illinois at Chicago

UIC

2010, Dr. Chad L. Landrie

CHEM 112: General Chemistry 1, Spring 2010

A.

6.49 x 103

B.

2.46 x 102

C.

343

D.

686

E.

none
Slide 18
Lecture: March 15

CHEM 112:
General Chemistry I Lecture

University of Illinois
at Chicago

UIC

Next Lecture...
Sections: 17.1 & 17.2