PHARMACOLOGY MIDTERM Reviewer

Denielle Genesis B. Camato

02272015

Anti- infectives
Antibacterial
Antitubercular
Antifungal
Antiviral
ANTIBACTERIAL
Penicillins
Are bactericidal; they interfere with
cell wall synthesis by inhibiting
biosynthesis of cell wall
mucopeptides
Indicated for treatment of
infections caused by
Gram positive cocci
Gram negative cocci
Gram positive bacilli
Penicillin G
Ampicillin
Amoxicillin
Augmentin
Methicillin
Notes!
Bactericidal kill
Bacteriostatic prevent
Anti-infection infection
Anti-inflammatory inflammation
Cephalosporins
Are bactericidal due to their ability
to inhibit mucopeptide synthesis in
bacterial cell wall.
Indicated
for
treatment
of
infections caused by gram positive
and negative organisms
1st
generations

2nd
generations

3rd
generations

Cefazolin

Cefamandol
e
Cefuroxime

Ceftizoxine

Cephalexin

ceftriaxone

Aminoglycosides
Are bactericidal agents that inhibits
proteins synthesis and lysing the
cell envelope
Indicated for treatment of
infections caused by gram negative
enteric (GI disorders) bacilli
Streptomycin
Amikacin
Neomycin
Gentamicin
Macrolides
Are bacteriostatic by inhibiting the
growth of microorganisms without
causing a complete kill
Indicated for treatment of
infections caused by gram positive
and negative bacteria
Erythromycin
Tetracyclines
Protein synthesis inhibitor
Used for treatment for UTI,
chlamydia and acne
Tetracycline
Methacycline
Doxycycline

Quinolones
Are bactericidal that interferes with
DNA replication
Indicated for treatment of STDs
caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia
Ciprofloxacin
Ofloxacin
Norfloxacin
Sulfonamides
Interferes with the synthesis of
paraminobenzoic acid (required for
the synthesis of folic acid in the
bacteria)
Indicated for treatment of
infections caused by gram positive
and negative organisms

Sulfacytine
Sulfamethizole
Sulfamethoxazole
Trimethoprim
Phenazopyridine
Nitrofurantoin

Patient education on anti-infectives

Unless directed otherwise, taking
all antibiotics with a full glass of
water on empty stomach, at least
one before meals or two hours after
meals.
Not taken with fruit juice, anatacids
and alcohol.
If side effects occur, discontinue
and consult physician.
Immediately report rash, swelling
or breathing difficulty to the
physician.
Take at prescribed times to
maintain blood levels.
Take entire prescription completely;
not to discontinue when symptoms
disappear.
Antitubercular agents
Used to treat tuberculosis causes
by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Agents kill or inhibit the growth of
mycobacterial organisms
Drugs are commonly used in
combination
First line agents (RIPES)
Rifampicin
Isoniazid (INM) with
vitamins B6 (pyridoxine
to prevent neuropathy)
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Streptomycin
Patient Education
Taking rifampicin on empty
stomach for maximum absorption
or with food if nauseated
Taking prescribed medication for
lengthy required period of time
even though asymptomatic

Reporting side effects for possible

dosage adjustment
Importance of frequent medical
and laboratory tests
Red orange color urine, feces,
sputum, sweat and tears with use
of rifampicin
Avoidance of alcohol

Antifungal agents
Bind to components of the fungal
cell membrane, leading to death of
the fungal cell
Used to treat infections caused by
fungi, whether systemic or local
Systemic antifungal
Amphotericin B
Ketoconazole
Miconazole
Fluconazole
Topical antifungal
Griseofulvin
Nystatin
Clotrimazole
Antiviral agents
Enter the virus and prevent further
replication of the virus
Indicated when an infections
process is due to virus
Nucleosides
Protease inhibitors
Miscellaneous antiviral
agents
Nucleosides
Interfere with replication of HIV by
inhibiting the action of the enzyme
reverse transcriptase
Prophylaxis after initial exposure to
HIV
Zidovudine
Zalcitabine
Didanosine
Stavudine
Lamivudine

Protease inhibitors
Stop the activity of the HIV protease
and prevent the cleavage of viral
polyproteins, thereby preventing viral
maturation
Used to treat HIV in selected clients
Saquinavir mesylate
Crixivan
Norvir
Miscellaneous antiviral agents
Act by blocking replication of the virus
Acyclovir
Famciclovir
Ganciclovir
Amantadine
Rifantidine
Ribavirin

Anti-Inflammatory drugs
Arthritis
Bursitis
Spondylitis
Gout
Muscle strains/sprains
5 Cardinal signs of inflammation
Redness (Rubor)
Heat (Calor)
Swelling (Tumor)
Pain (Dolor)
Limited mobility (Functio laesa)
NSAID (NON STEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS)
Non steroidal anti-inflammatory
drug
Action
Inhibit synthesis of prostaglandins
(causes pain)
Non-selective (Traditional) NSAIDs
Diclofenac
VOLTAREN
Ibuprofen
ADVIL
Indomethacin

INDOCIN
Ketorolac
TORADOL
Naproxen
NAPROSYN
Oxaprozin
DAYPRO
Sulindac

CLINORIL

Partially Selective NSAIDs

Etodolac

LODINE
Meloxicam
MOBIC
Nambutone
RELAFEN
Selective COX-2 Inhibitor
Celocoxib

CELEBREX
Combinations
Diclofenac/Misoprostol

ARTHROTEC
Lansoprazole/Naproxen PREVACID
NAPRAPAC

Gout medication
Colchicines

ALLOPORINOL

Patient Education
Administration with food to reduce
gastric irritation
Increase food intake
Caution with dosage
Discontinue if there is unusual
bleeding (gums, stool, urine and
bruising), epigastric pain or
nausea, tinnitus, visual
disturbances, weight gaining or
edema and skin rash
03062015
CARDIAC DRUGS
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Arteriosclerosis Narrowing of coronary
artery due to aging
Atherosclerosis Narrowing due to
Accumulator of fats, cholesterol, lipids

CAD

Myocardial ischemia - ( decrease Blood

Angina
( decrease Oxygen
Supply)pectoris
Myocardial
attack
to
Heart
failureinfarction/heart
inability
of the
heart
supply)
- (decrease
O2 supply)
(necrosis
of
the
myocardium)
pump
(Chest pain)

q Acts to restore a normal

cardiac rhythm
q Indicated for atrial or
ventricular tachycardia or
atrial fibrillation
q Monitor ECG
q V-tachycardia
q Normal: 60-100 beats per
minute
r 80 is the average
r below 60 bradyycardia
(slow heart rate)
r above 100 tachycardia
(fast heart rate)

Death

CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS
Cardiac Glycosides indicated for heart
failure
Ex. Digoxin (Lanoxin) *Do not take if pulse is <60
>120
Digitalis toxicity 0.5-2.0 ng/mg
ANTIANGINAL AGENTS (chest pain)
Nitrates
Isosorbide Dinitrite (Isordil) Under the tongue
(Sublingual)

Isosorbide Mononitrate(Imdur) Oral

Beta blockers Action: Blocks the action of cathecolamines
(Adrenaline)

Ex. Propanolol, Athenolol, Metoprolol

Nitroglycerine most common nitrates, IV,
Sublingual, ointment, transdermal, oral
Action: it relaxes the muscle to promote
vasodilation
Most common side effects; headache,
hypotension
Calcium Channel Blockers Action: Blocks
calcium; leading to muscle dilation
*Antihypertensive drug
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS
*2 types:
Primary due to other diseases
Essential aging
to lower angiotensin 1&2
120/80 Pre-hypertension
1) ACE inhibitors Andiotensin Converting
enzymes

LIPID LOWERING AGENTS

q lowers cholesterol levels
q hepatotoxic
ANTIPLATELET DRUGS
q decrease platelet aggregation/clumping
q inhibit thrombus formation
r thrombus stationary
r embolus wandering
ANTICOAGULANTS
q Prevent clot formation
q blood thinner
q COUMADIN
r Interfere with the action of vitamin K
r Oral
r Antidote vitamin K (promote synthesis of
blood clotting)

2) Calcium Channel Blockers

3) Diuretics
5 types
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Loop diuretics promotes excessive fluid;
urine
Potassium Sparring Diuretics
Thiazides and Related Diuretics
Osmotics
ANTIHYPOTENSIVE AGENT increase blood
pressure
Hypotension
Shock
Cardiac arrest

ANTIDYSRRYTHMICS

HEPARIN
r Inhibit the action of fibrin in clot formation
r Parental IV or SC
r Antidote PROTAMINE SULFATE

THROMBOLYTIC AGENTS
q Dissolves blood clots
q clot busters
q risk for hemorrhage
HEMORRHEOLOGIC AGENTS
q improves capillary blood flow by
increasing RBC flexibility & decreasing
blood viscosity
q Buergers disease
r

[
[

Intermittent claudication caused by chronic

occlusive arterial disease of the limbs
Cyelandilate (cyclan)
Isoxsuprine (vasodilan)

HEMOSTATIC AGENTS
q Used to control bleeding

rDGBCamato
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