SPREADSHEETS FOR

CONCRETE DESIGN
to BS 8110 and EC2
User Guide to Excel spreadsheet files
for contemporary reinforced concrete
design with commentary and hard
copy examples

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DETR
ENVIRONMENT
TRANSPORT
REGIONS

FORWORD
This publication was produced by the Reinforced Concrete Council (RCC) as part of its project Spreadsheets for concrete
design to BS 8110 and EC2. This project was jointly funded by the RCC and the Department of the Environment, Transport
and the Regions (DETR) under its Partners in Technology scheme and was made possible by members of industry with their
contributions in kind.
The RCC was set up to promote better knowledge and understanding of reinforced concrete design and building technology.
Its members are Allied Steel & Wire, representing the major supplier of reinforcing steel in the UK, and the British Cement
Association, representing the major manufacturers of Portland cement in the UK.
Charles Goodchild is Senior Engineer for the Reinforced Concrete Council. He was responsible for the concept and management
of this project and this publication.
Rod Webster of Concrete Innovation & Design is principal author of the spreadsheets. He has been writing RC spreadsheets
since 1984 and is expert in the design of tall concrete buildings and in advanced analytical methods.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The ideas and illustrations come from many sources. The help and guidance received from many individuals are gratefully
acknowledged.
Thanks are due to members of the projects Advisory Group for their time and effort in helping to make the project feasible
and in bringing it to fruition. The members of the Advisory Group are listed inside the back cover.
The RCC extends its special appreciation to:
Richard Cheng, BSc, CEng, Eur Ing, FIStructE, author of the retaining wall and basement wall spreadsheets, Peter Noble for
conversions and checking, and to Andy Pullen for initial studies into compatibility of spreadsheet software. Also to the late
Sami Khan for help with post-tensioning spreadsheets. Thanks also to Alan Tovey (Tecnicom) and Gillian Bond (Words &
Pages) for editing, design and production.

This User Guide, Spreadsheets for concrete design to BS 8110: Part 1 and EC2 is available as:
A publication plus CD-ROM available from BCA Publication Sales
An Adobe Acrobat file UserGuid.pdf on the CD-ROM
A Word document UserGuid.doc (text only) also available on the CD-ROM

Cover: Extracts from spreadsheets; photograph of the in-situ concrete frame building, ECBP, Cardington (BRE)

97.370
First published 2000
ISBN 0 7210 1545 X
Price group F
British Cement Association 2000

Published by the British Cement Association on behalf of the

industry sponsors of the Reinforced Concrete Council
British Cement Association
CementCentury House, Telford Avenue
Crowthorne, Berkshire RG45 6YS
Telephone (01344) 762676
Fax (01344) 761214
www.bca.org.uk

All advice or information from the British Cement Association and/or Reinforced Concrete Council is intended for those who will evaluate
the significance and limitations of its contents and take responsibility for its use and application. No liability (including that for negligence)
for any loss resulting from such advice or information is accepted by the BCA, RCC or their subcontractors, suppliers or advisors. Users
should note that all BCA software and publications are subject to revision from time to time and should therefore ensure that they are in
possession of the latest version.

SPREADSHEETS FOR CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110 and EC2

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION

GENERAL NOTES

Managing the spreadsheets

Familiarisation
Using the spreadsheets
Assumptions made

3
4
11
14

SPREADSHEETS TO BS 8110
Elements

Analysis
Slabs

Beams
Columns

Walls
Stairs
Foundations
Tabular versions

17
RCC11
RCC12
RCC13
RCC14
RCC21
RCC31
RCC32
RCC33
RCC41
RCC42
RCC51
RCC52
RCC53
RCC61
RCC62
RCC71
RCC72
RCC81
RCC91
RCC92
RCC93
RCC94
RCC95

Element Design.xls
Bending and Axial Force.xls
Punching Shear.xls
Crack Width.xls
Subframe Analysis.xls
One-way Solid Slabs (A & D).xls
Ribbed Slabs (A & D).xls
Flat Slabs (A & D).xls
Continuous Beams (A & D).xls
Post-tensioned Slabs & Beams (A & D).xls
Column Load Take-down & Design.xls
Column Chart generation.xls
Column Design.xls
Basement Wall.xls
Retaining Wall.xls
Stair Flight & Landing - Single.xls
Stairs & Landings - Multiple.xls
Foundation Pads.xls
One-way Solid Slabs (Tables).xls
Ribbed Slabs (Tables).xls
Flat Slabs (Tables).xls
Two-way Slabs (Tables).xls
Continuous Beams (Tables).xls

SPREADSHEETS TO EC2 (ENV 1992)

Eurocode 2
Notes regarding EC2
Familiarisation
Elements
Analysis
Beams

135

RCCe11 Element design.xls

RCCe21 Subframe analysis.xls
RCCe41 Continuous beams (A & D).xls

SUPPORTING FOLDERS
Admin
ByOthers
UserGuid

17
24
26
32
34
37
42
47
53
62
83
88
90
93
99
105
108
112
115
117
122
129
131
135
135
136
137
145
148
154

Acrobat Reader, fonts, registration form and Readme.txt

Useful programs and spreadsheet templates by others
This publication in Word and Acrobat formats

154
155
156

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

158

SYMBOLS

159

Notes: In the text of this publication, spreadsheets are often referred to by their initial reference number rather than
the full names given above. (A & D) = Analysis and Design.

INTRODUCTION
This publication has been produced under the Reinforced
Concrete Councils project, Spreadsheets for concrete design
to BS 8110 and EC2. It provides.

whether certain conditions are met. They are an ideal

medium to deal with the intricacies of concrete design.

A User Guide for the spreadsheets produced

under the above project

And this is where it is hoped the publication and spreadsheets

will help students and inexperienced engineers grasp an
understanding of reinforced concrete design. For the
experienced engineer, spreadsheets allow the rapid
production of clear and accurate design calculations. It is
hoped that the spreadsheets will allow younger users to
understand concrete design and help them to gain
experience by studying their own what if scenarios. The
individual user should be able to answer their own questions
by chasing through the cells to understand the logic used.
Cells within each spreadsheet can be interrogated, formulae
checked and values traced.

Examples of current commercial reinforced concrete

design
A consensus of current commercial reinforced concrete
design practice
A consensus of opinion concerning reinforced concrete
design to EC2.
The spreadsheets are intended to follow normal design
practice and cater for the design of low- to medium-rise
multi-storey concrete framed buildings.
Over a number of years, the Reinforced Concrete Council
has developed spreadsheets to produce cost-optimised span/
depth charts(1). It was recognised that the spreadsheets could
prove to be a very useful tool for all designers equally
useful to the single practitioner, larger organisations and
educational establishments. Thus in 1996 a project was set
up to commit reinforced concrete design to computer
spreadsheet files. The project was jointly funded by the RCC
and the Department of the Environment, Transport and the
Regions (DETR) under its Partners in Technology scheme. It
was made possible by the support and contributions of time
given by individual members of industry. The project was
managed by the Reinforced Concrete Council and guided
by an 80-strong Advisory Group of interested parties,
including consulting engineers and software houses.
The spreadsheets were to be issued with publications
covering their use, complete with model designs and
commentary. Two issues were originally envisaged: one to
BS 8110: Part 1, 1997, Structural use of concrete(2), and one
to Eurocode 2, Design of concrete structures, Part 1(3). Owing
to uncertainties with the final detailed content of EC2, the
number of spreadsheets to the ENV has been curtailed.
Nonetheless, it has been possible to maintain a
comprehensive coverage and present the spreadsheets to
EC2 with those to BS 8110 in this single-volume User Guide.
The design of concrete structures has been described as time
consuming and costly. Computer programs are used
extensively but designers are often reluctant to rely on black
box technology over which they have little knowledge or
control. Computer spreadsheets, on the other hand, are userfriendly, completely transparent and very powerful, and are
becoming increasingly popular in all aspects of engineering.
They have powerful graphical presentation facilities and
established links with other software, notably word
processors. In structural engineering, they suit concrete
design ideally, in that they can carry out a series of
mathematical calculations and, as in design, can check

In producing the spreadsheets several issues have had to be

addressed. Firstly, which spreadsheet package should be
used? Excel appeared to hold about 70% of the market
amongst structural engineers and was thus adopted. More
specifically, Excel 97 was adopted as being de facto the most
widely available spreadsheet in the field. To avoid
complications, it was decided not to produce corresponding
versions using other spreadsheet packages.
In trying to emulate current practice, a consensus of opinion
was sought and used on several design issues. For instance,
with flat slabs, should deflection checks consider the whole
bay width as opposed to checking column strips and middle
strips? Should retaining walls conform to BS 8002(4), 8007(5)
or CECP2(6). It is anticipated that through use and continuing
development more standardised design methods will
emerge. Students and young engineers may follow the
model calculations presented in the spreadsheets to form
an understanding of contemporary reinforced concrete
design.
The introduction of Eurocode 2 is inevitable. Students and
both inexperienced and experienced engineers will all need
to grasp an understanding of design to this code. There are
differences between EC2 and BS 8110. The spreadsheets
should help with the transition. The introduction of
Eurocode 2 will provide commercial opportunities for those
who are prepared to use it.

It is believed that both novices and experienced users of

spreadsheets will be convinced that spreadsheets have
a great potential for teaching BS 8110 and Eurocode 2,
improving concrete design and, above all, improving the
concrete design and construction process.

GENERAL NOTES

Managing the spreadsheets

Use
Spreadsheets can be a very powerful tool. Their use will
become increasingly common in the preparation of design
calculations. They can save time, money and effort. They
provide the facility to optimise designs and they can help
instill experience. However, these benefits have to be
weighed against the risks associated with any endeavour.
These risks must be recognised and managed. In other words
appropriate levels of supervision and checking, including selfchecking, must, as always, be exercised when using these
spreadsheets.
Advantages
For the experienced engineer, it is hoped that the
spreadsheets will help in the rapid production of clear and
accurate design calculations for reinforced concrete
elements. The contents are intended to be sufficient to allow
the design of low-rise multi-storey concrete framed
buildings.
Spreadsheets allow users to gain experience by studying their
own what if scenarios. Should they have queries, individual
users should be able to answer their own questions by
chasing through the cells to understand the logic used. Cells
within each spreadsheet can be interrogated, formulae
checked and values traced. Macleod(7) suggested that, in
understanding structural behaviour, doing calculations is
probably not a great advantage; being close to the results
probably is.
Engineers are often accused of having little idea of the costs
of their designs. With spreadsheets, it is a very simple matter
to multiply the quantities of reinforcement, concrete and
formwork required by current rates to give an idea of
material costs. By considering these costs along with time
costs, different forms of concrete construction can be
compared quickly and sizes or depths of elements can be
sensibly optimised.
Other benefits include quicker and more accurate
reinforcement estimates, and the possibilities for electronic
data interchange (EDI). Already, bending schedules in the
form of ASCII files derived from spreadsheets are the basis
of some EDI and the control of bar-bending machines.
Standardised, or at least rationalised, designs will make the
checking process easier and quicker.

People without adequate structural engineering

knowledge or training may carry out the structural
analysis.
There may be communication gaps between the design
initiator, the computer program developer and the user.
A program may be used out of context.
The checking process may not be sufficiently
fundamental.
The limitations of the program may not be sufficiently
apparent to the user.
For unusual structures, even experienced engineers may
not have the ability to spot weaknesses in programs for
analysis and detailing.
The committees report continued: Spreadsheets are, in
principle, no different from other software With regard
to these spreadsheets and this publication, the RCC hopes
to have addressed more specific concerns by demonstrating
clear evidence of adequate verification by documenting
the principles, theory and algorithms used in the
spreadsheets. The spreadsheets have also had the benefit
of the Advisory Groups overview and inputs. Inevitably,
some unconscious assumptions, inconsistancies etc(9). will
remain.

Liability
A fundamental condition of use is that the user accepts
responsibility for the input and output of the computer and
how it is used.
As with all software, users must be satisfied with the answers
these spreadsheets give and be confident in their use. These
spreadsheets can never be fully validated but have been
through beta testing, both formally and informally, through
members of the Advisory Group. However, users must satisfy
themselves that the uses to which the spreadsheets are put
are appropriate.
The initial spreadsheets were put through what was termed
idiot-proofing to try and guard against strange numbers
being used. By its very nature, this exercise could not be allencompassing. Future developments, such as adoption of
European standards, might lead to use of concrete strengths
of 37 N/mm2 (fck = 30, fcu = 37) and other material properties
strange to UK eyes. Another example is reinforcement
diameters of 14 mm that are used overseas.

Control
Appropriate use
In its deliberations(8) the Standing Committee on Structural
Safety (SCOSS) noted the increasingly widespread availability
of computer programs and circumstances in which their
misuse could lead to unsafe structures. These circumstances
include:

Users and managers should be aware that spreadsheets can

be changed and must address change control and versions
for use. The flexibility and ease of use of spreadsheets, which
account for their widespread popularity, also facilitate adhoc and unstructured approaches to their subsequent
development.

GENERAL NOTES

Quality Assurance procedures may dictate that spreadsheets

are treated as controlled documents and subject to
comparison and checks with previous methods prior to
adoption. Users Quality Assurance schemes should address
the issue of changes. The possibilities of introducing a
companys own password to the spreadsheets and/or
extending the Revision history contained within the sheet
entitled Notes! might be considered.
Managers might also consider making their own versions
into template files, i.e. a spreadsheet saved with an .xlt
extension instead of .xls. When the user opens one of these
files, a copy is opened with a numerically incremented file
name, i.e. Test.xlt will open as Test1.xlt. When the user saves,
the Save as dialog box opens instead of directly saving.

Application
The spreadsheets have been developed with the goal of
producing calculations to show compliance with codes.
Whilst this is the primary goal, there is a school of thought(10)
that designers are primarily paid for producing specifications
and drawings which work on site and are approved by clients
and/or checking authorities. Producing calculations happens
to be a secondary exercise, regarded by many experienced
engineers as a hurdle on the way to getting the project
approved and completed. From a business process point of
view, the emphasis of the spreadsheets might, in future,
change to establishing compliance once members, loads and
details are known. Certainly this may be the preferred
method of use by experienced engineers.

Familiarisation
Outline description
There are many different ways to present structural concrete
calculations. Calcs should demonstrate compliance with
relevant design codes of practice, but different designers
want to investigate different criteria and want to set out
calculations in different ways. Spreadsheets cannot satisfy
everyone. The spreadsheets presented here have been set
out to cover the criteria that may be deemed usual. It is
incumbent on the user to judge whether these criteria are
pertinent and sufficient for the actual case in hand. It is also
incumbent on the user to ensure that the inputs are correct
and that outputs are of the correct order of magnitude.
The spreadsheets are intended to follow normal design
practice and cater for the design of low- to medium-rise
multi-storey concrete framed buildings. Each type of element
may be designed in several different ways, e.g. horizontal
frame elements may be designed using:
Element design: design of simple elements to BS 8110:
Part 1(2)
Tabular design: design of elements based on moment
and shears derived from BS 8110: Part 1 Tables 3.12 and
3.5
Analysis and design: design of elements based on
moments and shears from analysis, e.g. sub-frame
analysis, embodied within the spreadsheets.
Element design

The spreadsheets have been developed with the ability for

users to input and use their own preferred material
properties, bar sizes and spacings etc. However, user
preferences should recognise moves for efficiency through
standardisation. Another long-term objective is automation.
To this end, spreadsheet contents might in future be
arranged so that input and output can be copied and pasted
easily by macros and/or linked by the end-user. There are
counter-arguments about users needing to be closer to the
calculations and results in order to ensure they are properly
considered see Appropriate use above.
We emphasise that it is up to the user how he/she uses the
output. The spreadsheets have been produced to cater for
both first-time users and the very experienced without
putting the first-time user off. Nonetheless, their potential
applications are innumerable.

Summary
With spreadsheets, long-term advantage and savings come
from repeated use but there are risks that need to be
managed. Spreadsheets demand an initial investment in time
and effort but the rewards are there for those who take
advantage. Good design requires sound judgement based
on competence derived from adequate training and
experience not just computer programs.

The element design spreadsheets illustrate the basic

principles of reinforced concrete design from input material
properties, dimensions, moments, shears and axial loads, etc.
They form the basis of element design used in succeeding
spreadsheets. The moments, shears and axial loads used
should be derived from separate analysis (e.g. hand
calculations, sub-frame analysis spreadsheet or other analysis
package). For further explanation the user is referred to BS
8110 or a number of standard reference works(11, 12, 13).
Tabular design
The tabular design spreadsheets use Tables 3.12 and 3.5 from
BS 8110: Part 1 to automate the derivation of design
moments and shears. The use of these tables is, however,
restricted. For slabs, BS 8110: Part 1, Clause 3.5.2.4, restricts
the use of Table 3.12 to where:
In a one-way slab, the area of a bay (one span x full
width) exceeds 30 m2
The ratio of characteristic imposed loads, qk, to
characteristic dead loads, gk does not exceed 1.25
The characteristic imposed load, qk, does not exceed
5 KN/m2, excluding partitions
Additionally, for flat slabs, there are at least three rows
of panels of approximately equal span in the direction
being considered.

GENERAL NOTES

the capacity of a section is checked two valid design

approaches.

For beams, Clause 3.4.3, Table 3.5 is valid only where:

Characteristic imposed loads, Qk, do not exceed
characteristic dead loads, Gk

Under RCC11 Element Design.xls (or RCC11.xls for short),

the amount of reinforcement is calculated (by iterating to
find the neutral axis depth in order to solve two simultaneous
equations).

Loads are substantially uniformly distributed over three

or more spans
Variations in span length do not exceed 15% of the
longest span

Analysis and design

Under RCC52.xls for single axis bending and RCC53.xls for

two axis bending, N-M interaction charts are derived from
presumed reinforcement arrangements. Individual load cases
are checked against the capacity of the column with the
various reinforcement arrangements.

To provide for more general application, these versions

combine sub-frame analysis with design. Spreadsheets for
one-way slabs, ribbed slabs, flat slabs and beams provide
powerful design tools. Sub-frame analysis is used in the posttensioned concrete design spreadsheet.

RCC51.xls is set out so that the user may undertake a

traditional column load take down, assess design moments
and critical axis before calculating the amount of
reinforcement required.

If design parameters stray outside these limits, the

spreadsheets should be used with caution.

RCC12.xls determines the capacity of an unsymmetrical

reinforced column (or beam).

The flat slab spreadsheet is intended to be used one-direction

at a time. The post-tensioned concrete design spreadsheet
follows Concrete Society TR43(14) and involves sub-frame
analysis at various limit states. The principles used are
applicable to both beams and slabs with either bonded or
unbonded tendons. The examples of the retaining wall and
basement wall spreadsheets are based on common practice.

Others
Other spreadsheets provide for the design of pad
foundations catering for one or two columns, punching
shear, stairs (either as single flights and single landings or
flights and landings as in a stair core), small retaining walls
and basement walls. More detail and further references are
given within the spreadsheets themselves.

The sub-frame analysis spreadsheet, RCC21.xls, may of course

be used alone (and the elements designed by other means
such as RCC11.xls).

Layout

Column design

As with all software, spreadsheets have their own jargon.

The basic terminology for layout is shown on the following
screen dump.

Column design is presented in, essentially, two different

ways; either an amount of reinforcement is determined or
Typical spreadsheet layout
Excel file name

Cell reference

Cell

Drop down menu bar

Toolbars
(use View/Toolbars to
switch on and off)
Formula bar
Scroll bar
Worksheet area

Sheet tabs
Toolbar
Other software

GENERAL NOTES

Sheet tabs (from RCC 41.xls)

Each spreadsheet may contain several linked sheets (i.e.

layers or pages) that deal with different aspects of design.
The sheets name on the sheet tab as illustrated above gives
an indication of the content. For the more involved
spreadsheets, individual sheets are devoted to a full
explanation of the design (with references for educational
and validation purposes) or analysis, etc, and other sheets
give an abridged version more in keeping with the
requirements of experienced practising engineers. Further
sheets may contain analysis calculations, data for graphs and
calculation of reinforcement weight. All spreadsheets have
a Notes! sheet where disclaimers, status and revision histories
relating to each spreadsheet are incorporated (sheet names
are differentiated by the use of an appended exclamation
mark).

view in the spreadsheets. These may need to be printed for

checking purposes and parts of them, such as simple design
routines, may be pasted into word-processed calculations
(see Printing, page 14). Print-outs of [RCC41.xls]Weight!,
Analysis!, Bar!, Graf!, and Notes!, and [RCC51.xls]Ltdcalcs!
and Stiffs! shown at the end of their respective sections give
typical illustrations of these types of workings pages.
The spreadsheets are intended to be as consistent as possible.
Generally, upper sheets consist of calculations, notes and
workings as illustrated in the example below, which gives
an indication of the contents of a typical spreadsheet. The
first sheet consists of input, followed by results of analysis,
design, weight of reinforcement, analysis, detailed design
with references, graph data and finally a revision history.

Those sheets with names in capitals are intended for printing

out as design calculations: it is these sheets that are printed
out as examples in this guide. Other sheets are available to

Typical spreadsheet (RCC41.xls)

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Upper sheets
The calculations are intended to mimic hand-written
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by way of references to codes and derivation of numbers
than would usually be the case in normal submissions. Sheets
intended for printing out are divided into three sections,
calculations, operating instructions and workings. The
output is intended to be sufficient to allow detailing,
although the designer should always consider and allow for
rationalising reinforcement both within and between
elements. The example below is from RCC11.xls. In this case,
the sheet designs solid slabs from moments, shears, material
data etc that are input by the user. Input cells are in blue
and are underlined (so they can be recognised in black and
white versions).
The cells under Operating Instructions contain help and error
messages that are intended to help the user with the correct
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checks, print boxes and combo-boxes. Box markers indicate

where checks have been carried out and have proved
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them) automatically print out the calculation sheets provided
that macros have not been switched off. Combo-boxes allow
choices between specified options.
To the right hand side of many spreadsheets are intermediate
calculations, data for graphs, etc. These workings are not
considered vital to understanding the calculation: they may
nonetheless be viewed and investigated. Workings may also
be contained on supplementary sheets.

GENERAL NOTES

Typical screen layout

Calculations
This is the area that will print
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Spreadsheet file name

Operating instructions
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Excel toolbar menus

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automated choices
Input cells are in blue and
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Concurrent software
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GENERAL NOTES

Other sheets

Notes!

These sheets are not necessarily intended for printing out

and may not be understandable without reference to the
printed calculations. For instance, in the case shown
imediately below (from [RCC52.xls]Calcs!) the N-M
relationship for 32 mm diameter bars in this particular
column is being calculated for increments of neutral axis
depth. Many iterations are required in order to construct
the N-M graph. There are therefore many calculations and
these are set out in tables. The volume of calculations makes
it difficult to produce legible print-outs on a limited number
of sheets.

The Notes! sheet illustrated at the bottom of the page shows

the disclaimer, status and revision history of each
spreadsheet. The disclaimer and status should be read and
understood. The revision history provides a record of the
spreadsheet being used and may provide a basis for users
QA procedures. The revision/version and name of the
spreadsheet shoud appear on all print-outs. This example is
taken from [RCC52.xls]Notes!

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GENERAL NOTES

most probably warn about macros before loading the

spreadsheet fully. In order to proceed, enable macros
(see below).

Using the spreadsheets

Using the spreadsheets for the first time /
Frequently Asked Questions
Base versions
Initially, always start from the base versions on the CD-ROM.
If in doubt, go back to the version on the CD-ROM. These
safeguards are to avoid using corrupted or bespoke files.
Eventually, familiarity with the spreadsheets and Quality
Assurance procedures may overtake this basic precaution.
Please note that whilst all spreadsheet cells, apart from input
cells, are covered by nominal protection, it is possible to
change the contents of cells. Original versions by RCC can
be sourced from the RCCs CD-ROM or website. Also, please
note conditions of use and disclaimers associated with the
use of the spreadsheets contained within the sheet titled
Notes! and elsewhere in this User Guide.
Excel
The spreadsheets are normal Excel 97 files. Excel 97 (
Microsoft Corporation) is a standalone package or may be
included as part of the Microsoft Office 98 package on PCs
or Macs. The files are compatible with Excel 2000, part of
Office 2000, and are likely to be compatible with future
versions of Excel. Those not familiar with Excel are directed
to the Help functions within Excel and relevant literature
available at book and computer shops.
Please note that the spreadsheets will not necessarily work
with previous versions of Excel (e.g. 95, 5.x etc) or other
spreadsheet programs. This is due to incompatibility between
software and backward incompatibility between versions.
(To check which version of Excel you are running see signon screen, or Help/About Microsoft Excel or see Printreg.xls
under Administrative files.). Those running Excel 2000 are
advised to use the Save As/ .xls function to avoid inordinately
large file sizes.

Successively click Start/ Programs/ Microsoft Explorer.

Double click on CD Drive (D). Double click on the
spreadsheet of your choice, e.g. RCC11.xls. If not
already loaded and available, Excel will boot up and
load up with RCC11.xls
Successively click Start/ Programs/ Microsoft Excel. Once
Excel has booted up, click on File in top menu bar/
Open/ Look in and scroll through to the CD Drive.
No installation program per se is included. Under file
managers such as Microsoft Explorer, the CD-ROM versions
of the spreadsheets can be dragged and dropped into an
appropriate folder specified by the user. Alternatively, from
within Excel, the spreadsheets can be loaded directly from
the CD-ROM but should users wish to save the modified
spreadsheet, it has to be saved to an alternative drive.
Macros
When loading the individual spreadsheets, Excel may warn
you about the presence of macros. All the macros provided
in the files are either to allow automated printing of the
calculations or to provide choices by way of combo-boxes.
The printing macros have been assigned to buttons. Turning
the macros off will not affect the actual function of the
spreadsheets but will make printing of the sheets as
configured more difficult and make the choice of options
very much more difficult.
Fonts
Unless the appropriate fonts Tekton and Marker (supplied
in the CD-ROM) have been installed by the user, the
appearance on screen will be different from that in the
publication and from that intended. These condensed fonts
have been used to emulate a designers handwriting and to
allow adequate information to be shown across the page
and in each cell.

Long file names

The base versions of the spreadsheets are saved with long
file names to aid familiarity with each spreadsheets purpose.
Some software and networks only recognise eight characters
for a file name. In use, users may be requested by the system
to allow abbreviated names, e.g. RCC11.xls .
As shorthand, the spreadsheets are generally referred to by
their number rather than their name in full, i.e. RCC11.xls is
used as shorthand for RCC11 Element Design.xls.
Loading a spreadsheet for the first time
Under Windows 95, 98 or NT insert the spreadsheet CDROM into the CD drive (drive D: assumed). A spreadsheet
can be loaded using one of the following methods:
From My Computer, double click on My Computer,
double click on D (assumed CD drive), then double click
on spreadsheet of your choice. Excel will boot up and

If problems are experienced it is most likely that the fonts

on your computer screen will have defaulted to the closest
approximation of the fonts intended (e.g. the toolbar may
say Tekton but a default font such as Arial will have been
used). The spreadsheets will work but not as intended ends
of words may be missing, and numbers may not fit cells
resulting in a series of hashes, #####. Column width and cell
overlap problems occur only when the correct fonts are not
loaded.
It is strongly suggested that the Tekton and Marker fonts
are copied into your computers font library. This may be
done in the following manner, either:
Start/ Settings/ Control Panel/ Fonts/ File/ Add Fonts and
when asked copy fonts to system directory say yes.
or

11

GENERAL NOTES

Through Microsoft Explorer and copying (or dragging)

the font files into your font library, usually contained in
Windows/ Set-up/ Fonts.

In the page headers the Made by and Checked boxes

should be completed or cleared by using a blank or hyphen;
clearing the cell completely would produce 0 on subsequent
sheets.

Default font size

Even with the correct fonts installed, the appearance of the
sheets might be different from those in this publication.
This may be due to the default font size on the users
computer being different from the font size 12 used in the
development of the spreadsheets. For instance if the users
default font size is 10, pages will appear and print narrower
than intended (as unformatted cells will revert to a narrower
cell width than intended).
Please ensure that the default font size is set at 12. (Tools/
Options/ General/ Standard font and size). If standard font
or size is changed it will become effective only after
rebooting Excel. While the spreadsheets were developed
using Tekton 12, many True Type font size 12 (e.g. Arial or
preferably Times New Roman 12) may give adequate
presentation.

Values in red or red backgrounds

During operation, values in red or cells with red backgrounds
flag either incorrect data to be changed or excess data to be
cleared (manually). Even using Space as an entry might
generate red backgrounds.
If you make a mess of it
Start again from the base version of the spreadsheet on the
CD-ROM.
Printing
The sheets may be printed out in several ways:
Through the automated print buttons in the
spreadsheets (using these print macros will over-write
print areas defined elsewhere)
Using the Print icon on Excels standard toolbar

If a series of hashes (#####) still appears, it may be necessary

to resize the column width.
Screen view
The spreadsheets have been developed assuming that part,
if not the whole, of the Operating Instructions column is in
view. This column contains comments, instructions, checks,
explanations etc. and is important to the correct operation
of the spreadsheets.
Generally, a screen zoom of 75% has been used as a default
size on the sheets. Occasionally, other zoom sizes have been
used in order to aid comprehension.
Input
In the spreadsheets, input data is blue and underlined. New
data may be input by overwriting default values or by
entering values in greyed out cells. Entering data in farleft greyed-out cells will also remove the grey conditional
background to other cells, which will then require data entry.
Some input cells refer back to data on previous sheets within
a workbook. These are coloured magenta, but change back
to blue if other data are entered.
Do not copy and paste input from one cell to another as
this may cause formatting and other errors. Do not use
Space, Enter (the space equals text). If similar input is
required in other cells then use = cell reference with caution,
e.g. = B16 in the appropriate input cell.
All non-input cells should have nominal protection and the
contents of these cells can be overwritten only if the user
has taken positive steps to overcome protection in order to
overwrite original contents.

12

Using File/ Print within Excel

Copying and pasting (special) parts of the spreadsheets
to a word processor or other package. (Pasting (special)
into a word processor file as a bitmap produces a
wysiwyg image.
Pasting as other formats will probably require some
pre-copying formatting of the spreadsheet and/or postformatting of receiving cells.)
Print areas may be defined by:
Highlighting area then clicking File/ Print Area/ Set
Print Area
Clicking View/ Page Break Preview and adjusting
boundaries to suit
Print previewing can be achieved using the Print Preview
icon on the standard toolbar.
Print formatting
Different hardware and software are configured in many
different ways. This situation leads to many variations on
the actual print from individual printers. Best results are likely
to be obtained from Windows printers but even these may
not produce printing that is identical to that in this
publication. Some manipulation for printing with your
configuration may be inevitable. See also Printreg.xls under
Admin files.
Auto complete
Excels facility for AutoCompleting cells (e.g. entering T
might auto complete to Type) can be a mixed blessing. In
most spreadsheets it should be turned off via Tools/ Options/
Edit and clearing the Enable AutoComplete for cell values
box.

GENERAL NOTES

Help

Registered User

Help is available from this User Guide, Spreadsheets for

concrete design to BS 8110: Part 1 and EC2. This can be read
as either:

Name:

2 colour printed copy available from BCA Publication

Sales

Address 1:

In full colour through the Adobe Acrobat file

UserGuid.pdf on the CD-ROM. A copy of Adobe
Acrobat Reader will be required to read this file. If not
already installed on your computer, a copy is available
for installation on the CD-ROM. This facility is provided
courtesy of Adobe and is subject to their conditions of
use

Town:

As the Word document UserGuid.doc (text only) also

available on the CD-ROM.

E-mail:

Help is also available at the following places:

No. of employees

Within Excel under Help

Cheques payable to: The Reinforced Concrete Council

Send to: Reinforced Concrete Council, Century House,
Telford Avenue, Crowthorne, Berkshire RG45 6YS

To the right hand side of the spreadsheets, cells under

Operating Instructions contain help and error messages
Queries should be e-mailed to rcc@bca.org.uk.
Preference will be given to those who register and
quote their password, but the RCC cannot guarantee to
reply. See Shareware registration below. The RCC
regrets that telephone enquiries cannot be dealt with.

Continued use
Shareware
These spreadsheets are offered as shareware. This can be
considered a try before you buy system where you are
expected to pay the program authors a registration fee if
you find the programs useful or if they are used for
commercial design. In general you may pass on copies of
shareware programs to colleagues within the UK, although
commercial (for a fee) distribution requires special written
permission from the publisher.
Shareware registration
Designers who use this software in the course of their work
are requested to pay a registration fee of 50 + VAT per
office where the spreadsheets are used. The registration will
cover spreadsheets to both BS 8110 and EC2. In order to
register please either use a print-out of Printreg.xls (see
under Supporting folders page 152) or take a copy of this
page, fill it in and return with payment to The Reinforced
Concrete Council. Separate conditions apply for use outside
the UK and for educational establishments - please apply in
writing.

Organisation:
Address 2:
County:
Postcode (& Country):
Phone:
Fax:
Nature of business:

Benefits of registration
Registrants will receive:
A receipt
A password
By quoting their password, preferential treatment with
regard to support
By using their password, free access to download any
new or updated spreadsheets that may be made
available on the RCCs website at www.RCCinfo.org.uk.
Registration will be valid for at least one year. Beyond that
period the RCC reserves the right to charge for downloading
updates in order to cover costs.
Support
E-mailed questions, comments, developments and
suggestions are welcomed. Send them to rcc@bca.org.uk.
The RCC regrets that it cannot guarantee to reply or to enter
into correspondence. Preference will be given to those who
register and quote their password. The RCC regrets that
telephone enquiries cannot be dealt with.
Updates
It is intended that the RCCs website (www.RCC-info.org.uk)
will include updated versions of the spreadsheets. These will
be downloadable by registrants who can supply their valid
password.

Conditions of use: disclaimers

A fundamental condition of use is that the user accepts
responsibility for the input and output of the computer
and how it is used.

13

GENERAL NOTES

Whilst the spreadsheets have been checked with all

reasonable care and diligence, they cannot be guaranteed
for use in every every eventuality.
Validation was held to be extremely important by the
Advisory Group but these spreadsheets can never be fully
validated. However, they but have been through beta
testing, both formally and informally, through members of
the Advisory Group and others. Users must satisfy themselves
that the uses to which the spreadsheets are put are
appropriate. Users must have read, understood and accepted
the disclaimer contained on the inside front cover of this
publication (and repeated in the sheet named Notes! in each
spreadsheet).

Change control
Nominal protection
Users and managers should be aware that the preadsheets
can be changed. Beyond nominal cell and sheet protection,
the files are open and can be changed. There are several
reasons for this:
The files can be customised by users to their own
preferred methods of presentation and design (e.g.
deflections might be calculated to part 2 of BS 8110;
individual firms or project logos might replace the
RCCs logo)
The protection should stop inadvertent changes and
corruption of cells
Developments and improvements can be made and fed
back to the RCC. Such feedback is encouraged and
allows a wider consensus to be gained
Protection can always be overcome by determined
users
Fully protected files can hide cell contents
Spreadsheet emulators are at present unsuitable for
these particular applications
Different designers want different facilities available to
them and should not be restricted
The spreadsheets are all protected (but with no password).
In other words users have to do something positive if they
are to change any formulae, and must therefore take
responsibility for any deliberate or accidental changes. The
projects Advisory Group held this to be a sensible position.
Users and managers must address change control and
versions for use. The RCC can only control the base versions
issued on CD-ROM (and web page). The published examples
can be used as record copies to help identify changes. Users
Quality Assurance procedures may dictate the use of more
sophisticated protection measures.
Development
The protection may be over-ridden to allow customisation
and individual development. Any development of the
spreadsheets should be undertaken by experienced staff who

14

have a good understanding of the problems and pitfalls of

both design and spreadsheets. It may take an experienced
engineer four or five times longer to prepare a spreadsheet
than it would to produce the equivalent manual calculation:
robust, commercially acceptable spreadsheets may take 50
times as long. They can take even longer to test, check and
correct. Only repetition of use makes the investment of time
worthwhile.
With relatively open files, designers are at liberty to alter
the spreadsheets as they wish. However, they must satisfy
themselves that any alterations are correct and do not
interfere with any other aspect of the spreadsheet in
question and conform to any QA procedures.
Notwithstanding the above, copyright of the spreadsheet
contents remains with the BCA for the RCC. Altered or
amended versions of the spreadsheets may not be sold or
hired without the written permission of the RCC.
Please inform the RCC of any major discrepancies found or
improvements made.
Saving files/file management
Many users save spreadsheets to a directory and/or folder
of their choice. This is particularly true where spreadsheets
pertaining to a particular project are saved to a folder given
the projects name.

Assumptions made
During the course of development of these spreadsheets, a
number of structural and computing assumptions have been
made. These are discussed below
As enhancement
Several of the spreadsheets contain automatic routines that
increase As in order to reduce service stress fs and therefore
increase modification factors in order to satisfy deflection
checks. The As enhancement values are the percentages by
which As required for bending are increased in order to
satisfy deflection criteria.
Reinforcement densities
Some spreadsheets give an indication of weight of
reinforcement in the margin under Operating Instructions.
These densities should be used with great caution. Many
factors can affect actual reinforcement quantities on specific
projects. These include different methods of analysis, nonrectangular layouts, large holes, actual covers used, detailing
preferences (curtailment, laps and wastage), and the
unforeseen complications that inevitably occur. As may be
examined in the sheets entitled weight, the densities given
relate to simple rectangular layouts and the RCCs
interpretation of BS 8110. They make no specific allowance
for wastage.

GENERAL NOTES

The densities assume that the areas or volumes of slabs are

measured gross, e.g. slabs are measured through beams.
Beam reinforcement densities relate to web width multiplied
by overall depth
Rationalisation of reinforcement
Although it may appear that many of the spreadsheets give
least-weight solutions (hence more bars, more work), the
amounts of reinforcement derived are actually accurate (and
not necessarily rationalised). It is intended, therefore, that
the amounts of reinforcement derived from the spreadsheet
should be considered as minima.
Redistribution
The spreadsheets with analysis allow redistribution in
accordance with BS 8110: Part 1, Clause 3.2.2.1. The user
may choose between three options. These options do not
Redistribution of moments: options for
calculating span moments
Speadsheet
option
number

Design
support
moment

bbM

affect redistribution at supports but do determine how span

moments are calculated, as shown in the following table.
The user should specify more rationalised reinforcement
layouts to the detailer. Rationalisation should be done
manually there would seem to be too many variables and
personal preferences to enable automatic rationalisation. A
detailer can always close up spacing and/or reduce bar
diameters if desired.
Most often the spreadsheets require bar size as input, rather
than bar spacing. This can lead to unusual, but correct,
spacings. Where bar diameter input is available, it may be
worth investigating larger bars (at larger centres). For
instance, in the design of a flat slab it would probably be
preferable to use 4828 larger bars at greater centres rather
than 6840 smaller bars at small centres (weight is marginally
different, 82.5 kg/m3 c.f. 80.8 kg/m3). This results in 30%
fewer bars compared with 2% extra steel. Rationalised
arrangements with least number of bars without breaking

Design span moments

Support moment from
which span moment is
calculated
bbM

Comments
Design span moments will probably be less than elastic
moment (minimum of 70% of elastic moment).
This option may lead to a kinked bending moment diagram as
the 70% kicks-in in the spans.
In the case of thin sections such as slabs, consideration of span
deflection and service stress often leads to reinstatement of any
reinforcement theoretically saved.

bbM

Minimum of
bbM and Malt/bb

Design span moments might be less than elastic

moment but less likely than with option 0.
Increasing the minimum support moment for the calculation
of span moment from Malt to Malt/bb is seen as a sensible
compromise between options 0 and 2.

bbM

Minimum of
bbM and Malt

Design span moments cannot be less than than

elastic moment.
Most often used but if, typically, 20% redistribution is
specified at supports, design span moments will increase by
about 10% over elastic span moments.
Again, in thin sections, consideration of deflection and service
stress can limit additional amounts of reinforcement due to
increased span moment.

Where
bb
= (moment after redistribution)/(moment before redistribution)
= 100% - % redistribution requested
M
= elastic moment at support, all spans loaded
Malt = maximum elastic Moment at support, alternate spans loaded

15

GENERAL NOTES

the spacing rules and least number of bar marks are always
preferable. Eventually, it may be possible to automate this
process, but for the time being it is between the program
user (i.e. the designer) and the detailer to decide how to
rationalise bar arrangements. Any estimates of
reinforcement must take this process into account.
Other spreadsheets tend to size bars in such a way that
minimum centres (or clear spacings) are not exceeded.
It is assumed that issues of detail will be considered by the
engineer and detailer. Issues such as radius of bottom bars
and beam bearings, space between bars in narrow beams,
spliced bars at supports of beams, connection details, etc.,
need to be considered.
Imposed c.f. live loads
Loosely, Imposed load is taken to be the characteristic load
input by the user. Live load is taken to be that part of the
ultimate load that is not characteristic dead load (i.e. Live
load = n - gk).
#DIV/0! (Divide by zero) errors
In some spreadsheets, #DIV/0! results may arise and be
displayed. In sheets intended for printing out, #DIV/0!
indicates an error in or invalid input. In sheets of workings,
they have no relevance to the validity of the sheet or the
spreadsheet as a whole.
Please note that in many cases, but not all, a very small value
has been used rather than zero in order to avoid #DIV/0!
(divide by zero) problems in Excel, e.g. [RCC53.xls]Cases!
13:B18 where = IF(ERROR(G3),0.000001,G3) has been used.
Linking spreadsheets
To avoid complications, links between different spreadsheets
have not been used. Nonetheless, for the experienced user,
linking provides a powerful tool. The results of one
spreadsheet can be linked through to become the input for
another, or project data can be auto-loaded. This minimises
the amount of input required and at the same time reduces
the scope for error in data transfers. For example, the results
of a beam analysis can be carried through to beam design.
Any links created by the user are at his or her discretion.
Deflections
Deflection checks are based on span:depth criteria in the
codes. Estimates of actual deflections are not yet available
within the spreadsheets.
Analysis: cantilever deflections and support
rotation
Support rotations are ignored. Support rotation cannot be
determined except as part of a rigorous deflection analysis.
Rotations cannot be easily derived from moment
distribution, and in any case, gross section slopes are of little
or no value. It is assumed that BS 8110s usual deemed-tosatisfy L/d checks (rule of thumb) are adequate.

16

If support rotations are expected to be critical additional

checks should be undertaken.
Sign convention
Sagging moments are considered to be positive moment and
are plotted downwards. This convention was used so that
Excel plots the bending moment diagram in the direction of
the deflected form (the right way from the engineer s point
of view!).
Screen resolution
The spreadsheets have been developed in 1024 x 768
resolution, so that their appearance will be acceptable
between SVGA (800 x 600) and 1280 x 1024. They will
obviously work in VGA (600 x 480), but higher resolutions
are recommended.
Y2K
The spreadsheets rely on Excel and the users systems being
year 2000 compliant.

ELEMENTS

RCC11

SPREADSHEETS TO BS 8110

RCC11 Element Design.xls

RCC11.xls includes sheets for designing
Solid slabs,
Rectangular beams,
T beams (and ribbed slabs) for bending,
Beam shear and
Columns with axial load and bending about one axis.
RCC11.xls designs elements to BS 8110: Part 1, 1997. It is
assumed that loads, moments, shears, etc. are available for
input from hand calculations or analysis from elsewhere. A
governing criterion can be deflection; span-to-depth ratios
are used as per BS 8110: Part 1, Clause 3.4.6.

SLAB!
This sheet allows for the design of a section of solid slab in
a single simply-supported span, in a continuous span, at
supports or in a cantilever. These choices have a bearing on
deflection limitations and the user should choose the
appropriate location from the combo-box to the right hand
side. The user may also choose to allow for no or nominal
compression steel; this again affects deflection factors. To
an extent the spreadsheet will automatically increase
reinforcement in order to lower service stresses and enhance
allowable span to depth ratios. The spreadsheet allows a
certain amount of theoretical over-stress as defined by the
user in cell M7. Engineering judgement is required to ensure
that any over-stress is acceptable and that specified
reinforcement is sensibly rationalised.
The example is taken from Designed and detailed (15). The
slight variance in reinforcement requirements is due to the
spreadsheet allowing marginal over-stress and allowing
centres in increments of 25 mm.

RECT~BEAM!
This sheet designs rectangular beams. The location of the
beam may be either in a single simply-supported span, in a
continuous span, at supports or in a cantilever. These choices
have a bearing on deflection limitations and the user should
choose the appropriate location from the combo-box to the
right hand side.
When considering span reinforcement, the spreadsheet will,
where necessary, automatically increase reinforcement in
order to lower service stresses and enhance allowable spanto-depth ratios. In checking deflection, the sheet entitled
RECT~BEAM! includes two bars of the specified
reinforcement diameter to derive a modification factor for
compression reinforcement. The facility to specify additional
compression reinforcement to enhance span-to-depth ratios
is contained within TEE~BEAM!

The example is taken from Designed and detailed (15). The

expression for area of tension steel required may be
unfamiliar to some and is explained below:
As = (39 x 106/390.0 + 242.5 x 106/381.1)/438.1
= ([M - Mu]/[d - d] + Mu/z)/(fy/gm)
= As + Mu(gm/zfy)
= 1684 mm

TEE~BEAM!
TEE~BEAM designs T beams and L beams in single simplysupported span, end span, internal span or cantilever
locations. Again, these choices have a bearing on deflection
limitations and the user should choose the appropriate
location from the combo-box to the right hand side. With
respect to the effective width of the flange, the user may
also choose that the section is considered as a tee- or an
inverted L beam.
A default value for the width of the flange bf is calculated
and displayed as input. This cell may be overwritten if, for
instance, say the user wishes to allow for openings etc. The
default is calculated as being:
web width + 0.14 span for T beams, internal span
web width + 0.16 span for T beams, end span
web width + 0.07 span for L beams, internal span
web width + 0.08 span for L beams, end span
In the determination of compression steel, where the neutral
axis lies below flange, the concrete in web, bw, below flange
has been ignored. This is seen as a valid alternative to the
approach in Clause 3.4.4.5 .
In order to calculate the appropriate deflection factor for
compression reinforcement, there is a facility to specify
compression reinforcement. When considering deflection,
the spreadsheet will, where necessary, automatically increase
span reinforcement in order to lower service stresses and
enhance allowable span-to-depth ratios.
The example is taken from Designed and detailed (15). The
span could have been defined as an end span rather than
interior span: the part of the span in hogging would have
been greater than the 70% assumed and the width of the
flange could have been taken as being wider (1580 mm),
leading to some economy.

SHEAR!
This sheet checks beams or slabs for shear and calculates
any shear reinforcement required. It is hoped that the input
is self-explanatory.

17

ELEMENTS

RCC11

Providing the applied load is fundamentally a UDL, or where

the principal load is located further than 2d from the face
of the support, BS 8110: Clause 3.4.5.10 allows shear to be
checked at d from the face of support. Checks for maximum
shear (either 5.0 N/mm 2 or 0.8f cu0.5) are carried out
automatically. A maximum link spacing of 600 mm is used;
this is seen as a sensible maximum.
The example is taken from Designed and detailed (15). The
value of shear used is that at d from the face of support (i.e.
300.0 (0.45 + 0.30/2) x 68.12 = 259 kN). The designed links
would be necessary for a distance of 1500 mm from this
position before reverting to nominal link arrangements. It
may have been more appropriate to have used T10s and the
full 300.0 kN shear at centre of support. This would have
lead to T10 @125 for 1750 mm from the centre of support.
(The difference in length of designed links is due to the
different capacity of the nominal links.)
Apart from punching shear, shear in slabs is rarely critical.
(See RCC13.xls.)

COLUMN!
This sheet designs symmetrical rectangular columns where
both axial load, N, and maximum design moment, Mx are
known (see BS 8110: Part 1, Clause 3.8.2, 3 and 4). It iterates
x/h to determine where the neutral axis lies. The sheet
includes stress and strain diagrams to aid comprehension of
the final design.
For simplicity, where three or more bars are required in the
top and bottom of the section, it is assumed that a
(rotationally) symmetrical arrangement will be required for
the side faces. This appears to be common practice, for small
to medium sized columns.
For more detailed consideration see RCC52.xls. In particular,
see RCC53.xls regarding the issue of side bars.
COLUMN! Assumes that the moment entered has already
been adjusted, if necessary, for bi-axial bending. For many
side and all corner columns, there is no other choice than to
design for bi-axial bending, and the method given in Clause
3.8.4.5 must be adhered to, i.e., RCC53.xls or sheets 2 and 3
of RCC51.xls should be used.
Theoretical shortfalls in area of up to 2% are considered to
be acceptable. In theory, negative amounts of reinforcement
required can be obtained but these are superseded by
requirements for minimum amounts of reinforcement in
columns. No adjustment is made in the area of concrete
occupied by reinforcement.
Maximum link centres are given. The routine in the area
L61:U81 investigates shear when, in accordance with Clause
3.8.4.6, M/N > 0.6h. In such cases either a maximum allowable
shear is shown where shear is critical, or input of shear and
number of legs in links allows the links to be designed for

18

the applied shear. Even in unbraced structures shear is rarely

likely to be critical.
The example is taken from Designed and detailed (15).

ELEMENTS

RCC11

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19

ELEMENTS

RCC11

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RCC11

TEE~BEAM

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21

ELEMENTS

RCC11

SHEAR

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RCC11

COLUMN

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23

ELEMENTS

RCC12

RCC12 Bending and Axial Force.xls

This spreadsheet gives an interaction chart for moment
against axial load for rectangular sections with asymmetrical
reinforcement arrangements. Initially intended for beams
with axial load it is also applicable to asymmetrically
reinforced columns.

MAIN!
Moments are considered to be about the x-x axis. All applied
loads and moments should be ultimate and positive, as
positive moments induce tension in the bottom
reinforcement.
With asymmetrical arrangements of reinforcement the
diagram indicates that negative moments are theoretically
possible. After much consideration, the diagram is
considered to be correct but strictly is valid only for load
cases where the member is operating above 0.1fcu and with
at least minimum eccentricity. These limits are shown on
the graph. A reciprocal diagram is generated automatically
when top and bottom steels are reversed in the input.

Calcs!
Calcs! Shows the derivation of the chart where moment
capacity is calculated at intervals of neutral axis depth from
n.a. depth for N = 0 to n.a. depth for N = Nbal, then in
intervals from n.a. depth for N = Nbal to n.a. depth for N = Nuz.
This sheet shows workings and is not necessarily intended
for printing out other than for checking purposes.

24

ELEMENTS

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25

ELEMENTS

RCC13

RCC13 Punching Shear.xls

This spreadsheet designs punching shear links. Essentially it
is intended to be used with simple rectangular flat slabs to
BS 8110 i.e. with RCC33.xls. Equally it can be used in
conjunction with RCC81.xls or to check wide beams in, say,
troughed slabs.
The spreadsheet is presented as four pairs of sheets dealing
with internal, edge, (external) corner and re-entrant corners.
It should be remembered that in slabs these traditional links
are time-consuming to fix on site proprietary systems are
generally much quicker to fix on site and this far outweighs
first cost.

INTERNAL! (Similarly EDGE!, CORNER and

REENTRANT!)
These sheets constitute the input and main output. Input is
fairly self-evident but, as ever, care must be exercised in
ensuring correct values are used. The top diagram acts as a
legend and the chart at the bottom of the sheet shows the
column, any holes and link perimeters, and should act both
as a check for input and help explain output. The x-x axis is
across the page.
To the right is a combo-box that allows either:
Input of both Vt (design shear transferred to column)
and Veff (design effective shear including allowance for
moment transfer) is required. These figures should be
available from sub-frame analysis e.g. output from
RCC33.xls under Reactions (see p 50). A value of Veff,
computed from Vt and the factor according to location
of the column (see BS 8110: Part 1, Clause 3.7.6) is
suggested under Operating Instructions: in general this
figure may be regarded as a maximum: calculating
effective shear from moment transfer generally results
in lower figures.
or
Input of Vt alone. Veff defaults to the values given in
BS 8110: Part 1, Clause 3.7.6
The areas of steel in the two directions should be averages
in each direction, i.e., ensure that it reflects the actual
reinforcement in the sides of the perimeter, an average of
column strips and middle strips as appropriate.
Except when checking column face shear, holes under half
the slab depth or column side are ignored as in the second
paragraph of BS 8110: Part 1, Clause 3.7.7.7. Multiple holes
should be aggregated pro-rata as if they were one hole at
one position.
The shear at 1.5 d and at the first perimeter requiring no
reinforcement is shown under Results.

26

The examples emulate the example used for RCC33.xls, i.e.

emanating from the in-situ building of the European
Concrete Building Project (ECBP) at BRE Cardington. Veff is
given as an input. Reinforcement has been increased to T16
@ 150 (1340 mm2/m) both ways to increase vc to overcome
problems with rules regarding v > 2vc (see Clause 3.7.7.5).
As will be seen Veff is less than 1.4Vt. In the case of edge
columns, a factor of 1.25 can be used if bending is about an
axis parallel to edge and 1.4 if perpendicular (Clause 3.7.6.3).
A worse case has therefore been taken.

Int Dets! (Similarly Edge Dets!, Corner Dets

and Re-ent Dets!)
These sheets show design calculations, determination of
critical perimeters, enclosed areas and link requirements
complete with references to BS 8110. They are not necessarily
intended for printing out other than for checking purposes.
The area load is deducted from Vt, before Vt is enhanced.
These sheets use the relationship Veff/Vt to calculate shear at
successive perimeters. Deductions for holes in the calculation
of shear perimeters are calculated by finding the angle
defined by the extremities of the hole. The projection of
this angle is deducted from the appropriate perimeter.

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RCC13

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RCC13

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ELEMENTS

RCC14

RCC14 Crack Width.xls

Crack Width!
In the design of reinforced concrete structures, it is assumed
that the tensile capacity of concrete does not contribute to
the strength of the structure, and steel reinforcement is
provided to resist the internal tensile forces that develop.
Because steel reinforcement can develop the resisting tensile
force only by extension (i.e. steel needs to extend to develop
stress), and hence causes cracks to form in the surrounding
concrete, cracks in reinforced concrete structures cannot be
avoided. In day-to-day practical design, crack widths are
controlled by limiting the maximum spacings of the tension
reinforcement. However there are times when the engineer
will need to carry out more rigorous analysis and calculations,
e.g. in the design of water-retaining structures, and design
for severe exposure where estimation/prediction of crack
width is important. This spreadsheet calculates crack widths
in accordance with BS 8110 and BS 8007.
Crack width limits are set as:
BS 8110: Part 1, Clause 3.12.11.2.1 0.3 mm In normal
reinforced concrete structures
BS 8007 0.2 mm In water-retaining structures under
severe or very severe exposure
BS 8007 0.1 mm In water-retaining structures with
critical aesthetic appearance
In calculation of crack width, elastic theory with cracked
section is adopted. Both BS 8110: Part 2 and BS 8007
appendix B gives the crack width formula.
W=

3 a cr

a c
1 + 2 cr

hx

In calculating crack width, w, the average strain, em, at the

level where cracking is being considered allows a stiffening
effect, e2 of concrete between cracks
m

where e1 is the theoretical strain at the level considered,

calculated on the assumption of a cracked section using half
the concrete modulus Ec to allow for creep effects.
2

b (h x )2
3 E s A s (d x )

BS 8007 allows an additional enhancement factor of 1.5 in

calculating e2 for structures designed with a crack width
limit of 0.1 mm. The spreadsheet provides an option to adopt
this enhanced factor if design crack width is limit to 0.1 mm.
To choose this option, select the blue check box on the
right hand margin.

32

acr is the distance from the point considered to the surface

of the nearest longitudinal bar. The input value is defaulted
to the distance at the point on the tension face midway
between two bars. However other values can be entered to
suit other locations, e.g. corner bars. The default value can
be reset by pressing the blue button on the right hand
margin.

ELEMENTS

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RCC14

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ANALYSIS

RCC21

RCC21 Subframe Analysis.xls

RCC21 SubframeAnalysis.xls analyses sub-frames in
accordance with BS 8110 using moment distribution. Inputs
are required on two sheets.

MAIN!
This single sheet consists of the main inputs, most of which
should be self-explanatory. As in other spreadsheets, avoid
pasting input from one cell to another as this may cause
formatting and other errors.
The dimension of the flange width, bf, is automated to be
either bw + 0.07 x span for L beams or bw + 0.14 x span for T
beams.
Unwanted data cells are greyed out. The use of C, K, or E
can alter the characteristics of a support from cantilever to
knife-edge to encastre. Remote ends of supports may be F
for fixed; otherwise they default to pinned. Extraneous data
is highlighted in red or by messages in red. Under Operating
Instructions a number of checks, mainly for missing entries,
are carried out and any problems are highlighted. At the
bottom of the sheet a simplistic but to-scale arrangement
and loading diagram is shown. This is given to aid data
checking. It may prove prudent to write down expected
values for bending moments at each support down before
progressing to ACTIONS!
Also, under Operating instructions, the user should input
the type of redistribution required as explained more fully
under Redistribution (see page 17).
0 means full redistribution
1 limits alternate span upward redistribution to the
percentage specified
2 means no span moment redistribution
UDLs are input as line loads e.g. 4k N/m2 for a 5.0 m wide
bay would be input as 20 kN/m.
Ultimate and characteristic support reactions are given at
the bottom of the sheet

ACTIONS!
This sheet includes charts showing the elastic bending
moment diagram, redistributed moment envelope, elastic
shear forces and envelope of redistributed shear forces.
These diagrams are based on data from the analysis
undertaken in Analysis! at 1/20 span points. Maximum span
and support moments are given.
The user is required to input desired amounts of
redistribution to the initial moments in line 26. Cell L14
allows three types of distribution according to the users
preference for calculating span moments (see Assumptions
made: redistribution). Redistribution input is included close

34

to the bending moment diagrams in order to give the user

control rather than relying on blanket redistribution.
The sheet also tabulates elastic and redistributed ultimate
shears and column moments according to the various load
cases.

Analysis!
This sheet details the moment distribution analysis carried
out but is not necessarily intended for printing out other
than for checking purposes

Graf!
This sheet comprises data for graphs used on other sheets,
particularly in ACTIONS! It is not necessarily intended for
printing out other than for checking purposes

ANALYSIS

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RCC21

ACTIONS

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36

SLABS

RCC31

RCC31 One-way Solid Slabs (A & D).xls

This spreadsheet analyses and designs (A & D: Analysis and
design) up to six spans of one-way solid slabs to BS 8110
using continuous beam analysis. There is user input on each
of the first four sheets and choice of reinforcement for each
span is implicit.

MAIN!
This single sheet consists of the main inputs, most of which
should be self-explanatory.
The number of spans is altered by entering or deleting data
under L (m). Unwanted data cells are greyed out. The use
of C, K or E can alter the characteristics of the end supports
from cantilever to knife-edge to encastre. Extraneous data
is highlighted in red or by messages in red. Under Operating
Instructions a number of checks are carried out and problems
are highlighted.
For the purposes of defining load, the section is assumed to
be 1.00 m wide. At the bottom of the sheet a simplistic
loading diagram is given to aid data checking. Great care
should be taken to ensure this sheet is completed correctly
for the case in hand. It may prove prudent to write down
expected values of bending moments at each support down
before progressing to ACTIONS!
Support reactions are given at the bottom of the sheet.

With regard to deflection, the area of steel required, As mm2/

m, shown under heading Design, may have been
automatically increased in order to reduce service stress, fs,
and increase modification factors to satisfy deflection
criteria. The percentage increase, if any, is shown under
Deflection. With respect to cantilevers, neither compression
steel enhancement nor consideration of rotation at supports
is included.
Hogging moments at span are checked and used in the
determination of top steel in spans. Careful examination of
the Bending Moment Diagram and Graf! should help to
determine whether any curtailment of this reinforcement is
warranted.
To avoid undue sensitivity, especially with regard to
deflection, reinforcement may be over-stressed by up to 2.5%
Please note that this example has a high point load near to
the first support. This load was chosen to illustrate that shear
is checked and that shear links can be designed. In more
usual circumstances, no shear links will be required and the
shear link diameter input at G22 should be deleted.

Weight!
Weight! gives an estimate of the amount of reinforcement
required in one direction of the slab per bay and per cubic
metre. Bay and support widths are required as input.

ACTIONS!
This sheet shows bending moment and shear force diagrams
from the analysis undertaken in Analysis! The user is required
to input the desired amount of redistribution to the initial
moments in line 25. Cell J14 allows three types of distribution
according to the users preferences. Requesting
redistribution at a cantilever produces a warning message
in the remarks column.

SPANS!
In SPANS! the user is required to choose top, bottom and
link reinforcement for each span. The amounts of bending
and shear reinforcement required and checks are derived
from detailed calculations in Bar! Unwanted cells are greyed
out.
Unless overwritten, reinforcement diameter specified for a
support carries through both sides of the support, i.e. the
diameter specified for the right hand support of a span
carries over to the left hand support of the next span. It
may be possible to obtain different numbers of bars each
side of the support due to differences in depth or to comply
with minimum 50% span steel; practicality should dictate
that the maximum number of bars at each support should
be used.

Simplified curtailment rules, as defined in BS 8110 Clause

3.12, are used to determine lengths of bars. The figures
should be treated as approximate estimates only as they
cannot deal with the effects of designers and detailers
preferences, rationalisation, etc, etc. They do not allow for
reinforcement in supporting beams or for mesh.

Analysis!
This sheet details the moment distribution analysis carried
out but is not necessarily intended for printing out other
than for checking purposes.

Bar!
This sheet shows design calculations, complete with
references to BS 8110. It is not necessarily intended for
printing out other than for checking purposes. In many
instance service stress, fs, has been set to 1.0 or 0.0001 N/
mm2 to avoid problems with division by zero.

Graf!
This sheet comprises data for graphs used on other sheets,
particularly in ACTIONS! It is not necessarily intended for
printing out other than for checking purposes.

37

SLABS

RCC31

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SLABS

RCC32

RCC32 Ribbed Slabs (A & D).xls

Using continuous beam analysis, this spreadsheet analyses
and designs up to six spans of ribbed slab to BS 8110. There
is user input on each of the first three sheets and choice of
reinforcement for each span is implicit.

MAIN!
This single sheet consists of the main inputs which should
be self-explanatory.
The number of spans is altered by entering or deleting data
under L (m). Unwanted data cells are greyed out. The use
of C, K or F can alter the characteristics of the end supports
from cantilever to knife-edge to fixed. Extraneous data is
highlighted in red or by messages in red. Under Operating
Instructions a number of checks are carried out and any
problems are highlighted.

Hogging moments at span positions within a span are

checked and are used in the determination of top steel in
spans.

WEIGHT!

For the purposes of defining load the section under

consideration is assumed to be 1.00 m wide. It will be seen
from Bar! that moments per metre are converted to
moments per rib, and calculations of reinforcement areas
required etc., are based on moments and shear per rib. Great
care should be taken to ensure this sheet is completed
correctly for the case in hand. It may prove prudent to write
expected values of bending moments at each support down
before progressing to ACTIONS!

WEIGHT! Gives an estimate of the amount of reinforcement

required in one direction of the slab per rib and per square
metre. Simplified curtailment rules, as defined in BS 8110:
Part 1, Clause 3.12, are used in the determination of lengths
of bars. The figures should be treated as approximate
estimates only as they cannot deal with the effects of
designers and detailers preferences, rationalisation, etc, etc.
They do not allow for reinforcement in supporting beams
or for mesh.

Combo-boxes to the right under Operating Instructions

define minimum bar sizes to be used (e.g. at supports
between ribs) and whether the user wants to use links or
not. If links are required these may be either designed or
nominal links; the centres of nominal links can be changed.

Analysis!

Towards the bottom of the sheet a simplistic loading diagram

is given to aid data checking. At the bottom of the sheet,
support reactions are given.

ACTIONS!
This sheet shows bending moment and shear force diagrams
from the analysis undertaken in Analysis! The user is required
to input desired amount of redistribution to the initial
moments in line 26. Cell L14 allows three types of distribution
according to the users preferences. See Redistribution under
Assumptions made on page 17.
At some future stage might it be possible in the spreadsheet
to summarise reinforcement and where and why failures
have occurred.

SPANS!
In SPANS! the user is required to choose top, bottom and
link reinforcement for each span. The amounts of bending
and shear reinforcement required and checks are derived
from detailed calculations in Bar! Unwanted cells are greyed
out.

42

The reinforcement diameter specified for a support carries

through both sides of the support, i.e. the diameter specified
for the right hand support of a span carries over to the left
hand support of the next span. It should be noted that
hogging moment is checked both at the centre of support
(solid section) and the solid/rib intersection (ribbed section).
As the moments at the solid/rib intersection each side of
the support may differ, it may be possible to obtain a design
giving different numbers of bars each side of the support.
Practicality should dictate that the maximum number of bars
at each support is used for detailing.

This sheet details the moment distribution analysis carried

out. It is not necessarily intended for printing out, other
than for checking purposes.

Bar!
This sheet shows design calculations, complete with
references to BS 8110. It is not necessarily intended for
printing out other than for checking purposes. In spans,
service stress, fs, may be reduced to satisfy deflection criteria.
In many instances, minima of 1.0 or 0.0001 have been used
to avoid problems with division by zero.

Graf!
This sheet comprises data for graphs used on other sheets,
particularly in ACTIONS! It is not necessarily intended for
printing out other than for checking purposes.

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RCC33

RCC33 Flat Slabs (A & D).xls

RCC33.xls analyses and designs bays of simple rectangular
flat slabs to BS 8110: Part 1. The spreadsheet uses sub-frame
analysis with pattern loading to calculate a bending moment
envelope. This envelope may be subjected to redistribution.
For a complete rectangular flat slab the user is expected to
use the spreadsheet at least four times (internal bay(s) x - x,
internal bay(s) y - y, edge bay(s) x - x and edge bay(s) y - y).
Punching shear should be checked using RCC13.xls.
The spreadsheet does not currently allow for holes or drops
(maybe next time!). If holes are considered critical then the
user is directed towards using RCC21.xls (sub-frame analysis)
and allowing for holes in breadths used. See also Clause 3.7.5.
The single load case of all spans loaded (Clause 3.5.2.3) is
not used. Beyond panel aspect ratios of 1.5 consideration
might be given to the appropriateness of using other forms
of analysis (e.g. grillage or finite element).
The example emulates the design used on the in-situ building
of the European Concrete Building Project (ECBP) at BRE
Cardington, (albeit that on the ECBP fck = 30 N/mm2 i.e.
fcu = 37 N/mm2 and fy = 500 N/mm2 were used).

MAIN!
This sheet provides the main inputs to the spreadsheet
(although other inputs occur in other sheets).
Most inputs are (we hope) self-explanatory. LEGEND! should
help with definition of dimensions, e.g. edge distance C is
actually from centreline of column to edge of slab. Cover is
defined as being to the layer under design. The layering is
set at T1 - B1 (& T2 - B2) although T1 - B2 might be deemed
more appropriate (e.g. with prefabricated mats).
The number of spans is altered by entering data in the
appropriate cells. Unwanted data cells are greyed out. The
use of C, K, F or P can alter the characteristics of a support
from Cantilever to Knife-edge to Fixed to Pinned. Extraneous
data is highlighted in red or by messages in red. Under
Operating Instructions a number of checks are carried out
and problems found are highlighted. At the bottom of the
sheet a simplistic loading diagram is given to aid data
checking. Great care should be taken to ensure that this
sheet is completed correctly for the case in hand. It may
prove prudent to estimate values for bay width bending
moments at each support by hand before progressing to
ACTIONS!
Cantilevers less than 1.00 m should be described as end
distances (rather than cantilevers; otherwise certain logic
regarding breadth of effective moment transfer strip, be (see
BS 8110: Part 1, Figure 3.13), goes wrong). End distances
equivalent to the half width of the column should be used
to define slabs whose edge is flush with the outside of the

column. On edge columns, be restricts Mt max which in itself

restricts the amount of moment transferred into columns
above and below.
Load input should define the loads on the slab only. A
combo-box is used to switch between the internal or edge
bays. If EDGE is chosen, cells H14:I14 and E16:G16 become
operative and information about the perimeter load along
the edge and the distance of the edge from the centreline is
required as input. Perimeter loading is assumed to be dead
load.
Cell L51 gives an estimate of reinforcement requirements
for the element considered in the direction considered (not
both directions).
It will be noted that the example assumes the reinforcement
is in the second layer; therefore warnings concerning cover
greater than 40 mm should not be of too much concern.
The spreadsheet takes automatic measures to ensure
deflection criteria are met. It may be argued that in this
instance, with equal spans in the two directions, these
measures are unwarranted in that deflection criteria will
have been met in the orthogonal T1/B1 layer.
To the right under Operating instructions a number of checks
are carried out. Box markers indicate where checks have been
carried out and proved satisfactory.

ACTIONS!
This sheet shows bending moment and shear force diagrams
from the analysis undertaken in Analysis! The user is required
to input the desired amount of redistribution to the initial
moments in line 26. Cell L14 allows three types of distribution
according to the users preference.
The sheet also provides output reactions and column
moments. Using the value of Veff for punching shear obviates
the need to use the 1.15, 1.25 and 1.4 factors in Clause 3.7.6.2
to determine Veff from Vt.

SPANS!
SPANS! details the amounts of reinforcement required
derived from detailed calculations in Bar!

LEGEND!
LEGEND! gives an explanation of the dimensions used in
MAIN! and for the analysis and design.

WEIGHT!
WEIGHT! gives an estimate of the amount of reinforcement
required in one direction of the slab for the internal or end
bays considered. Simplified curtailment rules, as defined in

47

SLABS

RCC33

Clause 3.12, are used to determine lengths of bars. The

figures should be treated as approximate estimates only as
they cannot deal with the effects of designers and detailers
preferences, rationalisation, the effects of holes etc, etc.
They do not allow for punching shear links or link carrier
bars.

Analysis!
This sheet details the moment distribution analysis carried
out but is not necessarily intended for printing out other
than for checking purposes. It is derived from RCC21.xls.

Bar!
This sheet shows design calculations, complete with
references to BS 8110. It is not necessarily intended for
printing out other than for checking purposes.
Hogging moments at span positions within a span are
checked and are used in the determination of top steel in
spans.

Graf!
This sheet comprises data for graphs used on other sheets,
particularly in ACTIONS!

48

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BEAMS

RCC41

RCC41 Continuous Beams (A & D).xls

The spreadsheet designs multiple-span rectangular or
flanged beams using sub-frame analysis to derive moments
and shears. The intention is to provide the design and analysis
of up to six spans of continuous beams with or without
columns above and below. Spans may incorporate
cantilevers, fixed ends or knife-edge supports. There are
three main sheets: MAIN!, ACTIONS! and SPANS!

MAIN!
This sheet contains user input of materials, frame geometry
and load data.
Input data is blue and underlined. New data may be input
by overwriting default values or by entering values in greyed
out cells. Entering a value of 5.0 in cell C18 will clear a line
of data in both the span and support data ready for input.
Guidance on input for the type of section and type of end
condition of the support is given under Operating
Instructions.
The sheet has been set up with as many carry throughs as
possible, i.e. input cells are made equal to preceding input
cells to make the inputting of regular beams easier. Inputting
C18 as = C17 will insert 6.00 in the remaining spans: it will
also remove the grey conditional background to the
remaining spans, supports and loads and allow data entry.
Deleting C18, indeed C19, will blank out remaining spans,
etc. Generally, values in red or red backgrounds indicate
either incorrect or excess data. For instance, if knife-edge
supports are required, enter K in cells C24, C25 etc. This
will elicit red data to the right, which needs to be cleared
manually.
Do not copy and paste input values as this can corrupt
formatting (copy and paste values only is OK).
Rebar layering refers to whether there are beams in the
other direction. Answering yes drops by one bar diameter
the steel at the supports. For instance when using splice bars
at the support, bars in the other direction have to be avoided
- and allowed for in the design.
With respect to cantilevers, design for bending caters for
moments at the face of support; design for deflection
considers the cantilever from the centre line of support. In
beam-to-beam situations the width of support can be input
as being very small to avoid under-design in bending.
The example is taken from Designed and detailed (15). In order
to reflect this publication, the spreadsheet has been set up
with the beams being considered as rectangular in both the
analysis and design. The analysis in the spreadsheet mimics
Designed and detailed, but as the spreadsheet considers the
rectangular section for design, more reinforcement is
required particularly in the span. Some economy would have

been gained by considering the beams as T sections rather

than rectangular (192 kg/m3 c.f. 222 kg/m3). The spreadsheet
notes that cover to the top exceeds 40 mm. In this case, the
crack width should normally be checked.

ACTIONS!
ACTIONS! Includes bending moment and shear force
diagrams, summaries of moments and shears and user input
for amounts of redistribution. users should ensure that the
amounts of redistribution are always considered as there
are no default values.

SPANS!
This sheet designs reinforcement for bending in spans and
supports, and for shear in the spans.
User input is required for the diameters of bending and shear
reinforcement and for the number of legs of links in each
span. Some intuition may be required to obtain sensible and
rational arrangements of reinforcement. In order to
discourage the use of second layers of reinforcement, the
input cells for diameters of reinforcement in second layers
are nominally protected.
Support moments (including cantilever moments) are
considered at the face of the support. This may lead to
unequal amounts of reinforcement being designed for each
side of the support (see Bar!). Usually, the detailer would
be expected to detail the larger amount of reinforcement:
however where different section occur either side of a
support, the detailer should be briefed as to the designers
detailed requirements.
Non-existent spans are blanked out.
Besides the limit of maximum modification factor for
deflection = 2.0, an additional limit of maximum allowable
area of steel to comply with deflection criteria, Asdef, = 2 x
Asreqd, has been imposed.

Weight!
This sheet estimates the weight of reinforcement in the beam
when designed according to normal curtailment rules as
defined in BS 8110. Workings are shown on the right hand
side of the sheet. The estimate may be printed out using
File/print or the print button on the normal toolbar. It should
be recognised that different engineers and detailers
interpretations of these clauses, and different project
circumstances and requirements will all have a bearing on
actual quantities used.

Analysis!
This sheet shows the moment distributions used in the
analysis of the beam: it is not intended for formal printing.

53

BEAMS

RCC41

It will be seen that the loads are considered initially as 1.0gk

over all spans then as (gfg - 1.0)gk + gfqqk over alternate spans.

Bar!
Intended mainly for first time users and young engineers,
this sheet gives further details of the calculations summarised
in SPAN! Support moments are considered at faces of
supports; checks at span relate to hogging and any top
steel required is provided in the span.

Graf!
This sheet provides data for the charts in MAIN! and
ACTIONS!: it is not intended for formal printing.

54

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0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

3.9
11.9
-118
-20.7
-142
0
-142
-9.81
-124
-14.5
-99.7
-142
0
0
6

5.2
-172
-201
-35.9
0
-259
-259
7.776
-25.1
-141
-259
7.776
0
8

14
0
0

0
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

4.2
12.2
-111
-25.3
-128
0
-131
-15.9
-113
-17.7
-89.8
-131
0
0
6

5.6
-123
-155
-13.9
0
-215
-215
32.25
-9.76
-109
-215
32.25
0
8

14
0
14
0
0
14
0
0
14
0
0
14
0
0

0
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

4.5
12.5
-98.2
-27.5
-108
0
-115
-19.8
-95
-19.3
-75.5
-115
0
0
6

6
-62.6
-98.4
12.14
0
-159
-159
60.86
8.496
-68.9
-159
60.86
0
8

14
0
14
0
0
14
0
0
14
0
0
14
0
0

0
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

4.8
12.8
-78.9
-27.5
-81.3
0
-92.2
-21.2
-71
-19.2
-56.9
-92.2
0
0
6

6.4
8.501
-30.6
42.35
0
-92.9
-92.9
93.59
29.64
-21.4
-92.9
93.59
0
8

14
0
0
14
0
0

0
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

5.1
13.1
-53.4
-25.1
-48.6
0
-63.5
-20.4
-40.9
-17.6
-37.4
-63.5
0
0
6

6.8
90.46
48.04
76.69
0
-15.7
-15.7
130.5
63.32
33.62
-15.7
130.5
0
6.8

14
0
14
0
0
14
0
0

0
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

5.4
13.4
-21.9
-20.4
-9.8
0
-28.6
-17.3
-4.65
-6.86
-15.3
-28.6
0
0
5.4

7.2
183.3
137.6
115.2
0
72.35
72.35
171.4
128.3
80.61
0
171.4
0
8

14
0

0
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

5.7
13.7
15.82
-13.3
35.14
0
12.48
-11.8
37.71
24.6
-9.33
-11.8
37.71
0
6

7.6
287.1
238.1
157.7
0
171.3
171.3
216.6
201
110.4
0
216.6
0
8

14
0
0

0
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

6
14
59.64
-3.97
86.2
0
59.64
-3.97
86.2
60.34
-2.78
-3.97
86.2
0
6

8
401.7
349.4
204.5
0
281.2
281.2
265.8
281.2
143.1
0
281.2
0
8

14
0
0

14
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

36.96
-8.94
59.9
0
35.29
-8.16
61.19
41.93
-6.26
-8.16
61.19
0

311
232.4
196.3
0
245.8
262.8
246.4
217.7
137.4
137.4
262.8
0

0.15

5.85

0.15

at col face
0.15
7.85
143.5
357.5
155.9
306.4
41.97
186.5
0
0
116.7
238.7
116.7
238.7
53.78 246.9
109.1
250.2
29.38 130.5
29.38 130.5
116.7
250.2
0
0

14
0
0

14
0
0

14
0
0

PL 2

14
0
0

45.8
0
45.8
45.8

M(e) all

Local X

SPAN 2

L0

Beam

Upper bound

Lower bound

70% min

70% max

M(r) even

M(r) odd

M(r) all

Beam

M(e) even

M(e) odd

M(e) all

SPAN 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

MOMENT DIAGRAMS

14
0
0

0
8
348.1

0
179.5
193.1
54.34
0
154.5
154.5
65.21
135.2
38.04
0
154.5
0
4

45.8
0
45.8
45.8

0.3
8.3
275.4

0.4
87.03
97.35
22.63
0
57.26
57.26
36.03
68.15
15.84
0
68.15
0
4

Made by rmw Job No R68

Date
30-Nov-99

Beam

M(e) even

0
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
8
348.1
250.1
229.8
0
281.2
281.2
281.2
243.6
160.8
0
281.2
0
3

0
179.5
193.1
54.34
0
154.5
154.5
65.21
135.2
38.04
0
154.5
0
4

8
-72
8
0
25.8
0
45.8
45.8
8
45.8
45.8
8
45.8
45.8

GRAPH DATA I

RCC41

M(e) all

Local X

SPAN 3

L0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

8
25.8
45.8
0
45.8
45.8

14.39

1999 BCA for RCC

Beam

Upper bound

Lower bound

70% min

70% max

M(r) even

M(r) odd

M(r) all

Beam

M(e) even

M(e) odd

M(e) all

Local X

SPAN 2

L0

Beam

Upper bound

Lower bound

70% min

70% max

M(r) even

M(r) odd

M(r) all

Beam

M(e) even

M(e) odd

M(e) all

SPAN 1

MOMENT DIAGRAMS

PL 2

L PUDL
PL 1

L UDL
D PUDL

D UDL

SUPPORTS

BEAM

14
0
0
50.38
0
25.8
45.8
0
45.8
45.8
0
45.8
45.8
0
45.8
45.8

Originated from RCC41.xls on CD

14
25.8
45.8
8
45.8
45.8

Spreadsheets to BS 8110
D&D: Main beam Grids C to H, from grid 1 to 3

CONTINUOUS BEAM (Analysis & Design) to BS 8110:1997

LOADING DIAGRAM

Location

Project

BEAMS
GRAF

61

BEAMS

RCC42

RCC42 Post-tensioned Slabs & Beams (A & D).xls

This spreadsheet designs post-tensioned slab and beam
elements in accordance with BS 8110: Part 1, 1997. In essence
the spreadsheet checks a number of parameters: stresses at
transfer, stresses in service, moments of resistance at ULS,
shear, vibration, deflection, neutral axis depth, and
reinforcement service stress. These checks are shown in
SUMMARY!
The spreadsheet is set out in several layers.
MATDATA! Defines load cases, various options and
material properties.
SUMMARY! Summarises the design, analysis, checks
and outputs from the rest of the spreadsheet.
DETAILS! Shows the workings for the moment
distribution for the various load cases, profiles,
prestress losses and checks in some detail.
DEFLECT! Shows workings for deflection at 1/20 points
along each span.
Graf! Provides the data for the graphs, and values
generated are used for checking.
Users are referred to Post-tensioned concrete floors Design
Handbook(14), and Post-tensioned concrete floors (16) for
further details of methods and values used.
A maximum of three spans may be considered. Cantilevers
are not available. Shortening is calculated in the losses
section, but is not used to modify column moments. The
effects of restraint to both columns and prestress in the
member must be considered. The spreadsheet considers one
direction at a time only.

MATDATA!
The first sheet includes all the general and material input
data used in the subsequent sheets. Load combinations and
load factors are defined. The input under Options should
be self-explanatory. The choices have implications on the
design as shown below.
Stressing ends determines where prestressing losses
occur
Prestressing system Specifying unbonded or bonded
changes prestress loss calculations. Prestress losses tend
to be higher with bonded tendons as wobble factors
and coefficients of friction are higher but using several
strands in a single duct can lead to overall economy,
especially in more heavily loaded beams.
Commonly 70% to 75% is taken for initial estimates for
jacking force/final force. This quantity is calculated at
Details!N68:N69 and has to be re-specified in Details!
line 68 to be within 5 % of that calculated.
With respect to allowable flexural tensile stresses in
prestressed beams (and slabs), BS 8110: Part 1, defines
three classes (see Clause 4.3.4.3). These classes
determine the limits of tensile stress. For example see

62

BS 8110: Part 1, Clause 4.1.3, which also allows 5.0N/mm2

tensile strength for C40 concrete. For Class 3, which is
generally used for internal environments, cracking is
allowed either up to 0.1 mm or, more usually, to 0.2 mm.
Slab or Beam varies shear requirements and determines
whether nominal top bonded reinforcement is included
in the spans or not. Nominal top steel is included in
mid-span of beams. If slabs are specified, the user may
choose to use nominal top steel to overcome hogging
moments in the spans. Invoking the nominal bonded
reinforcement in mid-span should overcome most
problems with hogging in, say, dissimilar spans of slabs.
Slabs requires a second input; type of slab alters
parameters used in checking vibration.
Normal curtailment rules for bonded reinforcement are
not necessarily satisfactory for post-tensioned slabs and
beams. Nonetheless the spreadsheet assumes that
curtailment occurs at 0.3 x span.
With regard to concrete, the usual minimum strength used
in prestressing is 40 N/mm2. The minimum allowable strength
at transfer (i.e. when the tendons are initially stressed), fci,
is 25 N/mm2. Ambient temperatures during curing may be
taken as 15oC for a UK summer, but otherwise may be
dependent upon curing/insulation regimes. Typically, longterm Relative Humidity may be taken as 45% indoors, or
85% outdoors for the UK. Other data used in the
determination of various concrete factors, e.g. determination
of creep factors, is shown on the right hand side of the sheet.
These factors are case specific and have been derived from
the best available data for the various parameters shown.
The formulae for calculating creep factors and free shrinkage
strain are from C&CA paper TDH 2391 (17), and use the
following factors.
Kb is a factor depending on the composition of the
concrete,
Kc is an environmental factor,
Kd is a maturity factor,
Ke is an effective member thickness factor, and
Kt covers the development of the deferred deformation
with time.
Factors used in the derivation of material data are shown
on the next page as screen dump from the right hand side
of this sheet.
Details of strand used in the UK are given at the bottom of
the sheet. Users should ensure that their chosen strand is
readily available. Post-tensioned concrete floors (16) gives
typical values for m (coefficient of friction), K (wobble
factors), Rel% (relaxation) and draw-in (mm) in Tables 2.6
and 7.1.
It is usually assumed that working loads are applied at a
concrete age of 60 days (user input). The quasi-permanent

BEAMS

RCC42

imposed load should be assessed from the y2 factor in EC2,

which is usually 20% of imposed load for dwellings, 30%
for offices and stores, and 60% for parking. (One never takes
100%, as y2 adjusts for the very different f (creep) values.
Hence 30% is appropriate for more or less permanently
loaded structures: the high value for parking is to
compensate for long-term dynamic effects.)

Factors used in the

derivation of material data
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7.9

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12.2

13.7

16.2

18

19.5

20.6

21.7

22.6

23.2

25.2

26.5

40

5.2

7.8

12.2

15.5

18.1

20.1

23.2

25.5

27.3

29

30.4

31.3

32.2

34.5

36.1

11.4

12.7

35.8

37.8

60

13.7

15.2

21.7

26.6

30.1

32.8

37.3

40.4

43

45.4

47

48.4

49.6

52.7

54.6

40
50
40

0
0
0

5.2
11.4
5.2

7.8
12.7
7.8

12.2
18.1
12.2

15.5
22.2
15.5

18.1
25.1
18.1

20.1
27.3
20.1

23.2
31.1
23.2

25.5
33.7
25.5

27.3
35.8
27.3

29
37.8
29

30.4
39.2
30.4

31.3
40.3
31.3

32.2
41.3
32.2

34.5
43.9
34.5

36.1
45.5
36.1

Longterm

fcu inf
40

Et inf
28.00

50

18.1

22.2

25.1

EARLY STRENGTH

27.3

31.1

33.7

39.2

40.3

41.3

43.9

45.5

LATE STRENGTH

0.8

5.8

40

23.2

25.5

2.3

25.04

40

60

100

40

38.9

40

1.1

38.90

Kc = Relative Humidity factor

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63

BEAMS

RCC42

analysed). The self-weight is a user input. The construction

load is intended to be that required to be applied during
transfer (usually 1.5 kN/m2). However, designers should
consider the load history of the slab to ensure worst cases
are checked, e.g. temporary loads while casting floors above.
Bay widths in the normal direction do not affect the loading
unless, of course, the user chooses to introduce a suitable
relationship (in the loads input).

SUMMARY!
The first page (top part of the sheet entitled SUMMARY!)
shows input for the sub-frame analysis, i.e. dimensions and
loads.
Input should be fairly self explanatory. It should be noted
that H is in the plane of the screen and b, bw etc. at right
angles to the plane of the screen. Several warnings are given
under Operating Instructions; conditional formatting of cells
flags incorrect data.

The current configuration is shown in a chart. This gives a

scale representation of the spans, supports, loads and an
idealised cross section of each member. Charts also show
representations of the tendon profiles and equivalent loads
used in the analysis. For the tendons, a reversed parabolic
profile is used but minimum lengths of straight tendon are
used at the supports as recommended by Khan (16). Service
equivalent loads are shown: those at transfer may be viewed
at DETAILS!B361:N372.

Supports can be made to be knife-edge by inputting K in

column D: remote ends of columns can be either F for fixed,
or P for pinned. The line can be left blank. A support width
(h below) can be used in conjunction with a K support so
that design moments are used at the support face.
Data under Normal Direction is used for the vibration
checks. The number of bays affects possible modes of
vibration, which is checked in accordance with CS TR43 (14).
The vibration response factors calculated are accordance with
Steel Construction Institute (18) and Concrete Society
guidelines.

The next page (SUMMARY ii) as shown below is the nub of

the spreadsheet: it has a number of key inputs and outputs.
These include inputs of PI / Pj (initial force/ jacking force),
Pf / Pj (final force/ jacking force), number and height of
tendons, and amounts of bonded reinforcement (some of
the inputs are necessary to avoid circular arguments).

Vibration should not be a problem in post-tensioned slabs

and beams. Normally, vibration response factors of 12 are
used for very busy offices, 8 for normal offices, or 4 for high
specification offices or laboratories where vibration is critical.

As it is the nub of this spreadsheet the source of any failures

or missing information (e.g. no tendons or no tendon height
specified) will become apparent in SUMMARY ii. It is
suggested that users may wish to create a second window
of this part of the spreadsheet (Window/ New Window/
Arrange).

Loads are characteristic and are for the whole bay width
(not expressed as kN/m2 unless a 1 m bay width is being

Extract from SUMMARY ii

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BEAMS

With regard to Tendons the spreadsheet automatically

calculates the number of tendons for each span using an
algorithm. The algorithm uses either the maximum of the
median stress levels, or the maximum permitted. The
spreadsheet calculates the minimum number of strands
required so that permissible concrete tensions are not
exceeded at either the initial or final stage. Thus the numbers
of tendons are then shown as recommended values, and
the user can override them if required. Once the number of
tendons for each span has been fixed, the program attempts
to find an optimum single level of initial prestress for all
strands (this often appears to be the maximum permissible).
If the minimum force required generates excessive
compressive stresses, the section is deemed to have failed.
Tendons are assumed to be level through supports and
follow a parabolic profile between. The points of inflection
are taken to be at 1/10 of the clear span points.
Besides number of tendons, the main user control is to adjust
the value of Pf / Pi. This adjusts the number of tendons. One
would rarely need to adjust tendon heights.
The checks carried out are listed below.

RCC42

The fourth page (SUMMARY iv) gives details of shear

envelopes, vibration and deflection together with support
reactions and column moments.

DETAILS!
Over nine pages, DETAILS! shows detailed calculations
regarding section properties, distribution factors, moment
distribution used for the sub-frame analysis, profiling
constants, pre-stressing losses, balanced loads, ULS moment
and shear checks, and finally vibration.

DEFLECT!
The deflection sheet gives details of calculations dealing with
defections. The sheet entitled Graf! shows graph data
extracted from each sheet.

TYPICALC!
This sheet is intended to illustrate typical calculations for a
particular point in a span in order to show how all the criteria
are satisfied. The sheet illustrates the transfer and service
stress checks and the calculation of Moment of Resistance
carried out in tabular form in Graf! The point chosen is at
span and is highlighted in Graf!

Tendons (a)
Stresses at transfer (b)

Graf!

Stresses in service (c)

Graf! provides the data for the charts of the configuration

and loads, tendon profile, equivalent loads, ULS moments
and capacities, shear envelopes, deflections, stresses at
transfer and stresses in service within SUMMARY! Each chart
is plotted at 1/20 points along each span. Many values within
Graf! are used and checked for being minima or maxima for
the various criteria. For instance it may be here that problems
with hogging moments are found.

ULS MOR (d)

Shear (e)
Vibration (f)
Deflection (g)
Neutral axis depth
Rebar stress
In the spreadsheet, those that are unsatisfactory are
highlighted and directions are given for further information.
There are also two charts. The efficiency chart gives the
user an idea of how hard the section is working or how far
it is out. The second chart, ultimate limit state moment
envelope and moments of resistance (capacity), should be
used in conjunction with choosing amounts of bonded
reinforcement.
The third page (SUMMARY iii) shows stresses at transfer and
in service in both tabular and chart form. It should be noted
that, in keeping with current practice, moments are
considered at the face of columns. Thus peak moments are
not necessarily at column centrelines and moments might
be different each side of an internal column. Definition of
tendon height is theoretically for the whole of the profile
at supports. The convention used in the stress charts is:
Red squares tension, blue circles compression
Solid markers bottom, hollow markers top
Dotted lines permissible stresses

65

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3.1 0

3.1 0
1 0.64

2 1 4 .7 1
3 E -0 7
0.0002
0.4 3 1 7

4. 9 5

4 .95
9.98

1 64 .5
5 E -0 7
0.0003
0.92 3 3

-5 . 6 8

-5 . 6 8
-1 4 . 5 1

-3 2 6 . 5
-5 E -0 7
-3 E -0 4
-0 . 8 0 6

3.56

3.5 6
1 0.5 9

2 4 3.31
3 E -0 7
0.0002
0.5 92 2

5 . 42

5 .4 2
1 0.1 1

1 5 7 .1
5 E -0 7
0.0003
1 .067 6

-6 . 5 7

-6 . 5 7
-1 4 . 8 1

-3 9 4 . 4
-6 E -0 7
-3 E -0 4
-1 . 1 7 8

3.91

3.91
1 0.4 3

2 63 .85
3 E -0 7
0.0002
0.7 5 3 9

5.70

5 .7 0
1 0.05

1 4 8.3
5 E -0 7
0.0003
1 .1 82 3

-7 . 2 6

-7 . 2 6
-1 4 . 9 0

-4 4 2 . 9
-6 E -0 7
-4 E -0 4
-1 . 5 5 3

4. 1 6

4 .1 6
1 0.1 6

2 7 6.3 3
3 E -0 7
0.0002
0.9 066

5 . 81

5 .81
9.82

1 37 .8
5 E -0 7
0.0003
1 .2 62 1

-7 . 7 2

-7 . 7 2
-1 4 . 7 6

-4 7 2 . 1
-7 E -0 7
-4 E -0 4
-1 . 9 0 1

4. 2 8

4 .2 8
9.7 8

2 80.7 5
3 E -0 7
0.0002
1 .03 99

5.76

5 .7 6
9.4 2

1 2 5 .9
4 E -0 7
0.0002
1 .3 01 5

-7 . 9 3

-7 . 9 3
-1 4 . 3 7

-4 8 1 . 8
-7 E -0 7
-4 E -0 4
-2 . 1 9

4. 2 9

4 .2 9
9.2 7

2 7 7 .1 0
3 E -0 7
0.0002
1 .1 4 37

5.56

5 .5 6
8.88

1 1 2 .4
4 E -0 7
0.0002
1 .2 95 2

-7 . 9 0

-7 . 9 0
-1 3 . 7 4

-4 7 2 . 2
-7 E -0 7
-4 E -0 4
-2 . 3 9 2

4. 1 8

4 .1 8
8.65

2 65 .3 8
3 E -0 7
0.0002
1 .2 07 6

5.22

5 .2 2
8.2 0

97 .5
3 E -0 7
0.0002
1 .2 37 8

-7 . 6 1

-7 . 6 1
-1 2 . 8 5

-4 4 3 . 2
-6 E -0 7
-4 E -0 4
-2 . 4 7 5

3.95

3.95
7 .91

2 4 5 .60
3 E -0 7
0.0002
1 .2 2 1 6

4. 7 7

4 .7 7
7 .4 1

81 .0
3 E -0 7
0.0002
1 .1 2 38

-7 . 1 0

-7 . 1 0
-1 1 . 7 4

-3 9 4 . 8
-6 E -0 7
-3 E -0 4
-2 . 4 1

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 33.7 1
2 91 .2 9
3E +1 0

1 E + 06
4 E + 08
2 4 4 .31
2 80.69
4E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 34 .91
2 90.09
3E +1 0

3.63

3 .63
7 .08

2 1 7 .7 6
3 E -0 7
0.0002
1 .1 7 5 3

4. 2 2

4 .2 2
6.5 3

62 .9
2 E -0 7
0.0001
0.94 7 9

3.21

3.2 1
6.1 5

1 81 .86
2 E -0 7
0.0001
1 .05 85

3.60

3 .60
5 .5 6

4 3.4
1 E -0 7
9 E -0 5
0.7 04 7

-5 . 5 0

-5 . 5 0
-8 . 9 4

-6 . 3 8
-1 0 . 4 3
-6 . 3 8

-2 3 9 . 9
-3 E -0 7
-2 E -0 4
-1 . 7 1 4

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 33.7 1
2 91 .2 9
3E +1 0

1 E + 06
4 E + 08
2 4 4 .31
2 80.69
4E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 34 .91
2 90.09
3E +1 0

-3 2 7 . 1
-5 E -0 7
-3 E -0 4
-2 . 1 6 7

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 33.7 1
2 91 .2 9
3E +1 0

1 E + 06
4 E + 08
2 4 4 .31
2 80.69
4E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 34 .91
2 90.09
3E +1 0

2.71

2 .7 1
5 .1 4

1 3 7 .89
2 E -0 7
1 E -0 4
0.84 7 8

2.93

2 .93
4 .5 5

2 2 .3
7 E -0 8
4 E -0 5
0.3 69 4

-4. 48

-4 . 4 8
-7 . 3 3

-1 3 3 . 4
-2 E -0 7
-1 E -0 4
-1 . 0 0 2

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 3 1 .64
2 93.36
3E +1 0

2 E + 06
4 E + 08
2 3 6.7
2 88.3
4E +1 0

9450
600
45
62 83

2.1 6

2 .1 6
4 .07

85 .85
1 E -0 7
6 E -0 5
0.5 63 6

2.24

2 .2 4
3.5 1

-0 . 3
-9 E -1 0
-5 E -0 7
-0 . 0 0 5

-3 . 40

-3 . 4 0
-5 . 6 5

-7 . 5
-1 E -0 8
-6 E -0 6
-0 . 0 6

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 3 1 .64
2 93.36
3E +1 0

2 E + 06
4 E + 08
2 3 6.7
2 88.3
4E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 32 .2 2
2 92 .7 8
3E +1 0

chg

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 32 .2 2
2 92 .7 8
3E +1 0

885 0
600
45
62 83

1 .57

1 .5 7
2 .97

2 5 .7 5
3 E -0 8
2 E -0 5
0.1 7 98

1 .54

1 .5 4
2 .4 8

-2 4 . 4
-8 E -0 8
-5 E -0 5
-0 . 4 5 8

-2 . 3 2

-2 . 3 2
-3 . 9 7

1 37 .8
2 E -0 7
0.0001
1 .1 7 5 4

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 3 1 .64
2 93.36
3E +1 0

2 E + 06
4 E + 08
2 3 6.7
2 88.3
4E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 32 .2 2
2 92 .7 8
3E +1 0

1 005 0
600
45
62 83

0.97

0.97
1 .86

-4 2 . 4 1
-5 E -0 8
-3 E -0 5
-0 . 2 9 4

0 . 87

0.87
1 .4 7

-5 0 . 0
-2 E -0 7
-9 E -0 5
-0 . 9 3 4

-1 . 3 0

-1 . 3 0
-2 . 3 5

3 02 .4
4 E -0 7
0.0002
2 .5 63 5

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 3 1 .64
2 93.36
3E +1 0

2 E + 06
4 E + 08
2 3 6.7
2 88.3
4E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 32 .2 2
2 92 .7 8
3E +1 0

1 065 0
5 63
45
62 83

815
8

-3 0 8 . 6
-1 E -0 6
-3 E -0 4
-2 . 8 5 5
0.0006
0
0

4 05 .0
6 E -0 7
0.0002
1 .7 007
-1 E -0 3
0
0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 3 1 .64
2 93.36
3E +1 0

2 E + 06
4 E + 08
2 3 6.7
2 88.3
4E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 32 .2 2
2 92 .7 8
3E +1 0

0 . 45

-1 0 8 . 6 7 -1 8 1 . 1 0
-1 E -0 7 -2 E -0 7
-7 E -0 5 -6 E -0 5
-0 . 7 3 8
-0 . 6 2 2
0.0009
0.4 5
0
0.90
0

0.33

0.3 3
0.63

-1 2 6 . 2
-4 E -0 7
-2 E -0 4
-2 . 3 0 9

-0 . 5 4

-0 . 5 4
-1 . 0 7

4 04 .3
6 E -0 7
0.0003
3 .3 5 66

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 3 1 .64
2 93.36
3E +1 0

2 E + 06
4 E + 08
2 3 6.7
2 88.3
4E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 32 .2 2
2 92 .7 8
3E +1 0

1 1 7 00
2 63
45
62 83

R 68
1 1 1 75
525
45
62 83

Jo b N o

P age

-3 1 . 2 9
-4 E -0 8
-1 E -0 5
-0 . 0 0 1
0.001 2
0
0

3 . 42

3.4 2
9.1 3

1 7 4 .7
6 E -0 7
0.0003
0.5 67 6

-4. 6 1

-4 . 6 1
-1 4 . 0 5

-2 3 9 . 2
-3 E -0 7
-2 E -0 4
-0 . 4 6 6

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 33.7 1
2 91 .2 9
3E +1 0

1 E + 06
4 E + 08
2 4 4 .31
2 80.69
4E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 34 .91
2 90.09
3E +1 0

2E +1 0
82 5 0
600
43
4 02 1 .2

R e vis io n

0 1 -S e p -9 9

RCC42

M (S L S 5 -7 )
1 /R
Load
L o a d x d is t
E n d s lo p e
Sp an d
C ant d
d

2.35

1 7 7 .5
6 E -0 7
0.0003
0.3 4 4 1

1 37 .3
5 E -0 7
0.0002
0.1 2 4 2

1 3.0
4 E -0 8
1 E -0 5
0.001 5
0.002 4
0
0

-3 . 43

-3 . 4 3
-1 3 . 4 6

-1 3 2 . 6
-2 E -0 7
-1 E -0 4
-0 . 1 8 9

b d /1 2 =
h f = 2 00
7 65 0
64 5 0
7 05 0
600
600
600
43
43
43
4 02 1 .2 4 02 1 .2 4 02 1 .2

C hecked

R MW

D a te

R E IN F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O U N C IL
M ade by

D E F L E C T IO N S - IM P O S E D

M (S L S 7 )
1 /R
Load
L o a d x d is t
E n d s lo p e
Sp an d
C ant d
d

-2 . 1 7

-6 . 5
-9 E -0 9
-5 E -0 6
-0 . 0 0 6

7 3.8
1 E -0 7
6 E -0 5
0.02 94

7 7 .4
1 E -0 7
3 E -0 5
0.003 8
-0 . 0 0 2
0
0

D E F L E C T IO N S - L O N G T E R M

M (S L S 3 )
1 /R
Load
L o a d x d is t
E n d s lo p e
Sp an d
C ant d
d

D E F L E C T IO N S a t T R A N S F E R

T R A N F O R M E D S E C T IO N P R O P E

T R A N F O R M E D S E C T IO N P R O P E

1 999 R C C

D E F L E C T IO N C A L C U L A T IO N S

d = 4 80
h = 525
b w = 1 800
b f = 3 000
1 65 0
2250
2 85 0
3450
4 05 0
4 65 0
5250
5 85 0
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
4 02 1
4 02 1
4 02 1
4 02 1 .2 4 02 1 .2 4 02 1 .2 4 02 1 .2 4 02 1 .2
R T IE S a t T R A N S F E R
E = 2 1 .7 2
m = 9.2 1
m - 1 = 8.2 1
1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06
3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08
2 34 .91
2 34 .91
2 34 .91
2 34 .91
2 34 .91
2 34 .91
2 34 .91
2 34 .91
2 34 .91
2 90.09 2 90.09 2 90.09 2 90.09 2 90.09 2 90.09 2 90.09 2 90.09 2 90.09
3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0
R T IE S - L O N G T E R M
E = 7 .4 1
m = 2 6.9 9
m - 1 = 2 5 .99
1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06
4 E + 08 4 E + 08 4 E + 08 4 E + 08 4 E + 08 4 E + 08 4 E + 08 4 E + 08 4 E + 08
2 4 4 .31
2 4 4 .31
2 4 4 .31
2 4 4 .31
2 4 4 .31
2 4 4 .31
2 4 4 .31
2 4 4 .31
2 4 4 .31
2 80.69 2 80.69 2 80.69 2 80.69 2 80.69 2 80.69 2 80.69 2 80.69 2 80.69
4E +1 0 4E +1 0 4E +1 0 4E +1 0 4E +1 0 4E +1 0 4E +1 0 4E +1 0 4E +1 0
R T IE S - IM P O S E D
E = 2 7 .5 4
m = 7 .2 6
m - 1 = 6.2 6
1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06
3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08
2 33.7 1
2 33.7 1
2 33.7 1
2 33.7 1
2 33.7 1
2 33.7 1
2 33.7 1
2 33.7 1
2 33.7 1
2 91 .2 9 2 91 .2 9 2 91 .2 9 2 91 .2 9 2 91 .2 9 2 91 .2 9 2 91 .2 9 2 91 .2 9 2 91 .2 9
3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0

A s (b ) = 6 2 8 3
525
1 05 0
525
5 63
43
43
4 02 1
4 02 1

O r ig in a te d f r o m R C C 4 2 . x ls o n C D

T R A N F O R M E D S E C T IO N P R O P E

S P AN 1
D i s ta n c e
E le m e n t b
d'
A s (t)

A d vi s o ry G ro u p

C li e n t

PO ST -T EN SI O N ED A N A L Y SI S & D ESI GN t o B S 8110:1997

S p re a d s h e e ts to B S 8 1 1 0

P ro je c t

BEAMS
DEFLECT

81

82

L e ve l 2 - B e a m o n G ri d 7

L o c a ti o n

0
275
45
62 83

A
A .Y t
Yt
Yb
Ix x

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 2 5 .7 7
2 99.2 3
3E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 2 5 .7 7
2 99.2 3
3E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 1 8.7 9
3 06.2 1
4E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 1 8.7 9
3 06.2 1
4E +1 0

A
A .Y t
Yt
Yb
Ix x

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 2 6.63
2 98.3 7
3E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 2 6.63
2 98.3 7
3E +1 0

-1 . 4 5
-2 8 . 4 8

-0 . 6 1
-2 8 . 9 6

-0 . 6 1

2 .7 4
5 2 .64

1 .2 8
5 3 .61

1 .3

0.0

M (S L S 4 -7 )
1 /R
Load
L o a d x d is t
E n d s lo p e
Sp an d
C ant d
d

0.09
1 1 .1 4

-0 . 0 3
1 1 .5 6

-0 . 0 3

0.09

-2 8 1 . 0
-3 E -0 7
-2 E -0 4
-0 . 2 2 1

-3 6 7 . 5
-4 E -0 7
-2 E -0 4
-0 . 1 3 5

-4 6 0 . 7
-6 E -0 7
-2 E -0 4
-0 . 0 2 1
-2 E -0 4
0
0

2.7

-3 4 . 6
-1 E -0 7
-7 E -0 5
-0 . 0 8 2

-1 2 9 . 7
-5 E -0 7
-3 E -0 4
-0 . 1 4 4

-3 3 2 . 7
-1 E -0 6
-3 E -0 4
-0 . 0 4 6
0.002 1
0
0

D E F L E C T IO N S - IM P O S E D

M (S L S 7 )
1 /R
Load
L o a d x d is t
E n d s lo p e
Sp an d
C ant d
d

-1 . 45

331 .9
5 E -0 7
0.0003
0.3 2 3 8

4 34 .7
7 E -0 7
0.0004
0.1 985

4 35 .9
7 E -0 7
0.0002
0.02 4 9
-1 E -0 3
0
0

D E F L E C T IO N S - L O N G T E R M

M (S L S 2 )
1 /R
Load
L o a d x d is t
E n d s lo p e
Sp an d
C ant d
d

D E F L E C T IO N S a t T R A N S F E R

T R A N F O R M E D S E C T IO N P R O P E

A
A .Y t
Yt
Yb
Ix x

0.36

0.3 6
1 0.7 9

-1 9 1 . 1
-2 E -0 7
-1 E -0 4
-0 . 2 5 1

4. 5

4 .4 6
5 1 .5 8

1 0.3
4 E -0 8
2 E -0 5
0.04 08

-2 . 5 8

-2 . 5 8
-2 8 . 1 1

1 66.7
3 E -0 7
0.0002
0.2 7 1 4

0.72

0.7 2
1 0.5 4

-1 0 9 . 8
-1 E -0 7
-8 E -0 5
-0 . 1 9 7

6.2

6.1 5
5 0.5 0

5 1 .4
2 E -0 7
0.0001
0.2 7 7 2

-3 . 81

-3 . 8 1
-2 7 . 8 4

2 0.2
3 E -0 8
2 E -0 5
0.04 4 8

1 .1 3

1 .1 3
1 0.3 3

-3 7 . 3
-5 E -0 8
-3 E -0 5
-0 . 0 8 5

7.8

7 .7 8
4 9.36

88.7
3 E -0 7
0.0002
0.605 4

-5 . 0 6

-5 . 0 6
-2 7 . 5 8

-1 0 7 . 7
-2 E -0 7
-1 E -0 4
-0 . 3 0 2

1 .55

1 .5 5
1 0.1 5

2 6.4
3 E -0 8
2 E -0 5
0.07 2 4

9.3

9.2 7
4 8.08

1 2 2 .2
4 E -0 7
0.0003
1 .0092

-6 . 2 4

-6 . 2 4
-2 7 . 2 6

-2 1 6 . 9
-3 E -0 7
-2 E -0 4
-0 . 7 3 7

1 .97

1 .97
9.95

81 .4
1 E -0 7
6 E -0 5
0.2 61 9

1 0.6

1 0.60
4 6.63

1 5 1 .9
6 E -0 7
0.0003
1 .4 7 2

-7 . 2 9

-7 . 2 9
-2 6 . 8 1

-3 0 7 . 5
-5 E -0 7
-3 E -0 4
-1 . 2 2 6

2.35

2 .35
9.7 1

1 2 7 .6
2 E -0 7
1 E -0 4
0.4 7 1 4

1 1 .7

1 1 .7 0
4 4 .96

1 7 7 .7
7 E -0 7
0.0004
1 .97 7 6

-8. 1 6

-8 . 1 6
-2 6 . 1 8

-3 7 9 . 5
-6 E -0 7
-4 E -0 4
-1 . 7 3 7

2.66

2 .66
9.4 1

1 65 .1
2 E -0 7
0.0001
0.6884

1 2.6

1 2 .5 5
4 3 .04

1 99.8
7 E -0 7
0.0005
2 .5 095

-8. 81

-8 . 8 1
-2 5 . 3 3

-4 3 2 . 8
-7 E -0 7
-4 E -0 4
-2 . 2 3 6

2.90

2 .90
9.04

1 93.9
2 E -0 7
0.0001
0.9005

1 3.1

1 3.1 1
4 0.83

2 1 8.0
8 E -0 7
0.0005
3 .05 1 4

-9 . 2 0

-9 . 2 0
-2 4 . 2 2

-4 6 7 . 5
-7 E -0 7
-4 E -0 4
-2 . 6 9 1

3.04

3 .04
8.5 7

2 1 3.9
3 E -0 7
0.0002
1 .095 1

1 3.4

1 3.36
3 8.3 1

2 32 .5
9 E -0 7
0.0005
3 .5 869

-9 . 3 2

-9 . 3 2
-2 2 . 8 3

-4 8 3 . 5
-7 E -0 7
-5 E -0 4
-3 . 0 6 8

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 2 6.63
2 98.3 7
3E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 1 8.7 9
3 06.2 1
4E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 2 5 .7 7
2 99.2 3
3E +1 0

3.09

3 .09
8.00

2 2 5 .1
3 E -0 7
0.0002
1 .2 5 98

1 3.3

1 3.2 8
35 .4 6

2 4 3.1
9 E -0 7
0.0006
4 .0996

-9 . 1 5

-9 . 1 5
-2 1 . 1 6

-4 8 0 . 9
-7 E -0 7
-5 E -0 4
-3 . 3 3 5

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 2 6.63
2 98.3 7
3E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 1 8.7 9
3 06.2 1
4E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 2 5 .7 7
2 99.2 3
3E +1 0

3.02

3 .02
7 .3 2

2 2 7 .6
3 E -0 7
0.0002
1 .3 82

1 2.8

1 2 .85
3 2 .2 5

2 4 9.9
9 E -0 7
0.0006
4 .5 7 3 2

2 . 85

2 .85
6.5 3

2 2 1 .3
3 E -0 7
0.0002
1 .4 4 93

1 2.1

1 2 .06
2 8.69

2 5 3 .0
9 E -0 7
0.0006
4 .991 2

-7 . 9 7

-7 . 9 7
-1 6 . 9 8

-8 . 7 0
-1 9 . 2 1
-8. 7 0

-4 1 9 . 7
-6 E -0 7
-4 E -0 4
-3 . 4 0 6

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 2 6.63
2 98.3 7
3E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 1 8.7 9
3 06.2 1
4E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 2 5 .7 7
2 99.2 3
3E +1 0

-4 5 9 . 6
-7 E -0 7
-4 E -0 4
-3 . 4 5 8

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 2 6.63
2 98.3 7
3E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 1 8.7 9
3 06.2 1
4E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 2 5 .7 7
2 99.2 3
3E +1 0

2E +1 0
8600
62 5
45
62 83 .2

2.57

2 .5 7
5 .64

2 06.3
3 E -0 7
0.0002
1 .4 4 92

1 0.9

1 0.91
2 4 .7 7

2 5 2 .2
9 E -0 7
0.0006
5 .3 3 7 3

-7 . 0 0

-7 . 0 0
-1 4 . 5 1

-3 6 1 . 1
-5 E -0 7
-3 E -0 4
-3 . 1 4 3

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 2 6.63
2 98.3 7
3E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 1 8.7 9
3 06.2 1
4E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 2 5 .7 7
2 99.2 3
3E +1 0

92 2 5
62 5
45
62 83

985 0
62 5
45
62 83

2.20

2 .2 0
4 .65

1 82 .5
2 E -0 7
0.0001
1 .3 69 1

9.4

9.3 9
2 0.4 8

2 4 7 .6
9 E -0 7
0.0006
5 .5 95

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-1 1 . 8 3

-2 8 3 . 9
-4 E -0 7
-3 E -0 4
-2 . 6 3 9

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 2 6.63
2 98.3 7
3E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 1 8.7 9
3 06.2 1
4E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 2 5 .7 7
2 99.2 3
3E +1 0

chg

1 .73

1 .7 3
3 .5 8

1 5 0.0
2 E -0 7
0.0001
1 .1 9 67

7.5

7 .5 2
1 5 .84

2 3 9.2
9 E -0 7
0.0005
5 .7 4 81

-4. 47

-4 . 4 7
-8 . 9 7

-1 8 8 . 1
-3 E -0 7
-2 E -0 4
-1 . 8 5 9

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 2 6.63
2 98.3 7
3E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 1 8.7 9
3 06.2 1
4E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 2 5 .7 7
2 99.2 3
3E +1 0

1 04 7 5
62 5
45
62 83

1 .20

1 .2 0
2 .4 3

1 08.8
1 E -0 7
8 E -0 5
0.91 94

5.3

5 .3 1
1 0.85

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8 E -0 7
0.0005
5 .7 802

-3 . 0 1

-3 . 0 1
-6 . 0 1

-7 3 . 6
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-7 E -0 5
-0 . 7 7 1

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 2 6.63
2 98.3 7
3E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 1 8.7 9
3 06.2 1
4E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 2 5 .7 7
2 99.2 3
3E +1 0

1 1 1 00
62 5
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62 83

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4 E -0 5
0.5 2 4 6

2.8

2 .7 7
5 .5 4

1 63 .2
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0.0004
4 .3 894

-1 . 5 0

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6.7
1 E -0 8
6 E -0 6
0.07 4 1

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 2 6.63
2 98.3 7
3E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 1 8.7 9
3 06.2 1
4E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 2 5 .7 7
2 99.2 3
3E +1 0

0.0
1 E -2 1
3 E -1 9
4 E -1 5
0.001
0
0

0.0

0.0
1 E -2 0
4 E -1 8
5 E -1 4
0.004 4
0
0

0.0
7 E -2 1
2 E -1 8
3 E -1 4
-0 . 0 0 2
0
0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 2 6.63
2 98.3 7
3E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 1 8.7 9
3 06.2 1
4E +1 0

1 E + 06
3 E + 08
2 2 5 .7 7
2 99.2 3
3E +1 0

1 2350
31 3
45
62 83

R 68
1 1 725
62 5
45
62 83

Jo b N o

b d /1 2 =
h f = 2 00
7 97 5
67 2 5
7 350
62 5
62 5
62 5
45
45
45
62 83 .2 62 83 .2 62 83 .2

R MW
C hecked

RCC42

T R A N F O R M E D S E C T IO N P R O P E

1 999 R C C

d = 4 84
h = 525
b w = 1 800
b f = 3 000
1 725
2350
2 97 5
3 600
4225
4 85 0
547 5
61 00
62 5
62 5
62 5
62 5
62 5
62 5
62 5
62 5
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
62 83
62 83
62 83
62 83 .2 62 83 .2 62 83 .2 62 83 .2 62 83 .2
R T IE S a t T R A N S F E R
E = 2 1 .7 2
m = 9.2 1
m - 1 = 8.2 1
1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06
3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08
2 2 5 .7 7 2 2 5 .7 7 2 2 5 .7 7 2 2 5 .7 7 2 2 5 .7 7 2 2 5 .7 7 2 2 5 .7 7 2 2 5 .7 7 2 2 5 .7 7
2 99.2 3 2 99.2 3 2 99.2 3 2 99.2 3 2 99.2 3 2 99.2 3 2 99.2 3 2 99.2 3 2 99.2 3
3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0
R T IE S - L O N G T E R M
E = 7 .4 1
m = 2 6.9 9
m - 1 = 2 5 .99
1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06
3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08
2 1 8.7 9 2 1 8.7 9 2 1 8.7 9 2 1 8.7 9 2 1 8.7 9 2 1 8.7 9 2 1 8.7 9 2 1 8.7 9 2 1 8.7 9
3 06.2 1
3 06.2 1
3 06.2 1
3 06.2 1
3 06.2 1
3 06.2 1
3 06.2 1
3 06.2 1
3 06.2 1
4E +1 0 4E +1 0 4E +1 0 4E +1 0 4E +1 0 4E +1 0 4E +1 0 4E +1 0 4E +1 0
R T IE S - IM P O S E D
E = 2 7 .5 4
m = 7 .2 6
m - 1 = 6.2 6
1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06 1 E + 06
3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08 3 E + 08
2 2 6.63 2 2 6.63 2 2 6.63 2 2 6.63 2 2 6.63 2 2 6.63 2 2 6.63 2 2 6.63 2 2 6.63
2 98.3 7 2 98.3 7 2 98.3 7 2 98.3 7 2 98.3 7 2 98.3 7 2 98.3 7 2 98.3 7 2 98.3 7
3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0 3E +1 0

A s (b ) = 2 2 6 2
550
1 1 00
550
5 88
45
45
62 83
62 83

O r ig in a te d f r o m R C C 4 2 . x ls o n C D

D E F L E C T I O N C A L C U L A T I O N S (ii)

R E IN F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O U N C IL
M ade by

T R A N F O R M E D S E C T IO N P R O P E

S P AN 2
D i s ta n c e
E le m e n t b
d'
A s (t)

A d vi s o ry G ro u p

C li e n t

PO ST -T EN SI O N ED A N A L Y SI S & D ESI GN t o B S 8110:1997

S p re a d s h e e ts to B S 8 1 1 0

P ro je c t

BEAMS
DEFLECT

COLUMNS

RCC51

RCC51 Column Load Take-down & Design.xls

Conventional column load take downs by hand can be timeconsuming. This spreadsheet emulates conventional column
design to BS 8110(2) by providing on separate sheets: load
take down from inputs of location, dimensions, levels and
loads to give design axial loads and moments per floor.
RCC51.xls is intended as a stand-alone column design
spreadsheet for use when a sub-frame analysis is not
available or is unwarranted. As in COLUMN! within
RCC11.xls, this spreadsheet determines the area of steel
required (As).
The spreadsheet is set up in such a way that one column size
(input in CDES!) is used throughout the height of the column
location and that the critical section for design occurs where
axial load is at its maximum.
The example is based on Designed and detailed (15) but differs
in several respects:
Seven storeys used in the example rather than three (in
order to demonstrate automatic input adequately)
No special account taken of roof loadings (in order to
demonstrate automatic input adequately)
All columns are taken as 4.00 m long (again, in order to
demonstrate automatic input adequately)
Load distribution according to BS 8110: Part 1, Clause
3.8.2.3, i.e. reaction factors of are used for loads
from adjacent spans rather than results of analysis or
using shear force factors from BS 8110: Part 1 Tables 3.5
and/or 3.12.
No double counting of floor slabs due to allowances for
floor slabs in design of, therefore reactions from, edge
beams spanning parallel to floor slab span.
As a default the level with maximum axial load with
concurrent maximum moment, i.e. the bottom level, is
chosen for consideration in DESMMNTS! (derivation of
design moments) and CDES! (design). The user may
investigate other levels by choosing the appropriate level in
the combo-box on the right hand side of CDES!.
Unbraced columns may be designed, but the spreadsheet
demands some input of applied moment in LOADTD! in the
appropriate axis. If the column is unbraced then it must be
part of a stability frame if only nominally with moments
that should be input as applied moments in LOADTD!

Please note when inputting a location for numbered

gridlines to start with an apostrophe, i.e. use !2 - 3 (otherwise
2 - 3 will give the result of -1!). Cantilevers may be dealt
with by inputting no beam on the appropriate axis but
inputting additional loads and moments (under At column
position, other applied loads (e.g. loads from cantilevers)).
Note that, so far as the column is concerned, cantilever
moments will relieve (or even exceed fixed end) beam
moments and should be specified as negative moments.
As explained under Operator Instructions deleting a level
will grey out subsequent columns and set spans to 0.0 m.
Enter data (and delete any subsequent hatches, #####) or
equate cells to previous cells (avoid copying cells across) to
get up to 10 levels of load take down. Deleting or setting a
value of 0 in columns G to P will grey out values to the
right, which will be set at 0.0. Generally, input values are
carried through to the right. Red figures or red backgrounds
mean inconsistent or incorrect data entries. Overwrite if
incorrect.
Slab spans may be parallel to x or y, or two-way spanning.
Troughed slabs may be modelled by using the topping
thickness for the slab and adding widths of ribs within a bay
to the width of the beam.
Some input (highlighted in magenta) defaults to values from
other sheets. For instance column dimensions are input in
CDES! The user may immediately see whether the design is
viable or not and change dimensions accordingly. These cells
are not protected so can be overwritten: beware.
For troughed slabs use topping thickness and aggregate
width of ribs with width of beam.
Reduction factors for live load to according to BS 6399: Part
1(19) Clause 5.2 are automatically applied to axial load unless
specified otherwise.

DESMMNTS!
The basic design procedure is covered in BS 8110: Part 1
Clause 3.8. In order to determine design moments several
inputs are required:
Values of b for braced and unbraced columns, see
Clause 3.8.1.6 and Table 3.19 as shown below and
Table 3.20 as shown on next page

LOADTD!

Table 3.19 Values of b for braced columns

Input is self explanatory but, in order to facilitate use of this

spreadsheet, some degree of automation has been
introduced. It is vital that input data is hand checked to
ensure the loads are described properly. It is also advised
that a clean version of the spreadsheet should be used for
each column analysed and designed (i.e. reload the base
spreadsheet each time).

End condition
at top
1
2
3

End condition at bottom

1
2
0.75
0.80
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95

3
0.90
0.95
1.00

83

COLUMNS

RCC51

Table 3.20 Values of b for unbraced columns

End condition
at top
1
2
3
4

End condition at bottom

1
2
3
1.20
1.30
1.50
1.30
1.50
1.80
1.60
1.80
-2.20
---

Essentially:
Condition 1 column monolithically connected to
beam at least as deep as the column in the plane
considered (or foundation specifically designed for
moment)
Condition 2 column monolithically connected to
beams or slabs shallower than the column in the plane
considered

The use of T40s in such small columns would not normally

be advocated. However, the choice of T32s would lead to
the use of either 6T32s (5.6%, OK) or, using the (rotationally)
symmetrical arrangement, 8T32 (7.7%, no good). Reference
to RCC53.xls. suggests that 6T32 would satisfy Bresalers load
contour check. The use of C45 concrete would make 4T32s
sufficient.

Condition 3 column connected to members which

will provide some nominal restraint

Some input (highlighted in magenta) defaults to values from

other sheets. These cells are not protected so can be
overwritten: beware.

Condition 4 column unrestrained

Ltdcalcs!

Whether the column is braced or un-braced see

BS 8110: Part 1, Clause 3.8.1.5.
In order to evaluate Nuz and thus K accurately, an initial
assessment of the area of reinforcement, As, is required.
An indication of the probable percentage of
reinforcement is given (automation of this figure
would cause a circular reference error in the
spreadsheet). If As is set at 0% then effectively K = 1,
which is conservative (see BS 8110: Part 1, equation 33
and definitions under Clause 3.8.1.1).

CDES!
As in COLUMN! within RCC11.xls, this sheet designs
symmetrical rectangular columns where both axial load, N,
and design moment, Mx or My (see BS 8110: Part 1, Clause
3.8.2, 3 and 4) have been calculated from previous sheets.
CDES! iterates x/h to determine where the neutral axis lies.
The sheet includes stress and strain diagrams to aid
comprehension of the final design (please refer to notes
regarding COLUMN! in RCC11.xls).
The spreadsheet is set up in such a way that one column size
(input in CDES!) is used throughout the height of the column
location and that the critical section for design occurs where
axial load is at its maximum. Other levels can be investigated
by choosing the appropriate level from the combo-box
located under Operating Instructions. Always ensure that
the size of column designed is correct for the level under
consideration.
For simplicity, where three or more bars are required in the
top and bottom of the section, a (rotationally) symmetrical
arrangement of reinforcement is proffered, i.e. top and

84

bottom reinforcement with additional side bars. The

argument goes that using the critical axis method of BS 8110
to determine areas of steel in bi-axially bent columns implies
that the bars are in the corners of the element. Therefore
additional side bars help ensure this is so. Counterarguments suggest these additional bars are unnecessary.
Bresalers load contour check [(Mx / Mux)a + (My / Muy)a < 1.0,
where a = 2/3 + 5N/3Nuz], used in CP 110(20) is not adopted in
this spreadsheet but may be investigated using RCC53.xls.

This sheet shows workings for the load take-down and is

not necessarily intended for printing out other than for
checking purposes. Load distribution works according to BS
8110: Part 1, Clause 3.8.2.3 axial force in a column may
be calculated on the assumption that beams and slabs
transmitting force into it are simply supported.

Stiffs!
This sheet shows workings for beam and column stiffnesses
and is not necessarily intended for printing out other than
for checking purposes.
In the determination of section properties, beams are
considered full height beam widths are deducted from
slab widths. Moment distribution works according to BS
8110: Part 1, Clause 3.2.1.2.5 beams possess half their
actual stiffness.

COLUMNS

RCC51

LOADTD

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COLUMNS

RCC51

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RCC52

RCC52 Column Chart Generation.xls

This spreadsheet generates axial load:design moment
interaction charts for symmetrically reinforced rectangular
columns. It checks the capacity of the columns with various
arrangements of reinforcement against input load cases of
axial load and uniaxial bending
Within RCC11.xls, COLUMN! allows the user to determine
the area of steel required from inputs of axial load and
moment about the x - x axis. Another approach, adopted in
BS 5400(21) and CP 110(20) and more suited to the grouping of
columns on particluar projects and adopted here by
RCC52.xls, is to give an interaction chart. This shows axial
load against moment for symmetrical sections of specified
size, strength and reinforcement. It works on the premise
of calculating the moment and axial load capacities of a
section with assumed amounts of reinforcement and
assumed neutral axis depth. Iterations of neutral axis depth
give data for the Axial load:Moment interaction chart for
the specified section. The spreadsheet also checks the
reinforcement required for input load cases. The user may
try different arrangements of reinforcement.
RCC52.xls assumes that the moments input in the load cases
have already been adjusted, if necessary, for bi-axial bending.
For many side and all corner columns, there is no choice but
to design for bi-axial bending, and the method given in
Clause 3.8.4.5 must be adhered to, i.e. RCC53.xls should be
used.

MAIN!
Main! contains all input and output data,
Bending is assumed to be about the x - x, i.e. horizontal
axis, and the input moment is assumed to be the maximum
design moment as defined in BS 8110 i.e. including Madd etc
and in the correct orientation.
Where more than two bars are required per face, the user
may choose to specify a similar arrangement of bars on the
side faces in order to avoid confusion in detailing and fixing.
In this respect, there is also a question regarding design. To
an extent all columns are bi-axially bent and BS 8110 directs
that bi-axially bent columns are effectively designed about
one axis only (by adding moment in the critical direction to
account for moment in the non-critical direction). By
implication the second axis is not designed specifically. One
reason for adding side bars (when three, four or more bars
are required T & B) in square(ish) sections, is to ensure that
the second axis is catered for. Ideally with BS 8110, the
resultant axis should be found and calculations done
accordingly. But this presumes that the arrangement of bars
is known to start with. With BS 5400 and CP 110 checks are
carried out on a chosen section about both axes. Bi-axially
bent columns are dealt with in RCC53.xls

88

The chart shows lines for 0.1fcuAc and Mmin. The user should
be aware that all load cases should be within the boundaries
of these lines.

Calcs!
Calcs! Shows the derivation of the charts where moment
capacity is calculated at intervals of neutral axis depth from
n.a. depth for N = 0 to n.a. depth for N = Nbal, then at
intervals from n.a. depth for N = Nbal to n.a. depth for N = Nuz.

Cases!
Cases! identifies the smallest bar diameter that satisfies each
of the load cases.

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COLUMNS

RCC53

RCC53 Column Design.xls

RCC53.xls generates column design charts for symmetrically
reinforced rectangular columns bent about two axes and
checks input load cases.
RCC53.xls also gives interaction charts, showing axial load
against moment for the critical axis for symmetrical
rectangular sections of specified size, strength and
reinforcement arrangement. The user may try different
arrangements of reinforcement. It also provides designs for
input load cases, which are plotted on the relevant x- or yaxis chart.
RCC53.xls takes account of any side-bars.
Philosophy of design for bi-axially bent columns
When preparing this spreadsheet, there was some discussion
about the interpretation of BS 8110 with respect to bi-axially
bent columns and the provision of side bars.
For simplicity, where three or more bars are required in the
top and bottom of the section, it appears to be common
practice, in small- to medium-sized columns at least, to
provide a (rotationally) symmetrical arrangement of
reinforcement, i.e. to provide additional side bars. The
argument goes that using the critical axis method of BS 8110
to determine areas of steel in bi-axially bent columns implies
that the bars are in the corners of the element. Therefore
additional side bars help ensure that this is so.
There is a counter argument to suggest that the design
procedure for bi-axially bent columns in BS 8110 makes the
precaution of adding additional side bars unnecessary.
Rafiq(22) argues that the Bresalers load contour check, as
used in CP 110(20) should be adopted to ensure a safe design
for biaxially bent columns otherwise designed to BS 8110,
as shown below.
(Mx/Mux)a + (My /Muy)a < 1.0, where a = 2/3 + 5N/3Nuz
The projects Advisory Group requested that this check
should be included in the spreadsheets for biaxially bent
columns.

MAIN!
MAIN! contains all input data and gives designs for the input
load cases.
Guidance for the input is given within the spreadsheet but
users should be familiar with BS 8110: Part 1, Clause 3.8.
There is a facility to input up to six user-specified load cases.
The input moments under LOADCASES are the initial end
moments due to ultimate design loads as defined in BS 8110
about the appropriate axes. The spreadsheet calculates the
the additional design ultimate moment induced by
deflection of column (Madd,), the critical direction for bi-axial
bending and the design moment.

90

CHARTS!
CHARTS! shows two charts, one chart for when Mxx is critical
and one for when Myy is critical. These Axial load:Moment
interaction charts for the specified section also show relevant
input load cases. The load cases are identified by axial load
only (a quirk of Excel!).
The charts show lines for 0.1 fcuAc and Mmin (i.e. eminN). The
user should be aware that all load cases should be within
the boundaries of these lines. Due to a quirk in Excel, load
cases can any be identified by axial load, N, on the charts.

Xcal! and Ycal!

These sheets show the derivation of the charts where
moment and axial load capacity is calculated at intervals of
neutral axis depth (in intervals from n.a. depth for N = 0 to
n.a. depth for N = Nbal, then in intervals from n.a. depth for
N = Nbal to n.a. depth for N = Nuz.).

Cases!
Cases! identifies the smallest bar diameter that satisfies each
of the load cases. Clause 3.8.3.2 is included for both directions
(columns K & L) and the spreadsheet decides which axis is
dominant.

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WALLS

RCC61

RCC61 Basement Wall.xls

This spreadsheet designs simple retaining basement walls
and is intended for walls up to 3.5 m high. It is based on
complying with BS 8002: 1994(4) and BS 8004: 1986(23). It may
also be used to design walls to comply with CECP 2(6) and BS
8007(5). The spreadsheet has been developed with both the
BS 8002 and the conventional (CECP 2) methods in mind. On
balance, the spreadsheet provides reasonable flexibility and
in doing so, encourages the designer to employ his/her own
engineering judgement and interpretation of the codes.
The spreadsheet is intended to cover only short walls and to
help general engineers who, from time to time, design
retaining walls as part of a wider interest in structures, rather
than the specialists. The 3.5 m wall height is an arbitrary
limit set for a short wall which is intended to cover over
90% of the cases encountered in general structural designs.
Although many of the design principles still apply to higher
walls, criteria such as wall movements and the validity of
the assumptions made (e.g. no wall friction) require further
consideration and investigation.
The effects of compaction pressures can be generated using
idealised imposed / surcharged loads. Residual lateral
pressure calculations were considered to be too complicated
to be covered in the spreadsheet.
Many cells are referred to in formulae by names; for example,
DATA!C24 is given the name H which is used in formulae at
M50:N50, Diagrams!D146:D150, etc. A list of names and
where they are defined can be seen by referring to Insert\
Name\ Define in Excel.
Input is required on three sheets.
The spreadsheet is laid out in a very similar manner to
RCC62.xls.

DATA!
This single sheet consists of the main inputs.
Most inputs, which are in blue and underlined, should be
self-explanatory. The top diagram defines most input
parameters. A simplistic diagram shows the geometry of a
section of the wall and base.
The spreadsheet is based on a number of assumptions, which
should be assessed as being true or erring on the safe side in
each case. These assumptions are:
Wall friction is zero

STABILITY! details other assumptions, i.e:

The wall idealised as a propped cantilever (i.e. pinned
at top and fixed at base)
The wall is braced
Maximum slenderness of wall is limited to 15, i.e.
[ 0.9 x (He - Tb/2)/Tw < 15 ]
Maximum ultimate axial load on wall is limited to 0.1fcu
times the wall cross-sectional area
Design span = Effective wall height = He - (Tb/2)
-ve moment is hogging (i.e. tension at external face of
wall)
+ve moment is sagging (i.e. tension at internal face of
wall)
Wall MT is maximum +ve moment on the wall
Estimated lateral deflections are used for checking the
PD effects.
Factors for gf can be set at 1.4 or 1.6 in accordance with BS
8110 or may be set to 1. The designer has, and should have,
the final decision and responsibility to select the load factors
he or she feels are suitable to the design conditions. Under
Operating Instructions a number of checks are carried out
and problems highlighted.
An estimate of reinforcement per metre length of wall and
base is given.
Further details about DATA! can be seen under the
description for RCC62.xls.

STABILITY!
STABILITY! calculates the overturning and restoring
moments, sliding and resisting forces on a section together
with ground bearing pressures and factors of safety. Failures
are highlighted.
Factors of safety against overturning and sliding are required
as input. As noted in the sheet, wall and/ or surcharge loads
may have stabilising effects. By using the boxes in column L
the user should toggle between maximum and minimum
values to ascertain worst case(s) (perhaps this will be
automated some time).
In the case of sliding, where sliding resistance of the base
alone is insufficient, the user may choose, outside of the
spreadsheet, to rely on a propping force through the
basement slab.

Minimum active earth pressure = 0.25qH

Granular backfill is used

DESIGN!

The spreadsheet is not intended for walls over 3.5 m

high

The first page of this sheet tabulates moments and shears.

Input of eccentricity of vertical load, reinforcement diameters
and centres is required for main bending steel on both

93

WALLS

RCC61

internal and external faces and for transverse reinforcement.

The spreadsheet works on the principle of checking a
proposed section and reinforcement arrangement rather
than proposing an arrangement of reinforcement.
The second page details the design of both outer and inner
parts of the base. Again, the spreadsheet works on the
principle of checking a proposed section, and input of both
reinforcement diameter and centres is required for both
main bending and transverse reinforcement.

WEIGHT!
This sheet shows the build up to the estimate of
reinforcement weight given. The figures should be treated
as approximate estimates only as they cannot deal with the
effects of designers and detailers preferences,
rationalisation, etc.

Diagrams!
Diagrams! shows data for the charts used in other sheets
but is not necessarily intended for printing out other than
for checking purposes.

Crack width!
This sheet shows calculations to determine crack widths in
the wall. It is not necessarily intended for printing out, other
than for checking purposes.

94

WALLS

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RCC62

RCC62 Retaining Wall.xls

RCC62.xls designs simple retaining walls with stems up to
3.0 m high. The spreadsheet has been developed with both
the BS 8002 and the conventional (CECP 2) methods in mind.
On balance, the spreadsheet provides reasonable flexibility
and, in doing so, encourages the designer to employ their
own engineering judgement and interpretation of the codes.
It is based on complying with BS 8002: 1994(4) and BS 8004:
1986(23). It may also be used to design retaining walls to
complying with CECP 2(6) and BS 8007(5).
The spreadsheet is intended to cover only short walls and to
help general engineers who, from time to time, design
retaining walls as part of a wider interests in structures rather
than the specialists. The 3.0 m wall height is an arbitrary
limit set for short wall which is intended to cover over 90%
of the cases encountered in general structural designs.
Although many of the design principles still apply to higher
walls, criteria such as wall movements and the validity of
the assumptions made (e.g. no wall friction) require further
consideration and investigation. For instance, with reference
to pressures, the engineer is expected to judge between
using the default of ka (active coefficient) or inputting a
larger figure relating to ko (at rest coefficient).
The effects of compaction pressures can be generated using
idealised imposed/ surcharged loads. Residual lateral pressure
calculations were considered to be too complicated to be
covered in the spreadsheet.
Stability analysis is done about the toe of the base. (Stability
analysis taken about toe of nib is ignored; the nib is a section
sticking down from general level of the base, and stability
analysis about its toe gives strange answers). Global slope
stability checks are not undertaken in the spreadsheet and
should be addressed using other means.

vertical walls based on values of the design soil parameters.

Alternatively, the engineer can enter his or her own
coefficients to suit the conditions of the design by
overwriting the default values.
Maximum earth pressure occurs during service and not at
ultimate limit state, as at ultimate limit state the actual earth
pressure will be less. BS 8002(4) also uses a mobilisation factor
on soil parameters, increasing load on the active side of the
wall and reducing soil resistance on the passive side. In so
doing, the code recommends that no further partial load
factors are necessary in design of the structure. The above
are not entirely compatible with BS 8110: Part 1, Table 2.1,
nor to our knowledge have they been fully accepted by the
general practising engineer. Many designers do seem to use
the BS 8002 mobilisation factor as well as the traditional
safety factors. Therefore the built-in partial load factors may
be changed. Factors can be set at 1.4 or 1.6 in accordance
with BS 8110 or may be set to 1.0. The designer has, and
should have the final decision and responsibility to select
the load factors he or she feels are suitable to the design
conditions.
BS 8002 suggests that no additional factors of safety are
required in checking of external stability (i.e. overturning
and sliding) provided that the structure is in equilibrium
and the worst credible loads are used in the design.
For the calculation of bearing pressures, all partial load
factors are switched to unity and the design checks are based
on allowable ground bearing pressure, i.e. the permissible
stress approach. The bearing pressure is then factored up
with the partial load factors adopted from above for the
design of concrete base. Bearing pressure is calculated using
the concept of no tension equilibrium, i.e. triangular stress
blocks are used when eccentricity is outside the middle third.

Input is required on three sheets.

Many cells are referred to in formulae by names; for instance
DATA!C23 is given the name H which is used in formulae at
C56:D60, Diagrams!D88:D137, etc. The spreadsheet is laid
out in a very similar manner to RCC61.xls.

BS 8002 has minimum surcharge and minimum unplanned

excavation depth requirements. However in the spreadsheet,
the surcharge loads are set as input data. The minimum 10
kN/m 2 limit in BS 8002 has not been used with the
understanding that the BS 8002 committee is considering
reducing the 10 kN/m2 to 6 kN/m2 for 3 m high walls.

DATA!
This single sheet consists of the main inputs. Most inputs,
which are in blue and underlined, should be self-explanatory.
The top diagram defines most input parameters.

The spreadsheet is based on a number of assumptions which

should be assessed as being true or erring on the safe side in
each case. These are:
Wall friction is zero

The designer should determine the Design Soil Parameters

based on the combinations in BS 8002 which will give the
worst credible loads i.e. the design values should be the lower
of (a) the peak strength reduced by a mobilisation factor or
(b) the critical state strength.
As default values, the earth pressure coefficients are
calculated using the simplified Rankines formula for smooth

Minimum active earth pressure = 0.25qH. A minimum

active pressure of 0.25H (made to be a function of soil
property rather than an arbitrary value equivalent to
approx. 5 kN/m3 per m height) to cover conditions
regarding tension cracks. However, this does not
comply with BS 8002, which recommends that full
hydrostatic pressure is used. As the majority of small

99

WALLS

RCC62

retaining walls have granular backfills, the cohesion

value of retaining soil has been locked to zero.
Granular backfill is used. Even a small value of effective
cohesion, c, can significantly reduce active pressures.
However, to acknowledge the fact that many retaining
walls are built with granular backfill for drainage and
to err on the side of caution, the spreadsheet assumes
only cohesionless materials.

An estimate of reinforcement per metre length of wall is

given.

The spreadsheet does not include checks on rotational

slide/slope failure.

DESIGN!

The spreadsheet does not include checks on the effects

of seepage of ground water beneath the wall.

The first page of this sheet summarises the checks carried

out for moment resistance, shear resistance, crack width and
minimum reinforcement requirements.

The spreadsheet does not include checks on deflection

of the wall due to lateral earth pressures.
The spreadsheet is not intended for walls over 3.0 m
high.
Many engineers have reservations about including the effect
of passive pressure in front of the wall and a warning
message has been used to help ensure that passive pressure
is considered only if it can be guaranteed that there will be
no future excavation in front of the wall.
Under Operating Instructions a number of checks are carried
out and problems are highlighted.
Kp is calculated using base material properties. Lever arm of
passive reaction is measured from bottom base level
downward. In the calculation of passive force, cohesion of
the base material is also taken into consideration.

STABILITY!
STABILITY! calculates the overturning and restoring
moments, sliding and resisting forces on a section together
with ground bearing pressures and factors of safety. Failures
are highlighted.
Required Factors of safety against overturning and sliding
are required as input. In some circumstances, some loads
may have stabilising effects. By using the check boxes to
switch loads off and on, worse cases should be investigated
by hand.
For stability calculations, overall factor of safety is used
instead of partial safety factors and fill on the external face
of the wall is ignored.
All loads are assumed to be static loads. Dynamic loads /
vibration are not covered. However, at the discretion of the
designer, dynamic effects may be modelled by factoring up
static loads.
The equation for sliding assumes that passive pressure acts
without movement. The user may consider that the situation
is better modelled by applying a partial safety factor to
passive pressure at cell K39.

100

Idealisation, rounding errors and assuming a triangular

pressure diagram (which is not strictly correct) may lead to
theoretical inaccuracies. Moments at the top of the wall may
be small to the point of being indistinguishable on the
Bending Moment Diagram a problem of scale.

Input of both reinforcement diameter and centres is required

both for main bending steel and for transverse and secondary
reinforcement: the spreadsheet works on the principle of
checking a proposed section and reinforcement arrangement
rather than proposing an arrangement of reinforcement.
The second page details the design of both outer and inner
parts of the base. Again, the spreadsheet works on the
principle of checking a proposed section and input of both
reinforcement diameter and centres is required for both
main bending and transverse reinforcement.

WEIGHT!
This sheet shows the build up to the estimate of
reinforcement weight given. The figures should be treated
as approximate estimates only as they cannot deal with the
effects of designers and detailers preferences,
rationalisation, etc.

Diagrams!
Diagrams! shows data for the charts used in other sheets
but is not necessarily intended for printing out other than
for checking purposes.

Crack width!
This sheet shows calculations to determine crack widths in
the wall.
This check is included so the spreadsheet can also be used
for design of water-retaining structures to BS 8007. For
example a water tank may be looked at by setting Hw within
DATA! to the water level of the tank, switching soil
properties to 0 and crack width, at DATA!F31, to 0.3 mm.
The crack width check to BS 8007 is the same as that to BS
8110.

WALLS

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RCC71

RCC71 Stair Flight & Landing - Single.xls

RCC71.xls designs simply supported flights and landings to
BS 8110. Input is required on two sheets.

FLIGHT!
This single sheet consists of the input and main output. Inputs
are in blue and underlined and most should be selfexplanatory.
Only simply supported spans are catered for. If flights are
continuous with floors, the user should specify continuity
steel over supports as appropriate. Calculations are done
per metre width of flight. Input loads are assumed to be
characteristic and acting vertically. They should account for
any undercuts. Self-weight, moments and reactions are
calculated automatically. The area of steel required, Asreq,
may be automatically increased to increase modification
factors and satisfy deflection criteria. Where the stair flight
occupies more than 60% of the span an increase in allowable
span to depth ratios of 15% is included in accordance with
Clause 3.10.2.2. Nominal top reinforcement may be specified
in order to help overcome deflection problems. Dimensions
are not checked for compliance with Building Regulations.
Ultimate, characteristic dead and characteristic imposed
reactions are given below the indicative diagram.

LANDING!
Again, this single sheet consists of the input and main output.
Input defauls in magenta have been derived from FLIGHT!
but may be overwritten. Calculations are done per metre
width of landing.
Inputs are underlined and most should be self-explanatory.
As defaults, which can be overwritten, the material data
and characteristic flight reactions carry over from FLIGHT!
Self-weight, moments and reactions are calculated
automatically. The maximum width of landing over which
flight loads can be dispersed has been restricted to 1.8 m in
the spirit of Clause 3.10.1.3. Reactions are ultimate, both
total and per metre run. The area of steel required, As, can
be automatically increased to satisfy deflection criteria.

Dias!
Dias! calculates the reinforcement sizes and reinforcement
percentages for deflection modification factors used in
FLIGHT! and LANDING!

105

STAIRS

RCC71

FLIGHT

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STAIRS

RCC72

RCC72 Stairs & Landings - Multiple.xls

This spreadsheet designs the flights and landings of a
staircase in a stair core to BS 8110. It is assumed that flights
are supported on the landings and that the landings are
simply supported on bearings at each end.

STAIRCORE!
This single sheet consists of the input and main output. Inputs
are in blue and underlined and most should be selfexplanatory. Dimensions are not checked for compliance
with Building Regulations. Simple supports are assumed.
Calculations are done per metre width of flight and landing.
Input loads are assumed to be characteristic and acting
vertically. They should account for any undercuts. All stairs
are assumed to start from flight 1. Superfluous flights and
landings are blanked out. Self-weight, moments and
reactions are calculated automatically. Where the stair flight
occupies more than 60% of the span an increase in allowable
span to depth ratios of 15% is included in accordance with
Clause 3.10.2.2 and, as with other spreadsheets, the area of
steel required may be automatically increased to satisfy
deflection criteria. Ultimate reactions per metre are given.

Dias!
Dias! calculates the reinforcement sizes and reinforcement
percentages for deflection modification factors used in
STAIRCORE!

108

STAIRS

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FOUNDATIONS

RCC81

RCC81 Foundation Pads.xls

This spreadsheet designs simple pad foundations from input
of material properties, dimensions and characteristic loads
and moments. Single column bases and combined, double
bases are catered for on separate sheets.
A diagram is provided to illustrate the dimensions: a chart
showing scale plan views is provided to help ensure gross
errors are avoided. The efficiency diagrams are provided
so that the user may gauge how hard the base is working in
respect to allowable increase in ground bearing pressure,
bending and shear in the two axes together with a measure
on punching shear capacity. If the design is invalid, this chart
should help identify the problem.
The spreadsheet does not allow for punching shear links
bending reinforcement is increased to ensure allowable
shear, vc, is adequate. The user should note that punching
shear perimeters can jump from being rectangular to being
two- or three-sided, leading to unexpectedly large increases
in reinforcement for increases in base thickness. Information
from BS 8110: Part 1, Clause 3.7.7.8 and Figure 3.19 has yet
to be fully incorporated in this spreadsheet.
Warnings are given if columns encroach within 100 mm of
an edge.

SINGLE!
Suggestions are made, under the Operating Instructions
column, for the optimum plan size of the base.
Where two centres are given, e.g. 14 T16 @ 200 & 325 B2,
the reinforcement is subject to BS 8110: Part 1, Clause 3.11.3.2
and different centres are required, bars need to be grouped
closer in the central part of the base.

Det1!
This sheet shows workings and is not necessarily intended
for printing out other than for checking purposes.
Allowable bearing pressure is taken as an allowable increase
in bearing pressure and density of concrete density of
excavated material (i.e. soil) is used in the calculations. The
program assumes that pads are embedded to depth H in
the soil. A 25% over-stress is allowed where load cases
include wind loads.
Design moments are generally those at the face of the
column. Both sides of the column are checked for moment
in each direction to ensure maxima are identified. Shear
enhancement is allowed for both beam and punching shear.
Neither crack widths, factors of safety against sliding, nor
water tables are catered for. Where resultant eccentricities
are outside the base a warning message is given; the general
status message is updated as well. Factors of safety against

112

overturning are checked (minimum 1.5). Warnings are also

given at the onset of an uplift situation.

DOUBLE!
In addition to graphs showing plan layout and efficiency,
this sheet gives moment diagrams for the two principal axes.
Design moments are taken at the edge of both column
sections
Suggestions are made, under the Operating Instructions
column, for the optimum plan size of the base and
eccentricities given the column offsets from one another.
The users attention is drawn to the fact that the analysis is
done in two orthogonal directions. When column
eccentricities are large in both directions the analysis may
not account adequately for local effects (e.g. bottom
cantilever moments on two sides of each column loads in
opposite corners gives bottom moments of 0 kNm). In such
cases, it may be better to change the orientation of the base
in such a way that eccentricity in one direction is minimal.
Warnings about double eccentricities are given when the
distances between column centrelines exceed 15% of the
relevant base dimension in each orthogonal direction.
Comparison with FE analysis suggests this is reasonable so
long as the base is thick and rigid.

Det2!
This sheet shows workings and is not necessarily intended
for printing out other than for checking purposes.
The notes for Det! above also apply.

Legends!
This sheet shows dimensions, axes, corners and notation
used.

Graf!
This sheet comprises data for graphs for both SINGLE! and
DOUBLE!

FOUNDATIONS

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3.5

TABULAR

RCC91

RCC91 One-way Solid Slabs (Tables).xls

Design is often undertaken using the moment and shear
factors taken from BS 8110: Part 1, Tables 3.5 and/or 3.12.
This series of spreadsheets uses factors for moment and shear
based on these tables.
RCC91.xls designs simple one-way solid slabs to BS 8110. For
three or more spans they use moment and shear factors from
Table 3.12. The use of these factors is governed by Clause
3.7.2.7 (single load case and the conditions of Clause 3.5.2.3
are met {bays > 30 m2, qk > 1.25 gk, qk > 5.0 kN/m2} and at
least three bays of approximately equal span (the
corresponding factors for beams also restrict use of the
factors to where spans differ by no more than 15% of the
maximum span)). Where the relevant conditions are not met,
users are directed towards RCC31.xls where continuous beam
analysis overcomes many of these caveats.
The design of single- and two-span slabs is also possible.
The factors used for two-span slabs should be considered
subject to the same conditions as for using the factors from
Table 3.12 of BS 8110.

MAIN!
This single sheet consists of the input and main output. In
itself it should prove adequate for the design of the simplest
one-way solid slab designs. A nominal 1 m wide strip of slab
is considered.
Inputs are underlined and most should be self-explanatory.
End support condition determines the factors applied for
bending. Simple charts show the spans, loads and indicative
bending moments. The factors from Table 3.12 give rise to a
single load case that has been subject to 20% redistribution:
a bending moment envelope is inappropriate and the
diagram is therefore indicative only. The factors used are
given in the table below.

The factors used are based on continuous end supports. The

two-span factors were derived by modelling the appropriate
number of spans with a single loadcase of 4 kN/m dead and
5 kN/m imposed and allowing any one span to be 15% less
than the input length (strictly according to BS 8110 this is
applicable to beams only).
The area of steel required, As, may be automatically increased
to reduce service stress, fs, and to increase modification
factors to satisfy deflection criteria. The option in line 42 to
have top steel in spans influences modification factors used
in deflection calculations.
As most contractors prefer prefabricated reinforcement mats
might be considered.
To the right of the sheet are calculations. An approximate
reinforcement density is given.

Weight!
Weight! gives an estimate of the amount of reinforcement
required in a slab. Simplified curtailment rules, as defined
in Clause 3.12 are used to determine lengths of bars. The
figures should be treated as approximate estimates only as
they cannot deal with the effects of designers and detailers
preferences, rationalisation, the effects of holes etc, etc. It
excludes supporting beams, trimming to holes etc. To the
right of the sheet are calculations of length, etc.

Graf!
This sheet comprises data for graphs used in MAIN! It is not
necessarily intended for printing out other than for checking
purposes.

Bending moment and shear force coefficients

Coefficient

End
supports

End
spans

First int
supports

Interior
spans

Interior
supports

Bending
Simple support

Continous support

1 span

0.00

0.125

2 span

0.00

0.086

0.100

3 span etc

0.00

0.075

0.086

0.063

1 span

0.040

0.105

2 span

0.040

0.066

0.100

3 span etc

0.040

0.075

0.086

0.063

(0.063)
~
~
(0.063)

Shear
1 span

0.50

2 span

0.46

0.60

~
~

3 span ect

0.46

0.60

0.50

115

TABULAR

?`^YTRb
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RCC92

RCC92 Ribbed Slabs (Tables).xls

This spreadsheet designs simple single-, two-span and
multiple-span ribbed slabs to BS 8110: Part 1 using the
moment and shear factors in, or in the case of single and
two spans, consistent with Table 3.12 of BS 8110. The use of
factors in Table 3.12 is governed by Clause 3.7.2.7 as follows.
A single load case is assumed
Conditions of 3.5.2.3 are met
bays > 30 m2,
qk >/ 1.25g ,
k
qk >/ 5.0 kN/m2 and
at least three bays are of approximately equal span
The corresponding factors for beams also restrict use of
the factors to where spans differ by no more than 15%
of the maximum span.
The factors used for two-span slabs should be considered
subject to these same conditions. They were derived by
modelling the appropriate number of spans with a single
load case of 4 kN/m2 dead and 5 kN/m2 imposed, and allowing
any one span to be 15% less than the input length (strictly
according to BS 8110 this is applicable to beams only). The
factors used are based on continuous end supports.
Where the relevant conditions are not met, users are directed
towards RCC32.xls where continuous beam type analysis
overcomes many of these caveats.

MAIN!
This single sheet consists of the input and main output. In
itself it should prove adequate for the simplest ribbed slab
designs. Inputs are underlined and most should be selfexplanatory.
The option to have top steel in spans or not has bearings on
whether shear links can be accommodated and on deflection
calculations. The option to have links, minimal (or nominal)
links or no links is a matter of choice for the designer. Most
contractors prefer to prefabricate reinforcement for ribbed
slabs on the ground or off-site: this means at least nominal
links and nominal top steel are usually required.

Designed links are taken to be those provided where (vc

+ 0.4) < v < 0.8 fcu0.5
Minimal links are taken to be those that are required to
provide shear resistance for vc < v < (vc + 0.4)
Nominal links are those used if required for temporary
support only in areas where v < vc
Under Bending, the Width of solid from CL refers to the
distance between centre line of support and the rib/solid
intersection. It determines where shear and, at internal
supports, hogging moment in ribs are checked. The user
inputs preferred diameters of reinforcement in the rib. At
supports, these bars usually need to be supplemented by
intermediate bars to comply with either spacing rules or with
hogging moments in the solid section of slab.
In spans, the area of steel required, As, may be automatically
increased to reduce service stress, f s, and to increase
modification factors to satisfy deflection criteria.
An approximate reinforcement density is given. It excludes
mesh, supporting beams, trimming to holes etc.
Please note that the bending moment diagrams are
indicative only. The factors from Table 3.12 give rise to a
single load case that has been subject to 20% redistribution:
a bending moment envelope is inappropriate. The factors
used are given in the table below.
The factors used are based on continuous end supports. The
two-span factors were derived by modelling the appropriate
number of spans with a single load case of 4 kN/m dead and
5 kN/m imposed and allowing any one span to be 15% less
than the input length (strictly according to BS 8110 this is
applicable to beams only).

DETAILS!
DETAILS! gives two pages of detailed calculations and
references to BS 8110 justifying the output in MAIN! This
sheet is intended as an explanation for the less experienced
engineers and may prove useful for checking purposes.

Bending moment and shear force coeficients

Coefficient
Bending

Shear

End
supports

End
spans

First int
supports

Interior
spans

Interior
supports

1 span

0.040

0.125

2 span

0.040

0.086

0.100

3 span etc

0.040

0.075

0.086

0.063

(0.063)

1 span

0.50

2 span

0.46

0.60

3 span etc

0.46

0.60

0.50

117

TABULAR

RCC92

Maximum spacing, Smax, at supports is based on rib centres:

usually two large bars are required in the top of the rib for
moment at the rib/solid intersection and one, two or even
three smaller bars (minimum T10) are required between to
overcome spacing rules. Concentrating reinforcement with
larger bars in the top of the rib raises the percentage steel
in the rib at the rib/solid interface, thereby maximising vc
and reducing shear requirements.
In terms of curtailment, 50% of reinforcement for maximum
sagging is taken as being As reqd for bending, i.e. excluding
any extra for deflection, etc. Figure 3.25 refers to
reinforcement for max. moment. Ribbed slabs are taken as
being slabs so the 40% rule is applied. It is usually assumed
that ribs become beams when they are at centres > 1.5 m.
Tapered links are assumed. Where required for shear
resistance, links should be at maximum 0.75d centres.

Weight!
Weight! gives an estimate of the amount of reinforcement
required in a slab. Simplified curtailment rules, as defined
in Clause 3.12 are used to determine lengths of bars. The
figures should be treated as approximate estimates only as
they cannot deal with the effects of designers and detailers
preferences, rationalisation, the effects of holes etc, etc. To
the right of the sheet are calculations of length etc.

Graf!
This sheet comprises data for graphs used in MAIN!

118

TABULAR

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RCC92

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RCC93

RCC93 Flat Slabs (Tables).xls

This spreadsheet designs simple rectangular flat slabs to
BS 8110: Part 1 using moment and shear factors from
Table 3.12. The use of these factors is also governed by
Clause 3.7.2.7 as shown below.
A single load case is assumed
The conditions of 3.5.2.3 are met
bays > 30m2,
qk >/ 1.25g ,
k
qk >/ 5.0 kN/m2 and
at least three bays are of approximately equal span
The corresponding factors for beams also restrict use of
the factors to where spans differ by no more than 15%
of the maximum span.
Where the relevant conditions are not met, users are directed
towards RCC33.xls where sub-frame analysis overcomes many
of the caveats made in the code restricting the use of bending
moment and shear factors from Table 3.12.
The spreadsheet does not currently allow for holes or drops.
If holes are considered critical then the user is directed
towards using RCC21.xls (sub-frame analysis) and allowing
for holes in breadths used. Note should also be made of
Clause 3.7.5. Punching shear can be checked using RCC13.xls.

Column transfer moments are limited to Mt max see Clause

3.7.4.2 and equation 24
A basic deflection ratio of 26 x 0.9 (see Clauses 3.4.6.1 and
3.7.8) is used in line 189 etc. Some engineers like to use a
higher basic deflection ratio (rather than 26 in the code) to
offset any potential problems with deflection of partitions
and especially of cladding.
Traditional shear links can be very time consuming on site,
so in order to minimise the number of links the centres are
maximised at 0.75d (see line 226 et seq). Additional bars
may be necessary to act as carriers to these links if top and
bottom bars cannot be arranged at the preferred spacings.
Consideration should also be given to using proprietary
systems.

Weight!
Weight! gives an estimate of the amount of reinforcement
required in a slab. Simplified curtailment rules, as defined
in Clause 3.12 are used to determine lengths of bars. The
figures should be treated as approximate estimates only as
they cannot deal with the effects of designers and detailers
preferences, rationalisation, the effects of holes etc, etc.
Additional link carrier bars are not included

Xdia! And Ydia!

It does not cater for single or two-span cases.

MAIN!
This single sheet consists of the input and main output. In
itself it should prove adequate for the simplest flat slab
designs.
Most inputs should be self-explanatory. A location plan helps
with definition of dimensions. The number of spans is altered
by changing the number of grid line inputs: deleting the
end grid line name will decrease the number of spans. A
combo-box is used to switch between the continuous and
simply supported end support/slab connection factors. Note
the effect on column transfer moments. Edge distance, C, is
actually from centreline of column to edge of slab.
Double penult means penultimate in both directions, i.e.
internal column of corner bay.
Please note that the bending moment diagrams are
indicative only. The factors from Table 3.12 give rise to a
single load case that has been subject to 20% redistribution:
a bending moment envelope is therefore inappropriate.

DETAILS!
DETAILS! gives detailed calculations and references to BS
8110 justifying the output in MAIN! This sheet is intended
as explanation for the less experienced engineers and may
prove useful for checking purposes.

122

In these sheets each bending moment is designed using a

different size bar (with different effective depths, d). The
largest bar (i.e. minimum number of bars) consistent with
maximum specified diameter and maximum spacing rules is
identified and used in DETAILS! Thus a least bars solution is
given. The Xdia! and Ydia! pages find the maximum diameter
that can be used while complying with spacing rules. The
sheet finds which of Clause 3.12.11.2.7 (a) or (b) applies.
This has quite a dramatic effect on rationality of the bars
and spacings. A detailer can always reduce bar diameters
and/or close-up spacing if he or she wishes provided that
overall areas of steel are at least maintained.

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RCC94

RCC94 Two-way Slabs (Tables).xls

This spreadsheet designs restrained two-way solid slabs in
accordance with BS 8110: Part 1 using moment and shear
factors from equations 14 to 20 (i.e. Tables 3.14 and 3.15).
Input is required on the first two sheets.

MAIN!
This single sheet consists of the input and main output. In
itself it should prove adequate for the design of restrained
two-way slabs. Inputs are underlined and most should be
self-explanatory.
Self-weight, moment and shear factors are calculated
automatically. The use of the factors is also governed by
Clause 3.5.3.5 (similar loads on adjacent spans, similar spans
adjacent). Where the relevant conditions are not met, users
are directed towards Clause 3.5.3.6 or alternative methods
of analysis (e.g. sub-frame analysis). Whilst ultimate reactions
to beams are given, shear per se is not checked as it is very
rarely critical.
The dimension ly must be greater than lx: bays where lx > ly
are invalid. It is recognised that B1 can be parallel to ly and
the user should specify in which layers the top and bottom
reinforcement are located (see D33 and H33). In line 32 the
user is asked to specify the diameter of reinforcement to be
used. This reinforcement should be provided at the required
centres in accordance with Clause 3.5.3.5 (1) to (6). (Middle
strips and column strips, torsion reinforcement at corners
where an edge or edges is/are discontinuous.) The
spreadsheet highlights whether additional reinforcement for
torsion is required or not. As noted under Deflection, the
area of steel required, Asreq, may be automatically increased
in order to reduce service stress, fs, and increase modification
factors to satisfy deflection criteria.
An approximate reinforcement density is given. This is
approximate only and excludes supporting beams, trimming
to holes, etc.

Weight!
Weight! gives an estimate of the amount of reinforcement
required in a slab. Simplified curtailment rules, as defined
in Clause 3.12, are used to determine lengths of bars. The
figures should be treated as approximate estimates only as
they cannot deal with the effects of designers and detailers
preferences, rationalisation, the effects of holes, etc, etc. To
the right of the sheet are calculations of length, etc.
Support widths are required as input as they affect
curtailments and lengths.

129

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RCC95

RCC95 Continuous beams (Tables).xls

The spreadsheet designs multiple-span rectangular or
flanged beams. It uses design ultimate bending moment and
shear force factors from Table 3.5 of BS 8110: Part 1. As such
its use should be limited, as defined by Clause 3.4.3, to where:
Qk >/ Gk
Uniform loads are placed
Variations in span < 15% lmax.
The intention is to provide the design of a simple continuous
beam on one sheet of A4. (Admittedly extra sheets are used
for explanation.)

MAIN!
The input requirements are self-explanatory. Answering Y
to Support in alt layer will incur additional cover to top bars
at supports (of the same size as those being designed at
that location) to allow for beams in the other direction. Users
should ensure effective depths, d, are correct (see
DETAIL!D15, etc.).
The choice between rectangular, L or T beam is made via a
combo-box to the right hand side.
When considering span reinforcement, the spreadsheet will,
where necessary, automatically increase reinforcement in
order to lower service stresses and enhance allowable span
to depth ratios. The diagrams for loading and for bending
moment are indicative only (the moment factors in Table
3.5 do not give rise to a moment envelope).
The example is taken from Designed and detailed (15).

DETAIL!
For first time users and young engineers, further detail of
the calculations undertaken is given on the sheet named
DETAIL!, pages 2 and 3 of the print-out.

Weight!
This sheet estimates the weight of reinforcement in the beam
when designed according to normal curtailment rules as
defined in BS 8110. The estimate is repeated at the bottom
of MAIN!. Workings are shown on the right hand side of
the sheet. The estimate may be printed out using File/print
or the print button on the normal toolbar.
It should be recognised that different engineers and
detailers interpretations of these clauses, different project
circumstances and requirements will all have a bearing on
actual quantities of reinforcement used.

Graf!
This sheet provides data for the charts in MAIN! and is not
intended for formal printing.

131

TABULAR

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EUROCODE 2

SPREADSHEETS TO EC2

Eurocode 2
At the time of writing (November 1999), we are advised
that the base document, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete
structures, Part 1: General rules and rules for buildings, DD
ENV 1992-1-1: 1992(3) is due for revision into an EN in the
near future. The spreadsheets presented here are in
accordance with this document but development of other
spreadsheets has not perhaps been as extensive as first
envisaged. Nonetheless, the spreadsheets presented here
cover all the fundamental elements of in-situ concrete and
should give users a good understanding of the current ENV
and provide the basis for an understanding of the final EN
document.
It is hoped that the production of spreadsheets to the final
version of EC2 will occur at some later date.

Terminology employed will be generally familiar to UK

engineers, although there are some new words. Thus
loads are referred to as actions; bending moments
and shear forces are called internal forces and
moments; superimposed loads are variable loads; and
self-weight and dead loads are referred to as
permanent loads
In EC2, a number of numerical values appear within boxes.
These numbers are for guidance only as each EU member
state is required to fix the values that will apply in its
jurisdiction. The boxed values are determined by National
Application Documents (the UK NAD is part of reference 3)
and are shown in a separate sheet within the spreadsheets.
Concrete strength in EC2 refers to the cylinder strength (f ck),
which is used throughout the EC2 spreadsheets. The
relationship between cylinder and cube strengths is shown
below.

Eurocode 2, Design of
concrete structures, has
not been widely adopted Relationship between cylinder and cube strengths
by UK industry. The
Property
Strength class
process of converting to
C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/40 C40/50 C45/50 C50/60
a new design Code of
Practice is slow and
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
fck (cylinder)
expensive, and EC2 will be
adopted only when there
25
30
37
40
50
50
60
fcu (cube)
is commercial advantage
29
30.5
32
33.5
35
36
37
Ecm
in doing so. Mainland
Europeans, in contrast,
seem more enthusiastic, and there is a danger of the UK
Frame analysis
becoming isolated and uncompetitive in Europe. While
There are slightly differences in the partial safety factors
several books on the subject have been published, there are
for loads. ENV 1992 uses factors of 1.35 for dead loads and
very few design aids. The availability of these spreadsheet
1.5 for imposed loads. Corresponding values in BS 8110 are
files will help address this need.
1.4 and 1.6.
These spreadsheets have called for some interpretation of
the ENV. The provision for boxed values and the National
Application Document mean that many factors hidden away
in the BS 8110 versions are documented on a separate sheet
allowing later amendment.

Notes regarding EC2

In his Comparison of design requirements in EC2 and BS 8110,
Narayanan(24) gave the following outline description of EC2.

General layout
DD ENV 1992-1-1(3): Part 1 is broadly comparable to BS 8110:
Parts 1 and 2. EC2 comprises principles and rules of
application. Principles are general statements, definitions,
other requirements, and analytical models for which no
alternative is permitted. The rules of application are
generally recognised rules that follow the principles and
satisfy their requirements.

Section analysis
The spreadsheets take a pragmatic approach to the design
of sections to ENV 1992. Thus a simplified rectangular stress
block, Figure 4.4, is used (and particularly in the case of
columns, not the more complicated consideration of strains
in Figure 4.11).
Lever arm, z is restricted to 0.95 x effective depth. This limit
is derived from BS 8110 and avoids dangers associated with
theoretically over-shallow neutral axis depths.

Redistribution of moments in continuous

structures
EC2 permits redistribution of moments in non-sway
structures subject to the maintenance of equilibrium
between the distributed moment and applied loads. The
maximum redistributed moment to the moment before the
distribution is limited to 70%., and to 85% after distribution .

135

EUROCODE 2

Shear
Applied shear force (Vsd) is compared with three values for
the resistance (VRd).
VRd1 represents the shear capacity of concrete alone; VRd2 is
the shear resistance determined by the capacity of the
notional concrete struts; and VRd3 is the capacity of a section
with shear reinforcement.

Deformation
The ENV 1992 span depth/ratio check is similar to that in
BS 8110. For each type of member, it provides two values,
one for highly stressed members and another for lightly
stressed members. In this context, members with less than
0.5% reinforcement are considered lightly stressed members,
and members with 1.5% reinforcement are considered highly
stressed. More rigorous approaches may be used if required.

Detailing
Formulae for calculating basic lap lengths are similar to those
in BS 8110, but ENV 1992 uses marginally lower bond stress.

Minimum percentages of reinforcement

There is hardly any difference between the two Codes in
the minimum longitudinal reinforcement in beams and slabs.
However for criteria for minimum reinforcement to control
cracking is different.

Familiarisation: outline
description
The layout and workings of the spreadsheets to EC2 are in
line with those in the previous section, Spreadsheets to
BS 8110. Descriptions of the spreadsheets to EC2 are given
in the following pages. The Introduction (page 2), and
General notes (page 3) are common to the use of all
spreadsheets in this publication.

136

ELEMENTS

RCCe11

RCCe11 Element Design.xls

RCCe11.xls includes sheets for designing
Solid slabs
Rectangular beams and
T beams (and ribbed slabs) for bending
Beam shear
Columns with axial load and bending about one axis.
RCCe11.xls designs elements to Eurocode 2: Part 1: 1992(3). It
is assumed that loads, moments, shears, etc, are available
for input from hand calculations or from analysis from
elsewhere. Span-to-depth ratios and other boxed values
are taken from the UK National Application Document (part
of reference 3).

SLAB!
This sheet designs a section of solid slab in a single simply
supported span, in a continuous end or internal span, at
supports or as a cantilever. Workings and references to clause
numbers are given to the right hand side of the sheet.
Input should be self-explanatory. Terminology may differ
from the BS 8110 version: for instance the term d is the
redistribution factor (i.e. 1 redistribution percentage/100).
Concrete cylinder strength, fck, is changed using the combobox to the right hand side.
In spans, the location of the section being designed has a
bearing on deflection limitations, and the appropriate
location should be chosen from the combo-box to the right
hand side. Similarly, the user should choose from the list of
usage (dwelling, office/store, parking etc.), which governs
the proportion of imposed load affecting long-term
deflection. EC2 requires the input of the relationship
between dead and imposed loading. This is done at cells G9
and G10. When appropriate the sheet will automatically
increase amounts of reinforcement in order to lower service
stresses and enhance allowable span-to-depth ratios.
The example is taken from Worked examples for the design
of concrete buildings(25) (to EC2) which itself is based on the
1985 version of Designed and detailed. Discrepancies in
numbers may be ascribed to differences in fck and differences
between tabular and calculated values of x/d.

RECT~BEAM!
This sheet designs a rectangular beam in a single simply
supported span, in a continuous end or internal span, at
supports or as a cantilever. These choices have a bearing on
deflection limitations and the user should choose the
appropriate location from the combo-box to the right hand
side. The user should similarly choose from the list of usage
(dwelling, office/store, parking, etc.), which governs the
proportion of imposed load affecting long-term deflection.
This sheet will, where necessary, automatically increase
reinforcement in order to lower service stresses and enhance

allowable span to depth ratios. Again, input of the

relationship between dead and imposed loading is required
in cells D12 and D13.
y2 is the quasi-permanent load factor applied to imposed
loads in calculations of deflection. The factors are 0.2 for
dwellings, 0.3 for offices, 0.6 for parking areas and 0.0 for
snow and wind.
The example is taken from Worked examples for the design
of concrete buildings(25) (to EC2) which itself is based on the
1985 version of Designed and detailed.

TEE~BEAM!
This sheet designs a rectangular beam in a single simply
supported span, in a continuous end or internal span, at
supports or as a cantilever. These choices have a bearing on
deflection limitations and the user should choose the
appropriate location from the combo-box to the right hand
side. Choosing between end and interior spans alters
maximum allowable flange width. The user should similarly
choose from the list of usage (dwelling, office/store, parking)
which governs the proportion of imposed load affecting
long-term deflection. This sheet will, where necessary,
automatically increase reinforcement in order to lower
service stresses and enhance allowable span-to-depth ratios.
Again, input of the relationship between dead and imposed
loading is required in cells D12 and D13. The user may also
choose between a T beam and an inverted L beam.
The example is taken from Worked examples for the design
of concrete Buildings (to EC2) which itself is based on the
1985 version of Designed and detailed .

SHEAR!
This sheet designs beams for shear.
Input is (we hope) self-explanatory. The value of shear force,
Vsd, used can, provided there is diagonal compression and
continuity of tension reinforcement for at least 2.5 d from
the face of support, be evaluated at d from the face of
support (see Clause 4.3.2.2(10)). The UDL is the relevant
ultimate uniformly distributed load.
The sheet designs the links required at the section
considered. If the beam loading is considered to be uniformly
distributed, the ultimate UDL, n, can be entered under n to
give the distance for which this arrangement is required
before reverting to nominal link arrangement.

COLUMN!
This spreadsheet designs symmetrically reinforced
rectangular columns bent about one axis where both axial
load, N, and maximum design moment, Mx, are known. It is
based on EC2 Figure 4.4 and Clause 4.2.1.3(12). It iterates x/
h to determine where the neutral axis lies. The sheet includes
stress and strain diagrams to aid comprehension of the final

137

ELEMENTS

RCCe11

design. Workings and references are shown to the right hand

side of the sheet.
For simplicity, where three or more bars are required in the
top and bottom of the section, it is assumed that a
symmetrical arrangement will be required for the side faces
(see the argument included within the commentary for the
BS 8110 version, page 19).
Input is self-explanatory. The sheet assumes that the moment
entered has already been adjusted, if necessary, for bi-axial
bending (see Worked examples for the design of concrete
buildings(25) p137). Under Calculations, a is a stress block
shape factor, similar to the 0.67 factor used in BS 8110.
Theoretical shortfalls in area of up to 2% are considered to
be acceptable.
The example is taken from Worked examples for the design
of concrete buildings(25) (to EC2) which itself is based on the
1985 version of Designed and Detailed. Discrepancies in
numbers may be ascribed to differences in fck and differences
between tabular and calculated values of x/d.

BOX!
This sheet is for reference only. It lists those values specific
for the UK use of EC2, and gives their descriptions.

138

ELEMENTS

RCCe11

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RCCe21

RCCe21 Subframe Analysis.xls

RCCe21.xls analyses sub-frames in accordance with
Eurocode 2: Part 1: 1992(3).
Spans may be of two different profiles to simulate varying
section inertia.
Inputs are required on two sheets.

MAIN!
This single sheet consists of the main inputs.
Most inputs should be self-explanatory. In cell D9 etc,
segment refers to the length of the section measured
from the left-hand support. If this is less than the span
length, the cell below will show the remainder of the span
as a second segment. The dimension of the flange width,
bf, is automated to be either bw + 0.07 x span for L beams
or bw + 0.14 x span for T beams.

Graf!
This sheet comprises data for graphs used on other sheets,
particularly in ACTIONS! It is not necessarily intended for
printing out other than for checking purposes

Segs!
This sheet calculates non-prismatic Fixed End Moments used
in other sheets notably in Analysis!. Separately, for each load
type and for unit load, it calculates the simply supported
bending moments at 1/20 points then numerically integrates
the Area Moment diagram to find the Fixed End Moments.
This sheet is not necessarily intended for printing out other
than for checking purposes.

Unwanted data cells are greyed out. The use of C, K, or E

can alter the characteristics of a support from cantilever
to knife-edge to encastr. Remote ends of columns at
supports may be F for fixed, otherwise and by default, P
for pinned. Extraneous data is highlighted in red or by
messages in red. Beneath Operating Instructions a number
of checks, mainly for missing entries, are carried out and
any problems are highlighted. At the bottom of the sheet
there is a simplistic but scale arrangement and loading
diagram. This is given to aid data checking. Great care
should be taken to ensure that this sheet is completed
correctly for the case in hand. It may prove prudent to
write down expected values for bending moments at each
support before progressing to ACTIONS!
Ultimate and characteristic support reactions are given at
the bottom of the sheet

ACTIONS!
This sheet shows bending moment and shear force
diagrams from the analysis undertaken in Analysis! The
user is required to input desired amount of redistribution
to the initial moments in line 27. Cell L14 allows three
types of distribution according to the users preferences.
The sheet also provides elastic and redistributed ultimate
shears and column moments according to the various load
cases.

Analysis!
This sheet details the moment distribution analysis carried
out but is not necessarily intended for printing out other
than for checking purposes.

145

ANALYSIS

RCCe21

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BEAMS

RCCe41

RCCe41 Continuous Beams (A & D).xls

The spreadsheet allows for the design of multiple-span
rectangular or flanged beams using sub-frame analysis to
derive moments and shears according to the current version
of Eurocode 2: Part 1: 1992(3).

the section is substantially uncracked, i.e. slabs, but is more

significant for beams. Beeby and Narayanans Designers
handbook to EC2, p182)(26) gives some modification factors
based on parametric studies.

The intention is to provide the design and analysis of up to

six spans of continuous beams with columns above and
below. There are three main sheets: MAIN!, ACTIONS! and
SPANS! Input is required on each of these three sheets.

Weight!

MAIN!
This sheet contains user input of materials, frame geometry
and load data, for up to six spans. Users should note that
with values of concrete strength of fck > 35 N/mm2 (equivalent
to fcu > 45 N/mm2), limiting values of x/d and consequently
m lim (limiting applied moment ratio) are affected
dramatically.
The example is taken from Worked examples for the design
of concrete buildings(25) (to EC2) which itself is based on the
1985 version of Designed and detailed. In order to reflect
the latter publication, the spreadsheet has been set up with
the beams being considered as rectangular in both the
analysis and design.
Users should note that the maximum permitted flange
widths are calculated from points of contraflexure on the
BM diagrams, and may therefore change with modifications
in loading.

ACTIONS!
ACTIONS! includes bending moment and shear force
diagrams, summaries of moments and shears and user input
for amounts of redistribution. Users should ensure that the
amounts of redistribution are always considered, as there
are no default values.

SPANS!
This sheet designs reinforcement for bending in spans and
supports and for shear in the spans. User input is required
for reinforcement sizes. The size used at a right support is
carried through to the left support of the next span. However
different numbers of bars may be designed, as support
moments (including cantilever moments) are considered at
the face of the support (see Bar!). Non-existent spans are
greyed out.
The reinforcement areas required for ultimate span moments
can be automatically increased in order to enhance span-todepth ratios. EC2 Clause 4.4.3.2P(4), appears to give the
unlimited possibility to reduce service stress and increase
span-to-depth ratios, but the spreadsheet does not allow
any increase in span-to-depth ratios greater than 100%. The
effectiveness of increasing the area of reinforcement
depends on the extent of cracking. The effect is marginal if

148

This sheet estimates the weight of reinforcement in the beam

as designed according to curtailment in EC2. Workings are
shown on the right hand side of the sheet. The estimate
may be printed out using File/print or the print button on
the normal toolbar. It should be recognised that different
engineers and detailers interpretations of these clauses,
different project circumstances and requirements, will all
have a bearing on actual quantities used. A print-out of this
sheet is reproduced.

Analysis!
This sheet shows the moment distributions used in the
analysis of the beam: it is not intended for formal printing.

Bar!
For first time users and young engineers, further detail of
the calculations undertaken and EC2 references are given.
Moments at span points are used to determine the top
reinforcement in spans. A print-out of this sheet is
reproduced.

Graf!
This sheet provides data for the charts in MAIN! and
ACTIONS!: it is not intended for formal printing.

Box!
Many values used in EC2 are subject to national ratification.
This is signified by them appearing within boxes in the main
document. These box values are defined in the National
Application Document (part of DD ENV 1992-1-1 1992)(3) and
those used within the spreadsheet are presented within Box!

BEAMS

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153

SUPPORTING FOLDERS
The main folders Admin, ByOthers and UserGuid, are
provided in order to help the user. The folder hierarchy,
together with sub-folders and the spreadsheet files, is shown
in the screen dump below.

TheFonts
This folder contains the font files:
Tekton~i.ttf
Tekton~n.ttf

Admin
Under the Admin folder will be found several folders and
files associated with the use of the spreadsheets.

Acrobat folder (and sub-folders)

To read and print from the fully illustrated Userguid.pdf
you need to have Adobe Acrobat Reader (version 3.0 or
above) on your computer. Use Windows Explorer to check
your hard disk for a folder called Acrobat.
If Reader is not there, then for Windows 95, 98 and NT install
it from the CD-ROM, E:\Admin \Acrobat \PC \32bit \Setup.exe.
If E is not your CD-ROM drive, substitute the correct letter.
Double click on Setup.exe, the self extracting installer file,
which will install the software onto your hard disc.
Screen dump from Windows Explorer

154

Marker.ttf
These fonts have been included in order to give users access
to the fonts intended for the spreadsheets.
These condensed fonts were used in the spreadsheets in
order to emulate a designers handwriting and to allow an
adequate amount of information to be shown across the
page and in each cell. As described under Fonts in Using the
spreadsheets for the first time (see page 11), unless the
appropriate fonts and default font size have been installed,
the appearance on screen will be different from the
publication and from that intended. Column width and cell
overlap problems may occur unless the correct fonts and
default font size are installed.
To the best of our knowledge these fonts are copyright-free.

SUPPORTING FOLDERS

Printreg.xls

Studrail

This spreadsheet is included to provide:

This program designs Studrail reinforcement for punching

shear around a column or pile and prints out the full design
calculation and drawings.

A means for finding set-up / printing discrepancies

between computers
An initial check on users set-ups

A copy is shown on page 155. Its use should be self

explanatory.

To load the program to your hard disk, use the setup file
Byothers/ Brc/ Studrail/ Setup.exe a folder will be created in
the directory of your choice. To run the program use
Windows Explorer and successively double click Studrail/
Studrail.exe or select the icon Studrail in the program menu.

Readme.doc & Readme.txt

CBuck

Essential for initial users of the spreadsheets in both Word

and text formats.

This folder contains Barsched.xlt, a spreadsheet template

for the scheduling of steel for the reinforcement of concrete
to BS 4466: 1989 and Amendment No 1. The aim of the
spreadsheet is to reduce the time taken to produce a bar
schedule, eliminate arithmetical errors, reduce scheduling
errors, increase compliance with the BSI specified format
for bar scheduling and perhaps become the basis for
electronic data interchange. The spreadsheet presents a
familiar interface to the user who has produced schedules
by hand and it is simple to use. It will guide the user through
the scheduling process while checking the input is in
accordance with British Standard requirements.

A print-out for registration

ByOthers
The BCA and RCC disclaim any responsibility for programs
by others. These programs and files are provided to help
dissemination. They are subject to the authors conditions
of use.

BRC
This suite of programs is provided by BRC Concrete
Connections, for use in the design of their proprietary lifting
anchors, anchors for sandwich panels and Studrail (a
punching shear system ). The anchor and sandwich panel
software was authored by DEHA Ankersysteme, Germany.
The Studrail files are joint BRC/DEHA Ankersysteme software.
The programs are provided as freeware (i.e. free software).
For further information please contact: BRC Concrete
Connections, Mansfield, Tel: 01623 440472, Fax: 01623 559758,
email: GaryNice@concrete-connections.co.uk. www.brcuk.co.uk
Anchors
The program DHT-2E suggests positions and types of anchors
for lifting various precast concrete products - slabs, walls,
pipes etc. With a graphical interface and output the program
should prove easy to use. Some text is in German.
To load the program to your hard disk, use the setup file/
Byothers/ Brc/ Anchors/ Setup.exe. Files will be saved under
a folder deha/ on your hard disk drive. To run the program
use Windows Explorer and successively double click deha/
dht20e/ DHT-2E.
Sandwich
This program indicates the anchor positions needed to
support the outer facing layer of a concrete sandwich wall
panel and designs the fixing anchors to suit. The graphical
program outputs design calculations and drawings showing
the type and position of the fixings required. Start by using
Defaults and work through Facing layer to Design.

A complementary template, Shape99.xlt is also provided.

These templates are made available as shareware (see page 13)
by their author. For further information, including
registration details, corporate customisation etc., e-mail:
bar.schedule@newscientist.net. A support web site is
available at http://users.newscientist.net/bar.schedule/.

Techno
Pile Loads991112-.xlt is a spreadsheet template to determine
distribution of load in piles beneath rigid rafts or pile caps.
Loads induced in n-piles beneath m-sided polygon subjected
to moments Mxx, Myy and p-number of vertical loads can
be calculated.
Co-ordinates from an origin at a convenient point describe
the position of each pile node and load. Using the specified
thickness and density of the raft or pile cap, the self-weight
of the m-sided polygon is calculated by the template itself
and included in the analysis.
In order to use this template (see Excel documentation),
please copy the file to:
C:\Program Files\ Microsoft Office\ Template
To use the program, start Excel 97 and choose:
File/ New and Select PileLoads991112-.xlt
With care, the file may also be used as if it were a normal
.xls file.

To run the program direct from the CD-ROM run Byothers/

Brc/ Anchors/ Dehas-e or copy the folder to the hard disk.

155

SUPPORTING FOLDERS

The spreadsheet includes three examples having 2, 3 and 4

plies. To add a node, load or pile, click the apprpriate Add
button at the top of the sheet. To delete a node, load or
pile, position the cursor in any cell in its row and then click
the appropriate Delete button. To include additional pile
caps for analysis, click Add Sheet button at top of the screen.
Shaded cells in the input and output mean that they are
user input and the unshaded cells are spreadsheet results.
For further details refer to Notes! within the spreadsheet.
Pile Loads991112-.xlt is made available as shareware. For
further information, including registration details and
disclaimers, refer to Terms! within the spreadsheet.

UserGuid
UserGuid.doc: Word file of User Guide
This file formed the basis of the printed User Guide. It may
be loaded, read and printed out by using Word 97 or
subsequent releases. While it has been superceded by thr
.pdf file, it is included to provide help to allow parts of the
document to be printed or for use as a basis for comment.
UserGuid.pdf: Adobe Acrobat file of the User
Guide
This file presents the User Guide in full colour. Adobe
Acrobat Reader v 3.0 or later will be required to read and
interrogate the .pdf file. Acrobat Reader is available on the
CD-ROM (see above). The file has been included to provide
help and to allow colour printing of parts of the document.

156

SUPPORTING FOLDERS

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

from

A B See , N G Neer & Partners

Date

re

Spreadsheets to BS8110 & EC2: formatting, registration etc

1 of 1

RCC

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34

17

35

26-Nov-99

36

fax to 01344 761214 or

send to RCC, Telford Avenue, Crowthorne, Berkshire, RG45 6YS

To

E
Dear User,

K
M

This spreadsheet has been included for three main reasons:

1 a means for finding set-up / printing discrepancies2 an initial check on users' set-ups
3 a printout for registration
-

Nature of business
No of employees

Phone
Fax
E-mail

Address

eg HP Laserjet II

eg Dell Optiplex GXi

eg Samsung 17GL

eg Consulting Engineers
eg 12

eg 01344 762676
eg 01344 761214
eg ngneer@home.co.uk

Address 1
Address 2
Town
County
(If not UK, Country &) Postcode

A B See
N G Neer & Partners

many thanks

11-Nov-99

C H Goodchild

Arial
Tekton
Tekton
Marker

If <8.0a users may experience difficulties

Check in font box in Formatting Toolbar (View /Toolbars

/Formatting). If not load these fonts into your font directory
(Usually C\Windows\Fonts)

Automatic

Windows (32-bit) 4.00

If not automatic see Tools\ Options\
Calculation

8.0a

eg 12

eg Arial

In Excel, default font name

In Excel, default font size
Fonts
Is this Arial?
Is this Tekton?
Is this Tekton italic?
Is this Marker?
Excel release
8.0e
Operating System
Windows (32-bit) NT 4.00
Recalculation mode
Automatic

#ABCabcq5678

Make cheques payable to 'BCA' . Send together with a copy of this printout to
RCC, Telford Avenue, Crowthorne, Berkshire, RG45 6YS

Registration includes acceptance of the 'Conditions of Use' as defined in the User Guide Spreadsheets for concrete
design to BS 8110 and EC2

Test

The name of the font in cell N21 or default (see Tools\

Options \General,) if different please. Font name and size
(from left hand side of Formatting toolbar)

Please check one of the boxes above and complete the information below by overwriting blue text as far as you are able. Please do not change
anything else. In the case of 1 or 2 above, compare with printed version in accompanying User Guide and in the case of difficulty print and fax a copy.
In the case of 3, registration, please print out and send this completed form with your remittance.

Your name

Your computer
Monitor

Company

Printer

(=50.00 + VAT)

If registering, remittance
eg 58.75
enclosed.

157

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

References
1

Goodchild, C.H. Economic concrete frame elements.

British Cement Association, Crowthorne, 1997. 128 pp.

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS 8110: 1997.

Structural use of concrete. Part 1. Code of practice
for design and construction. British Standards
Institution, London, 1997.

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. DD ENV 1992-1-1:

1992. Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures. Part
1: General rules and rules for buildings. Includes the
UK National Application Document. British Standards
Institution, London, 1992.

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS 8002: 1994.

Code of practice for earth retaining structures. British
Standards Institution, London, 1994.

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS 8007: 1987.

Code of practice for design of concrete structures for
retaining aqueous liquids. British Standards
Institution, London, 1987.

INSTITUTION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS ET AL. Earth

retaining structures. (Civil Engineering Code of
Practice No. 2.) Institution of Structural Engineers,
London, 1975. 224 pp.

17 CEMENT AND CONCRETE ASSOCIATION. Basic data for

the prediction of shrinkage and creep. Training note
TDH 2391. Cement and Concrete Association (now
British Cement Association), Slough (now
Crowthorne), 11 pp.
18 WYATT, T A. Design guide on the vibration of floors.
Pub. No. 076, Steel Construction Institute, Ascot, 1989.
43 pp.
19 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS 6399: Part 1:
1996. Loading for buildings. Code of practice for dead
and imposed loads. British Standards Institution,
London, 1996.
20 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. CP 110: 1972. Code
of practice for the structural use of concrete. British
Standards Institution, London, 1972.
21 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS 5400: 1988.
Steel, concrete and composite bridges. British
Standards Institution, London, 1988.

MACLEOD, I.A. ET AL. Information technology for the

structural engineer. The Structural Engineer, Vol. 77,
No.3, 2 February 1999. pp. 23 - 25.

22 RAFIQ, M.Y. AND SOUTHCOMBE, C. Genetic

algorithms in optimal design and detailing of
reinforced concrete biaxial columns supported by a
declarative approach for capacity checking.
International Journal of Computers and Structures,
69 (1998), pp 443 - 457.

STANDING COMMITTEE ON STRUCTURAL SAFETY.

Standing Committee on Structural Safety, 10th report,
July 1992 June 1994. SETO Ltd, London, 1994. 32 pp.

23 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS 8004: 1986.

Code of practice for foundations. British Standards
Institution, London, 1986.

ANSLEY, M. Liability concerns require adaptable

software. Concrete International, Vol. 19, No. 12,
December 1997. pp. 37, 38.

24 NARAYANAN, R S. Comparison of design

requirements in EC2 and BS 8110. The Structural
Engineer, Vol. 67, No 11, 6 June 1989, pp. 218 - 227.

10 KHAN, S. Techno Consultants Ltd, Manchester.

Correspondence with authors, May 1999.

25 BEEBY, A.W. ET AL. Worked examples for the design

of concrete buildings. British Cement Association,
Crowthorne, 1994. 256 pp.

11 MOSLEY, W.H. & BUNGEY, J.H. Reinforced concrete

design (4th edition). Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1990.
392 pp.
12 REYNOLDS, C.E. & STEEDMAN, J.C. Reinforced
concrete designers handbook (10th edition). E&FN
Spon, London, 1998. 448 pp.
13 ALLEN, A.H. Reinforced concrete design to BS 8110
simply explained. E&FN Spon, London, 1988. 256 pp.
14 THE CONCRETE SOCIETY. Post-tensioned concrete
floors Design Handbook, Technical Report No 43.
The Concrete Society, Slough (now Crowthorne), 1994.
162 pp.
15 HIGGINS, J.B. & ROGERS, B.R. Designed and detailed
(BS 8110:1997). British Cement Association
Crowthorne, 1998. 28 pp.

158

16 KHAN, S. & WILLIAMS, M. Post-tensioned concrete

floors. Butterworth Heinnemann, Oxford, 1995. 312
pp.

26 BEEBY, A.W. & NARAYANAN, R.S. Designers

handbook to Eurocode 2 Part 1.1: Design of concrete
structures. Thomas Telford Ltd, London, 1994. 242 pp.
Further reading
1

INSTITUTION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS;

INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS. Manual for the
design of reinforced concrete building structures.
London, ISE, London, 1985. 88 pp.

REYNOLDS, C.E. & STEEDMAN, J.C. Examples of the

design of reinforced concrete buildings to BS 8110
(4th edition). E&FN Spon, London, 1992. 320 pp.

MOSLEY, W.H. Et Al. Reinforced concrete design to

Eurocode 2 (EC2). Macmillan, London, 1996. 426 pp.

SYMBOLS
Please note that definitions relating to retaining and
basement walls and many of those relating to post-tensioned
design are contained within the relevant spreadsheets.
Abbreviation

Unit

(B or S)
(L, R, B)

Explanation
Beam or slab (re PT)
Stressing ends left, right and bottom
(re PT)
Prestressing system bonded or
unbonded (re PT)

(B, U)
~
~~~ or
~~~~~
m
Ac

Not applicable/ no result

No input required
Coefficient of friction
mm Area of concrete section

acr

mm

Ap
As
As

Distance from point considered to

nearest longitudinal bar (Crack widths:
usually from surface half way etween
bars to bar)
mm Area of prestressing strand/tendon
mm Area of (tension) steel
mm Area of compression steel

As min
As prov
As reqd
Asv

mm
mm
mm
mm

Minimum area of steel required

Area of steel provided
Area of steel required
Area of shear reinforcement

mm

bf
B, Btm
be

mm
mm

Width, effective width, breadth (in

RCC51.xls both or two-way spanning)
Breadth of flange
Bottom
Breadth of effective moment strip

bv
bw
beam
char
Cl

mm
mm

Breadth of section
Average web width of a flanged

CO
Comp
d
d

mm

dc

mm

Def
Dia
E/O
Ec28

Characteristic (load)
Centreline (of support)

mm
mm

Cover (crack widths)

Compression
Effective depth
Depth to compression reinforcement
Depth of compression zone (column
design)
Deflection
Diameter
Extra over

N/mm Modulus of elasticity of concrete (at

28 days)

Eci

e
emin

N/mm Modulus of elasticity of concrete at

initial stressing (re PT)
N/mm Modulus of elasticity of prestressing
strand/tendon (re PT)
mm
Eccentricity
mm
Minimum eccentricity

kN

Ep

fci
fck
fcu
FEM
fs
fsc
fst
fy

total design ultimate load on the full

width of panel
N/mm2 Characteristic concrete strength at
initial stressing (re PT)
N/mm2 Characteristic concrete cylinder
strength (EC2)
N/mm Characteristic concrete strength
Fixed end moment
N/mm (Estimated in-) service stress of
reinforcement in a section
N/mm (In-) service stress of reinforcement in
a section: compression
N/mm (In-) service stress of reinforcement in
a section: tension

Gk
gk
h, H

N/mm Characteristic steel strength (bending

reinforcement)
N/mm Characteristic steel strength (link
reinforcement)
kN
Characteristic dead load
kN
Characteristic dead load per unit area
mm
Height

hc

mm

hf
hf
K

mm
mm

K
K

Wobble factor (re PT)

Factor determining whether
compression reinforcement is required
m, mm Span
Span:depth

fyv

L
L/d
lx

Lx
ly

MOR

Effective diameter of column (design

of flat slabs)
Thickness of flange
Height of flange
M/bd2fcu - used to determine whether
compression reinforcement is required
or not

m, mm Length along x axis, length of shorter

side (two-way slab panel or flat slab
panel)
m, mm Span in x direction
m, mm Length along y axis, length of longer
side (two-way slab panel or flat slab
panel)
kNm
Moment of resistance

M(e) all kNm

Elastic moment all spans loaded

159

SYMBOLS

M(r)
kNm
even
Moment, kNm
M
kNm
Madd
Mmin
Mres
Ms
msx

Additional design ultimate moment

induced by deflection of column

kNm

Moment due to axial load acting at

minimum eccentricity
kNm
Moment of resistance
kNm
Service moment (crack widths)
kNm/m Maximum design ultimate moments in
span or at support in strips of unit
width and length lx. Likewise msy

VRd1

kN

VRd1

kN

VSd

kN

kNm/m Maximum design shear in strips of

unit width and length lx
kN
Design ultimate shear transferred to
Vt
column (flat slabs, punching shear)
w
mm
Crack width
W/C ratio
Water:cement ratio (re PT)
Wk
wk
x
x or y

kNm

Mx
N
n

kNm
kN
kN/m

Design moment transferred between

slab and column
Design moment about x - x axis
Design ultimate axial load
Total design ultimate load per unit area

bb

mm

Neutral axis
Not applicable
Number
Bar diameter, maximum bar diameter

e
gm
gc

kN

Overall
Perimeter
Point load
Post tensioned (concrete)
Characteristic imposed load
Characteristic imposed load per unit area
Grade 250 reinforcement, mild steel
Relative Humidity (re PT)
Relaxation (re PT)

gs

o/a
Perim
PL
PT
Qk
qk
R
R/H
Rel%

kN

s
SLS
sv
T

mm

Tens
UDL
ULS
ult

%
%

mm

Spacing (of links or bars)

Serviceability limit state
Spacing of links
Top, Grade 460 reinforcement
Tension
Uniformly distributed load
Ultimate limit state
Ultimate

uno
V
v
vc

Unless noted otherwise

kN
Design ultimate shear force
N/mm Shear stress at a section
N/mm (Allowable) design shear stress

vc

N/mm (Allowable) design shear stress

corrected for axial load (e.g. column
design)
kN
Design effective shear including
allowance for moment transfer (flat
slabs, punching shear)

Veff

Maximum design shear force without

reinforcement (EC2)
Maximum design shear force with
reinforcement (EC2)
Design shear (EC2)

vsx

Mt

n. a.
n/a
No
f

160

Redistributed moment even

spans loaded
Design ultimate moment at a section

Y/N
z
a

gm

r
sc
sic
sit
st
tRd
Y2

kN
kN
mm

mm

Characteristic wind load

Characteristic wind load per unit area
Depth to neutral axis
Spanning parallel to x or y
Yes/ no
Lever arm
Modular ratio (usually Es/Ec,
approximately 15)
Redistribution factor - the ratio:
(moment at a section after
redistribution / moment at the section
before redistribution)
Strain
Average strain (crack widths)
Partial safety factor for strength of
material: concrete
Partial safety factor for strength of
material. (See relevant Code)
Partial safety factor for strength of
material: steel

Proportion of steel reinforcement

N/mm Allowable compressive (long term)
stress in concrete (re PT)
N/mm Allowable compressive stress in
concrete at initial stressing (re PT)
N/mm Allowable tensile stress in concrete at
initial stressing: (re PT)
N/mm Allowable (long term) tensile stress in
concrete (re PT)
N/mm2 Basic shear strength (EC2)
Quasi-permanent load factor applied
to imposed loads in calculations of
deflection (EC2)
%
Damping, (usually 2% to 8%) (re PT)

Coefficient of friction

mlim

Limiting value of applied moment

ratio for singly reinforced sections
(ENV EC2)

Advisory Group Members

S Alexander, S Alhayderi, Dr H Al-Quarra, I Baldwin, C Barker, M Beamish, A Beasley, T Bedford, G Belton,
R Bhatt, R Bickerton, P Blackmore, D Blackwood, M Brady, C Buczkowski, A Campbell, Dr P Chana,
G Charlesworth, L Cheng, Mr Chichger, R Collison, A Craddock, M Morton, J Curry, J Dale, H Dikme,
C P Edmondson, J Elliott, I Feltham, G Fernando, M Fernando, I Francis, A Fung, P Gardner, J Gay, P Green,
A Hall, N Harris, G Hill, D W Hobbs, R Hulse, M Hutcheson, A Idrus, N Imms, P Jennings, R Jose, D Kennedy,
G Kennedy, R Jothiraj, Dr Shaiq Khan, A King, G King, S King, K Kus, I Lockhart, M Lord, B Lorimer, M Lovell,
Dr Luker, J Lupton, M Lytrides, Prof I Macleod, F Malekpour, A McAtear, A McFarlane, F Mohammad,
A Mole, M Morton, R Moss, B Munton, C OBoyle, Dr A Okorie, T ONeill, B Osafa-Kwaako, D Patel,
D Penman, M Perera, B Quick, Y Rafiq, A Rathbone, M Rawlinson, P Reynolds, H Riley, N Russell, U P Sarki,
T Schollar, A Stalker, A Starr, M Stevenson, B Stoker, B Treadwell, A Truby, R Turner, T Viney, Dr P Walker,
B Watson, J Whitworth, C Wilby, S Wilde, A Wong and E Yarimer.

If the CD-ROM RC-Spreadsheets is missing, contact

the RCC on (01344) 725733 for a replacement.

SPREADSHEETS FOR CONCRETE

DESIGN to BS 8110 and EC2
C H Goodchild

CI/Sfb
UDC
624.04

R M Webster
BRITISH CEMENT ASSOCIATION PUBLICATION 97.370

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