Three Lectures on History- Horacio Dela Costa

History- reconstruction of mans past from written records

Social Science- concerned on interaction of individual and community, vice-versa
What happened? Why? How?
Natural History- history of environment
Pre-history- from appearance of man to written records
(supported by artifacts and written records)
Narrative account- for the purpose of historical records
e.g. Pelopponesian Wars
Documents- tells certain events that gives a glimpse of the workings, e.g. Magna
Carta
Oral, written records, artifacts (accdg. to Jocano)
Abilities of a Historian
1.
2.
3.
4.

Knowledge of Languages
Ability to sift evidence
Passion for accuracy or complete integrity
Able to bring to life the past events, to be an artist

Functions or Lessons of History

1. How to conduct our present life
2. Hindsight (never foresight)
Law of Indefinite Progress (Age of Reason)
-slowly and truly, man is getting better and better
Accdg. to Jocano, History is the perceptions of ourselves. It expresses a peoples
collective attitudes aspirations and behaviors.
Term Filipino (di ako sure)
Villalobos- Felipinas
Peninsulas- Spanish born in the Philippines
Used for people who went against the Spanish
Philippines- coined by Americans

Archaeological Dating Method

Traditional- studying geological layers

- process of assessment in cultural attributes
*Historical inference- something something something
*Association- based on traded items

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Carbon 14- 40,000-80,000 years old, Half-life

Uranium and Thorium Decay- 200,000 years old
Potassium and Argon Decay- million and thousands
Thermoluminescence- recent
Dendrochronology-tree rings
Stratification of land- flatlands
Correlation- cross-reference of historical records

Land uplift, land bridges

Period of subsidence- flattening of surface
Fluvial Phenomenon- cont. and extensive rain heading to forests

Earliest Men
1. Java Man
-massive cranial capacity
-receding forehead
-protruding eyebrows
-power of speech
2. Peking Man
-invented tools and discovered fire
-not so protruding eyebrows
3. Tabon Man
-modern man

Formative Phase
-Ancestors formed tools to cope with environment
-Dominant industry is stone-tool (1. Roughly-made 2. Unpolished 3. Generalized)

-Criteria for Stones (1. Tenacity 2. Homogeneity 3. Something something)

Ceramic industry- pottery, burial jars (primary and secondary)
Fishing, horticulture, Gathering, Kaingin

Incipient Phase
-Internal trading started
-Rivers were used as highways
-Metal tools were introduced (Carburization- firing, quenching, tempering)
-Trading of Surplus
-Can sustain a larger population
-Lead to Social Classes

Emergent Phase
-Social Organization and Patterns of Culture
-Writing System
-Political Fragmentation
-Foreign Trade (India, China, Thailand, Arabs)

Baranganic Phase

-political organization
-barangays can be considered a state
-1. Territory 2. Bureaucracy 3. Custom laws 4. Sovereignty 5. Common heritage 6.
Social mobility

-social organization
1. Political leadership (charisma, wealth, military prowess)
Duties of Datu- protects barangay, maintains peace and order
Warriors are called bayani
Kinship is bilateral

Religion was established