Mechanical Engg Lab For Chemical

`
KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL
Degree
: B.Tech
Year / Sem
: III/V
Course
: Chemical Engineering
Subject Code
: 11ME307
Subject
: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
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Exercise List
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
THERMAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
a
Draw a valve timing for four stroke diesel or petrol Engines.
Draw a Port timing diagram for two stroke petrol Engines
Determination of flash and fire point of oil by cleveland open cup apparatus
Determination of flash and fire point of oil by pensky marten closed cup apparatus
Performance test on a four stroke single cylinder Petrol Engine
Determination of viscosity of given oil using Redwood Viscometer
Determination of viscosity of given oil using Saybolt Viscometer
Performance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Mechanical loading
Heat balance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Mechanical loading
Performance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Electrical loading
Heat balance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Electrical loading
Performance test on Reciprocating Air Compressors
6
a
Performance test on a Refrigerator (Determination of COP).
Performance test on an Air Conditioning System (Determination of COP)
Performance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Hydraulic loading
Heat balance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Hydraulic loading
Performance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Eddy Current loading
Heat balance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Eddy Current loading
9
10
Morse test on a four-stroke multi-cylinder petrol engine
11
Emission test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine
12
Emission test on 4S single cylinder a Petrol Engine
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INDEX
S.No
Date
Content
Page
No
Marks Awarded
CoE
(10)
Obs
(10)
Rec
(10)
Viva
(10)
Total
40
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Sign

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TOTAL
CoE - Conduct of Experiment

Obs - Observation
Rec - Record
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Instruments List
Sl .No
01
02
EQUIPMENT
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
AVL 444 GAS ANALYSER

MARUHI 800 PETROL ENGINE WITH HYDRAULIC LOADING
SINGLE CYLINDER 4 STROKE HONDA PETROL ENGINE WITH
ELECTRICAL LOADING
SINGLE CYLINDER 4 STROKE KIRLOSKAR DIESEL ENGINE WITH
EDDY CURRENT LOADING
TWO STAGE AIR COMPRESSOR-ELGI
HYDRAULC LOADING
CLEAVELAND APPARATUS
PENSKY MARTIN APPARATUS
REDWOOD APPARATUS
SAYBOLT APPARATUS
CUT MODEL OF TWOSTROKE ENGINE
BONB CALORIMETER
JUNKERS GAS CALORIMETER
DIGITAL TACHOMETER-CONTACT TYPE
DIGITAL TACHOMETER-NON CONTACT TYPE
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
DIGITAL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR

NON CONDUCT THERMOMETER
STOP WATCH
MHD 880 EXIDE BATTRY
TACHOMETER-DIGITAL
STOP WATCH DIGITAL
NONCONDUCT THERMOMETER
HYDRALIC DYNAMOMETER
TACHOMETER
5 - HP SUBMERSSIBLE PUMP
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
ORSAT GAS ANALYSISER

SCOOTY PEP ENGINE WITH EDDY CURRIENT DYNAMOMETER
AVL DIGAS ANALYER
SMOKE METER
12-A BATTERY CHARGER
2&4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE-(CUT MODEL)
INDANE GAS CYLINDER
03
04
05
06
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33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
3 HP ELECTRICAL MOTOR
STROBOSCOPE
TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE (CUT MODEL)
SINGLE CYLINDER 4 STROKE PRIMIER VCR DIESEL ENGINE
SAY BOLT VISCO METER
RED WOOD VISCO METER
BOMB CALORI METER
2 - STAGE AIR COMPRESSOR KAC
41
PETROL ENGINE HYDRALIC DYNAMOMETER

ELECTRICAL LOADING
MECHANICAL LOADING
FLASH POINT APPARATUS
OPEN CUP APPARATUS
5HP - TEXVEL ENGINE- (cut model)
RED WOOD VISCOMETER
RAJDOOT TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE CUT SECTION MODEL
AMBASSADOR ENGINE CUT SECTION MODEL
ANIL FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE CUT SECTION MODEL
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
ANIL ENGINE WITH MECHANICAL LOADING

PHILIPS ENGINE WITH MECHANICAL LOADING
TWIN CYLINDER 4 STROKE KIRLOSKAR DIESEL ENGINE WITH
ELECTRICAL LOADING
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
SYLLABUS
Preparing valve timing diagram for Diesel engine.
Preparing port timing diagram for petrol engine.
Performing load test & emission test on single cylinder diesel engine using electrical /
mechanical loading arrangement.
Performing Heat Balance test on single cylinder diesel engine using electrical /
mechanical loading arrangement
Performing Morse test on multi cylinder petrol engine
Performing load test & emission test on single cylinder petrol engine using eddy current
dynamometer
Performing characteristics study (Flash point & Fire point) on lubricating oil
Performing test on a single acting multi cylinder reciprocating air compressor
Performance study on vapor compression refrigeration system
Performance study on air conditioning system
Course/ Course Outcomes

11ME307/
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY
CO1: Conduct experiments to prepare
valve timing and port timing diagram for
diesel and petrol engines; performing load
test and emission test and conduct heat
balance on different engines.
CO2: Perform load test and emission test
on single and multi cylinder engines using
eddy current dynamometer.
CO3: Conduct experiments to access the
performance of refrigeration and air
conditioning system; and analysis and
characterization of flash and fire point.
Mapping with programme outcomes

a b c d e f g h i j k l
2 3 2 1 2
1 2 1 1 2
2 3 2 1 2
1 2 1 1 2
2 3 2 1 2
1 2 1 1 2
2 3 2 1 2
1 2 1 1 2
1 Low contribution, 2- Average contribution, 3- Strong contribution
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TABULATION
S.No
Events
Position with respect to nearest
Distance
Angle in
Dead Centre
in cm
Degree
1.
IVO
Before TDC
2.
IVC
After BDC
3.
EVO
Before BDC
4.
EVC
After TDC
MODEL CALCULATION
1. Angles in degree
= (360/circumference of flywheel) x distance
= _______________________
2. Valve overlapping period
=IVO bTDC + EVC aTDC
=__________________________
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Ex. No.
Date:
DRAW A VALVE TIMING FOR FOUR STROKE DIESEL OR PETROL ENGINES

AIM
To draw valve timing diagram for ___________________________ engine and to
find out the valve overlapping period.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Measuring tape, chalk piece
ENGINE SPECIFICATION
Power
Speed
Bore
Stroke
Circumference of the flywheel (cm)
PROCEDURE
1. Measure the circumference of the flywheel.
2. Find out the Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) or Top Dead Centre (TDC) with the help of
piston movement and mark it on the flywheel with the help of reference plate.
3. Take half of the circumference of the flywheel from this mark and this will be the other
Dead Centre.
4. Find the inlet and outlet valves using the basics of cycle of operation or from their
position near the manifolds.
5. Place a piece of paper between the rocker arm end and the top of the valve.
6. Rotate the flywheel in the operating direction until the grip on the paper tightens. This
will be the Inlet Valve Open (IVO) position. Mark this point on the flywheel.
7. Rotate the flywheel in the same direction until the grip on the paper is just lost. This will
be the Inlet Valve Close (IVC) position. Mark this point on the flywheel.
8. Repeat the same Procedure for finding the Exhaust valve Open (EVO) and Exhaust
Valve Close (EVC) Positions.
9. Measure the distance of all these positions from the nearest Dead Centre and tabulate
them.
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VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM (Theoretical)
FORMULAE USED
1. Angles in degree
2. Valve overlapping period
= IVO bTDC + EVC aTDC
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VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM (Actual)
RESULT
The actual valve timing diagram for ________________________________ engine is drawn.
The angle of valve overlapping is ____________ degrees.
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TABULATION
S.No
Events
Position with respect to nearest
Distance
Angle in
Dead Centre
in cm
Degree
1.
IPO
Before TDC
2.
IPC
After TDC
3.
TPO
Before BDC
4.
TPC
After BDC
5.
EPO
Before BDC
6.
EPC
After BDC
MODEL CALCULATION
Angles in degree
= _______________________
Scavenging period in degree =TPO + TPC =__________________________
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Ex. No.
Date:
DRAW A PORT TIMING DIAGRAM FOR TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINES

AIM
To draw port timing diagram for ___________________________ engine and trace
out scavenging period.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Measuring tape, chalk piece
Power
Speed
Bore
Stroke
Circumference of the flywheel (cm)
PROCEDURE
1. Measure the circumference of the flywheel.
2. Find out the Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) or Top Dead Centre (TDC) with the help of
piston movement and mark it on the flywheel with the help of reference plate.
3. Take half of the circumference of the flywheel from this mark and this will be the other
Dead Centre.
4. Find the inlet, exhaust and transfer ports using the basics of cycle of operation or from
their position near the manifolds.
5. Rotate the flywheel in the operating direction when the port just starts to open. This will
be the Inlet Port Open (IPO) position. Mark this point on the flywheel.
6. Rotate the flywheel in the same direction when the port is completely closed. This will
be the Inlet Port Close (IPC) position. Mark this point on the flywheel. The bottom side
of the piston will cover the inlet port opening and closing.
7. Repeat the same Procedure for finding the Exhaust Port Open (EPO), Exhaust Port Close
(EPC), Transfer Port Open (TPO) and Transfer Port Close (TPC) positions. The topside
of the piston will cover the exhaust and transfer port opening and closing.
8. Measure the distance of all these positions from the nearest Dead Centre and tabulate
them
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PORT TIMING DIAGRAM (Theoretical)
FORMULAE USED
1. Angles in degree
2. Scavenging period in degree = TPO- TPC
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PORT TIMING DIAGRAM (Actual)
RESULT
The actual Port timing diagram for ________________________________ engine is drawn.
The Scavenging period is ____________ degree.
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Flash Point
The flash point of oil is defined as the temperature to which the oil must be heated to give off
sufficient vapour to form a flammable mixture
Fire Point
The fire point is the temperature to which the oil must be heated to produce vapour-air
mixture that burns continuously once it has been ignited
TABULATION
Sl. No.
Temperature oC
Flash point
Fire point
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Ex No:
Date:
DETERMINATION OF FLASH AND FIRE POINT OF OIL BY CLEVELAND OPEN

CUP APPARATUS
AIM
To determine the flash and fire point of a given oil sample using Cleaveland open cup
apparatus.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Cleaveland open-cup apparatus, thermometer, splinter stick, etc.
PROCEDURE
1. Check up the heater working condition of Cleaveland open-cup apparatus.
2. Fill up the given sample of oil up to the required level.
3. Place the thermometer and stirrer inside the oil.
4. Switch on the heater and stirrer.
5. Initially regulate the heater to rise in temperature of oil 6 o 1 o per minute
6. On approaching the flash point the rate is reduced to 3 o 0.5 o per minute
7. Place the flame just above the surface of the oil.
8. At one point, a bluish flame appears and it will last for only a fraction of a second.
9. This is the FLASH point temperature of the given sample of oil.
10. Increase the temperature of the oil further and again place the flame just above the surface
of the oil.
11. At one point, a reddish or yellowish flame will appear and it will burn continuously.
12. This is the FIRE point temperature of the oil.
13. Remove the stirrer from the Cleaveland apparatus.
RESULT
Flash and Fire point of the sample oil are expressed in oC round off to the first digit.
The Flash point temperature of the given oil sample is _____oC
The Fire point temperature of the given oil sample is ______oC
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Flash Point
The flash point of oil is defined as the temperature to which the oil must be heated to give off
sufficient vapour to form a flammable mixture
Fire Point
The fire point is the temperature to which the oil must be heated to produce vapour-air
mixture that burns continuously once it has been ignited
TABULATION
Sl. No.
Temperature oC
Flash point
Fire point
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Ex No:
Date:
DETERMINATION OF FLASH AND FIRE POINT OF OIL BY PENSKY MARTEN

CLOSED CUP APPARATUS
AIM
To determine flash and fire point of a given sample of oil by using Pensky Marten closed
cup apparatus.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Pensky Marten closed cup apparatus, Oil sample, thermometer, splinter stick, etc.
PROCEDURE
1. Check up the heater working condition of Pensky Marten closed-cup apparatus.
2. Fill up the given sample of oil up to the required level.
3. Place the thermometer and stirrer inside the oil.
4. Switch on the heater and stirrer.
5. Initially regulate the heater to rise in temperature of oil 6 o 1 o per minute
6. On approaching the flash point the rate is reduced to 3 o 0.5 o per minute
7. Place the flame just above the surface of the oil.
8. At one point, a bluish flame appears and it will last for only a fraction of a second.
9. This is the FLASH point temperature of the given sample of oil.
10. Increase the temperature of the oil further and again place the flame just above the surface
of the oil.
11. At one point, a reddish or yellowish flame will appear and it will burn continuously.
12. This is the FIRE point temperature of the oil.
13. Remove the stirrer from the Pensky Marten apparatus.
RESULT
Flash and Fire point of the sample oil are expressed in oC round off to the first digit.
The Flash point temperature of the given sample oil is _____oC
The Fire point temperature of the given sample oil is ______oC
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VISCOMETER SPECIFICATION
Viscometer Constant (A)
0.6
Viscometer Constant (B)
200
Room temperature (Tr)
____________ 0C
Density of oil at room temperature(r)
Coefficient of thermal expansion ()
OBSERVATION
TABULATION
Sl.
No.
Temperature
in
o
C (T)
Time
in
seconds (t)
Density
in
gm/cc (oil)
Kinematic
Viscosity
centi stokes
Absolute
Viscosity
centi poise
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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Ex. No.
Date:
DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY OF LUBRICATING OIL BY

REDWOOD VISCOMETER
AIM
To determine kinematic and absolute viscosity of a given sample of oil using
Redwood Viscometer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Redwood Viscometer, thermometer, measuring flask, stopwatch
PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
Check up the water level and heater condition in the instrument.

Fill up the given sample of oil in the viscometer cup up to the required level.
Place the thermometer inside the oil to measure its temperature.
By opening the ball valve, measure the time taken for 50 cc of oil collection at
room temperature.
5. Switch on the heater to increase the oil temperature. Measure the time taken
for 50 cc of oil collection in steps of 10 degree centigrade for 5 sets of
readings.
6. Switch off the heater in the viscometer.
FORMULAE USED
1. Density of Oil at a given temperature T (oil) = r[ 1 (T Tr)] gm/cc
2. Kinematic Viscosity ()
=At (B/t) centistokes
3. Absolute Viscosity ()
= ( x oil) centipoises
where Tr = Room temperature
where t = time for 50ml of oil collection in seconds
GRAPH
Temperature Vs Kinematic viscosity
Temperature Vs absolute viscosity
Temperature Vs time
RESULT
The kinematic viscosity and absolute viscosity of the given oil at different
temperatures are determined and graphs are drawn.
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VISCOMETER SPECIFICATION
Viscometer Constant (A)
0.22
Viscometer Constant (B)
135
Room temperature (Tr)
____________ 0C
Density of oil at room temperature(r)
Coefficient of thermal expansion ()
OBSERVATION
____________gm/cc
0.0005/oC
TABULATION
Sl.
No.
Temperature
in
o
C (T)
Time
in
seconds (t)
Density
in
gm/cc (oil)
Kinematic
Viscosity
centi stokes
Absolute
Viscosity
centi poise
1
2
3
4
5
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Ex. No.
Date:
DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY OF LUBRICATING OIL BY

SAYBOLT VISCOMETER
AIM
To determine kinematic and absolute viscosity of a given sample of oil using
Saybolt Viscometer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Saybolt Viscometer, thermometer, measuring flask, stopwatch
PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
Check up the water level and heater condition in the instrument.

Fill up the given sample of oil in the viscometer cup up to the required level.
Place the thermometer inside the oil to measure its temperature.
By opening the ball valve, measure the time taken for 60 cc of oil collection at
room temperature.
5. Switch on the heater to increase the oil temperature. Measure the time taken for 60
cc of oil collection in steps of 10 degree centigrade for 5 sets of readings.
6. Switch off the heater in the viscometer.
FORMULAE USED
1. Density of Oil at a given temperature T (oil)
= r[ 1 (T Tr)] gm/cc
2. Kinematic Viscosity ()
=At (B/t) centistokes
3. Absolute Viscosity ()
= ( x oil) centipoises
where Tr = Room temperature

where t = time for 60ml of oil collection in seconds
GRAPH
Temperature Vs Kinematic viscosity
Temperature Vs absolute viscosity
Temperature Vs time
RESULT
The kinematic viscosity and absolute viscosity of the given oil at different
temperatures are determined and graphs are drawn.
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OBSERVATION
Specific gravity of the fuel
: --------
Calorific value of the fuel (CV)
: --------kJ/kg
Efficiency of alternator
: --------%
Input Voltage (Vi)
: --------volts
Maximum load to be applied Amax
{BP x
x 1000 / (Vi) Amps
=
= ___________________________A
TABULATION
Test is conducted at a speed of 1500 rpm.
S.No
Speed
Applied load (rounded off)

A (amps)
1
0% of Amax
25% of Amax
50% of Amax
75% of Amax
100% of Amax
V (volt)
rpm
Time for 10cc of fuel

consumption(s)
t1
t2
tavg
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Ex. No.
Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON A FOUR-STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER
PETROL ENGINE BY ELECTRICAL LOADING
AIM
To conduct a Performance test on a single cylinder four stroke petrol engine by
electrical loading with different loads at constant speed.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Tachometer, Stopwatch, thermometer, measuring tape, etc.
Engine Make
Power (BP)
Speed (N)
Bore (B)
Stroke (SL)
Type of Lubrication
Fuel used
PROCEDURE
1) Calculate maximum load to be applied for a selected engine.
2) Check the fuel supply, water circulation in the water system and lubricating oil in the
oil stump.
3) Ensure no load condition.
4) The Engine is started and allowed to run on idle speed for a few minutes.
5) Gradually the engine is loaded by electrical dynamometer and the speed is maintained
constant.
6) Load the engine in steps of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% & 100% of maximum load to be
applied.
7) Note the corresponding readings of voltmeter, ammeter & fuel consumption.
8) After taking the readings, unload the engine, allow it to run for few minutes and then
stop the engine.
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MODEL CALCULATION
1. Fuel Consumption (FC)
(Sp. Gravity x Vol. of fuel consumed (cc)) /

(tavg x 1000)
2. Fuel power (FuP)
____________________kg/sec
FC x CV
3. Brake Power (BP)
____________________kW
(V x A) / (
x 1000)
=
=
4. Specific fuel consumption (SFC)=
____________________kW
FC/BP
____________________kg/sec/kW
5. Frictional Power (FP)
____________________kW
6. Indicated Power (IP)
BP + FP
7. Mechanical Efficiency
____________________kW
(BP/IP) x 100
8. Brake Thermal efficiency
____________________%
(BP/FuP) x 100
____________________%
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FORMULAE USED
=(Sp. Gravity x Vol. of fuel consumed (cc)) /

(tavg x 1000)
2. Fuel power (FuP)
=FC x CV
3. Brake Power (BP)
= (V x A) / (
4. Specific fuel consumption (SFC)
=FC/BP
= Calculate from Willians graphical
x 1000)
method (BP Vs FC)

6. Indicated Power(IP)
= BP + FP
= (BP/IP) x 100
= (BP/FuP) x 100
9. Indicated thermal
= (IP/FuP) x 100
Efficiency
10. Brake mean effective
= (BP x 60) / (100 x Area of cylinder (A)
pressure (BMEP)
x Stroke (SL) x speed (N1))

where N1=N/2 for 4 stroke engine
= N for 2 stroke engine
11. Indicated mean effective

pressure (IMEP)
= (BP x 60)/(100 x Area of cylinder (A)

12. Torque
= (BP x 60 x 103) / (2N)
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9. Indicated thermal Efficiency
(IP/FuP) x 100
=____________________%
10. Brake mean effective pressure
= (BP x 60 )/(100 x A x SL x N1)
(BMEP)
=
=____________________bar
11. Indicated mean effective pressure
= (IP x 60 )/( 100 x A x SL x N1)
(IMEP)
=
=____________________bar
12. Torque
= (BP x 60 x 103) / (2N)
=____________________Nm
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GRAPH
1. Brake Power Vs Fuel consumption
2. Brake Power Vs Variation of specific fuel consumption, mechanical efficiency,
brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, brake mean effective
pressure, indicated mean effective pressure and torque.
kg/
kW
bar
IMEP
BMEP
IP
kW
X 10-4
kW
SFC
BP
kg/Sec
FuP
X 10-4
FC
S.No
bar
TORQUE
RESULT TABULATION
N-m
kWh
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
RESULT
The performance test is conducted for a single cylinder four stroke petrol engine by
electrical loading with different loads at constant speed of ------- rpm and the characteristics
graphs are drawn.
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OBSERVATION
_____
______kJ/kg
{BP x 60 x 1000 / (Cb x N)}/9.81 kg
Maximum load to be applied (Lmax)
=
= ___________________________kg
TABULATION
S.No Applied load (L) kg
(rounded off)
1
0% of Lmax
25% of Lmax
50% of Lmax
75% of Lmax
100% of Lmax
Time for 10cc of fuel consumption(s)

t1
t2
tavg
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
1) Engine 2) Brake Drum 3) Spring balance 4) Fuel tank 5) Burette 6) Air box
7) U tube Manometer 8) Orifice 9) Cooling water inlet 10) Cooling water outlet
11) Exhaust
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(Autonomous)

Ex. No.
Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON A FOUR-STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL

ENGINE BY MECHANICAL LOADING
AIM
To conduct a Performance test on a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by
mechanical loading with different loads at constant speed.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Tachometer, Stopwatch, thermometer, measuring tape
Engine Make
Power (BP)
Speed (N)
Bore (B)
Stroke (SL)
Type of Lubrication
Fuel used
Circumference of brake drum (Cb)
PROCEDURE
1. Calculate maximum load to be applied for a selected engine.
2. Check the fuel supply, water circulation in the water system and lubricating oil in the
oil stump.
3. Ensure no load condition.
4. The Engine is started and allowed to run on idle speed for a few minutes.
5. Gradually the engine is loaded by mechanical brake method and the speed is
maintained constant.
6. Make sure the cooling arrangement for the brake drum.
7. Load the engine in steps of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% & 100% of maximum load to be
applied.
8. Note the corresponding readings of spring balance & fuel consumption.
9. After taking the readings, unload the engine, allow it to run for few minutes and
then stop the engine
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MODEL CALCULATION

(tavg x 1000)
2. Fuel power (FuP)
____________________kg/sec
FC x CV
3. Brake Power (BP)
____________________kW
(Cb x N x L) / (60 x 1000)
=
____________________kW
FC/BP
=
=
____________________kg/sec/kW
____________________kW
BP + FP
____________________kW
(BP/IP) x 100
____________________%
(BP/FuP) x 100
=
=
____________________%
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.FORMULAE USED

(tavg x 1000)
2. Fuel power (FuP)
=FC x CV
3. Brake Power (BP)
= (Cb x N x L) / (60 x 1000)
Where Cb = Circumference of the brake drum = 0.94m

=FC/BP

method (BP Vs FC)
= BP + FP
= (BP/IP) x 100
= (BP/FuP) x 100
Efficiency
= (IP/FuP) x 100
pressure (BMEP)


pressure (IMEP)

12. Torque
= Load(L) x 9.81 x radius of brake drum
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(IP/FuP) x 100
=____________________%
= (BP x 60 )/(100 x A x SL x N1)
(BMEP)
=
=____________________bar
= (BP x 60 )/( 100 x A x SL x N1)
(IMEP)
=
=____________________bar
12. Torque
= L x 9.81 x radius of brake drum
=____________________Nm
34 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

GRAPH
kg/Sec
kW
kW
kg/
kW
bar
IMEP
BMEP
IP
X 10-4
SFC
BP
FuP
X 10-4
FC
S.No
bar
TORQUE
RESULT TABULATION
N-m
kWh
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
RESULT
The performance test is conducted for a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by
mechanical loading with different loads at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the characteristics
graphs are drawn.
35 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

OBSERVATION
Specific gravity & Calorific value (CV) of the fuel
: _______ & ______kJ/kg
Specific heat of cooling water (Cpw) & exhaust gas (Cpg) : _______& ______ kJ/kg
Coefficient of discharge
(Cd)
Maximum load to be applied Lmax
: ____
={BP x 60 x 1000 / (Cb x N)}/9.81 Kg
=
= ___________________________kg
TABULATION
S.N
o
Applied load
(L) kg
(rounded off)
Time for
10cc of fuel
consumption
(s)
Cooling
water
temperature
(oC)
Mass flow
rate of
water
(mcw)
kg/sec
t1
1
0% of Lmax
25% of Lmax
50% of Lmax
75% of Lmax
100% of Lmax
t2
tavg
Ti
Exhaust Manometer
gas temp reading
(Teg) oC (difference in
water column)
(hw) x 10-2m
To
1) Engine 2) Brake Drum 3) Spring balance 4) Fuel tank 5) Burette 6) Air box
7) U tube Manometer 8) Orifice 9) Cooling water inlet 10) Cooling water outlet
11) Exhaust
36 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

Ex. No.
Date:
HEAT BALANCE TEST ON A FOUR-STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL

ENGINE BY MECHANICAL LOADING
AIM
To conduct a heat balance test on a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by
mechanical loading with different loads at constant speed.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Tachometer, Stopwatch, thermometer, measuring tape, etc
Engine Make
Power (BP)
Speed (N)
Bore (B)
Stroke (SL)
Type of Lubrication
Circumference of brake drum (Cb)
PROCEDURE
oil stump and Ensure no load condition
applied.
7. Note the corresponding readings of spring balance, mass flow rate of water, fuel
consumption, manometer reading, water inlet and outlet temperature, exhaust gas
temperature, etc.
8. After taking the readings, unload the engine, allow it to run for few minutes and then
stop the engine.
37 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

MODEL CALCULATION
1.
Fuel Consumption (FC)
2. Fuel power (FuP)

(tavg x 1000)
=
=
____________________kg/sec
FC x CV
3. Brake Power (BP)
____________________kW
(Cb x N x L) / (60 x 1000)
=
4. Heat Carried away by cooling =
Water (Qcw)
____________________kW
mcw x Cpw x (To-Ti)
5. Heat Carried away by exhaust =

gas (Qeg)
Where ha
____________________ kW
meg x Cpg x (Teg - Tr)

(w x hw) / a
Va
____________________m
(2g x ha)
=
=__________________m/s
38 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

FORMULAE USED

(tavg x 1000)
2. Fuel power (FuP)
FC x CV
3. Brake Power (BP)
(Cb x N x L) / (60 x 1000)
4. Heat Carried away by cooling

Water (Qcw)
mass flow rate of cooling water (mcw) x Specific

heat of cooling water (Cpw) x (To-Ti)
5. Heat Carried away by exhaust

gas (Qeg)
=
mass flow rate of exhaust gas (meg) x Specific
heat of exhaust gas (Cpg) x (Teg - Tr)
where
meg = mass flow rate of air (ma) + mass flow rate of fuel (mf)
ma = Vol. flow rate of air (Qa) x density of air (a)
a = atm pressure (p) / (Gas constant (R) x Room temperature (Tr))
Qa = coefficient of discharge (cd) x area of orifice (ao) x velocity of air (va)
Va
= (2g x height of air column (ha))
ha = (density of water ( w) x monometer reading(hw) / density of air ( a)

6. Unaccounted Loss (Qua) =
FP-(BP+Qcw+Qeg)
GRAPH
Percentage of load (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% & 100%), Vs BP (%),Qcw(%),Qeg(%)&Qua(%).
Place % of losses in a stacked manner along Y axis for clarity.
39 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

Qa
Cd x ao x Va
= ____________________________ m3/s
ma
Qa x
`
meg
=_____________________________ kg/s
=
ma + mf
=_____________________________kg/s
Qeg
meg x Cpg x (Teg Tr)
= _____________________________kW
FuP (BP+Qcw+Qeg)
= __________________kW
40 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

RESULT TABULATION
S.No
Heat Input
(FuP)
kW
Brake Power
(BP)
kW
Cooling
water Loss
(Qcw)
Exhaust gas
loss
Unaccounted
loss
(Qeg)
(Qua)
kW
kW
kW
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
RESULT
The heat balance test is conducted for a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by
mechanical loading with different loads at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the charts are
drawn.
41 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

OBSERVATION
: ______
: ______ kJ/kg
: _____
Input Voltage (Vi)
: _____volts
{BP x
x 1000 / (Vi) Amps
=
= ___________________________A
TABULATION
S.No
Applied load (rounded off)

A (amps)
0% of Amax
25% of Amax
50% of Amax
75% of Amax
100% of Amax
V (volt)
Time for 10cc of fuel consumption(s)

t1
t2
tavg
1) Engine 2) Fly wheel 3) Alternator 4) Fuel tank 5) Burette 6) Air box

7) U tube Manometer 8) Orifice 9) Cooling water in 10) Cooling water out
11) Exhaust 12) Water path (Copper rod immersed) 13) Loading wheel
42 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

Ex. No.
Date:

ENGINE BY ELECTRICAL LOADING
AIM
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Tachometer, Stopwatch, thermometer, measuring tape, etc.
Engine Make
Power (BP)
Speed (N)
Bore (B)
Stroke (SL)
Type of Lubrication
Fuel used
PROCEDURE
oil stump.
5. Gradually the engine is loaded by electrically and the speed is maintained constant.
applied.
7. Note the corresponding readings of voltmeter, ammeter & fuel consumption.
8. After taking the readings, unload the engine, allow it to run for few minutes and
then stop the engine.
43 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

MODEL CALCULATION

(tavg x 1000)
2. Fuel power (FuP)
____________________kg/sec
FC x CV
3. Brake Power (BP)
____________________kW
(V x A) / (
x 1000)
=
=
____________________kW
FC/BP
____________________kg/sec/kW
____________________kW
BP + FP
____________________kW
(BP/IP) x 100
____________________%
(BP/FuP) x 100
____________________%
44 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

FORMULAE USED

(tavg x 1000)
2. Fuel power (FuP)
=FC x CV
3. Brake Power (BP)
= (V x A) / (
=FC/BP
x 1000)
method (BP Vs FC)

= BP + FP
= (BP/IP) x 100
= (BP/FuP) x 100
= (IP/FuP) x 100
Efficiency
pressure (BMEP)

pressure (IMEP)

12. Torque
(BP x 60 x 103) / (2N)
45 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

(IP/FuP) x 100
=____________________%
= (BP x 60 )/(100 x A x SL x N1)
(BMEP)
=
=____________________bar
= (IP x 60 )/( 100 x A x SL x N1)
(IMEP)
=
=____________________bar
12. Torque
= (BP x 60 x 103) / (2N)
=____________________Nm
46 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

GRAPH
kg/Sec
kW
bar
IMEP
kW
BMEP
kW
IP
SFC
X 10-4
BP
kg/Sec
FuP
X 10-4
FC
S.No
bar
TORQUE
RESULT TABULATION
N-m
kW
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
RESULT
electrical loading with different loads at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the characteristics
graphs are drawn.
47 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

OBSERVATION
Specific gravity & Calorific value (CV) of the fuel
: _______ & ______kJ/kg
Specific heat of cooling water (Cpw) & exhaust gas (Cpg) : _______& ______ kJ/kg
(Cd)
: ____
: ____
Input voltage (Vi)
: ____volts
=(BP x
x 1000) / (Vi) Amps
=
= ___________________________A
TABULATION
S.No
Applied load
Time for 10cc of
Cooling water
(rounded off)
fuel consumption
temperature
o
(s)
( C)
Mass flow
Exhaust
Manometer
rate of
gas temp
reading
water (mcw)
(Teg) C
kg/sec
A(amps)
1
0% of Lmax
25% of Lmax
50% of Lmax
75% of Lmax
100% of Lmax
V (volt)
t1
t2
tavg
Ti
(difference in
water column)
(hw) x 10-2m
To
1) Engine 2) Flu wheel3) Alternator 4) Fuel tank 5) Burette 6) Air box

7) U tube Manometer 8) Orifice 9) Cooling water in 10) Cooling water out 11)exhaust
12) Wpath (copper rod immersed) 13) Loading wheel
48 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

Ex. No.
Date:

ENGINE BY ELECTRICAL LOADING
AIM
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Engine Make
Power (BP)
Speed (N)
Bore (B)
Stroke (SL)
Type of Lubrication
PROCEDURE
oil stump.
5. Gradually the engine is loaded by electrically and the speed is maintained constant.
applied.
7. Note the corresponding readings of Voltmeter, ammeter, mass flow rate of water, fuel
temperature, etc.
stop the engine.
49 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

MODEL CALCULATION

(tavg x 1000)
2. Fuel power (FuP)
____________________kg/sec
FC x CV
3. Brake Power (BP)
____________________kW
(V x A) / (
x 1000)
=
____________________kW
mcw x Cpw x (To-Ti)
Water (Qcw)
=
____________________ kW
gas (Qeg)
Where
ha
x hw) /
=
=
Va
____________________m
(2g x ha)
=
=__________________m/s
50 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

FORMULAE USED

(tavg x 1000)
2. Fuel power (FuP)
FC x CV
3. Brake Power (BP)
(V x A) / (
Water (Qcw)
x 1000)

gas (Qeg)

where meg = mass flow rate of air (ma) + mass flow rate of fuel (mf)
ma = Vol. flow rate of air (Qa) x density of air ( a)
a
= atm pressure (p) / (Gas constant (R) x Room temperature (Tr))

Va

FP-(BP+Qcw+Qeg)
GRAPH
51 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

Qa
Cd x area of orifice(ao) x Va
=
= ____________________________ m3/s
ma
Qa x
=_____________________________ kg/s
meg
m a + mf
=_____________________________kg/s
Qeg
= _____________________________kW
6. Unaccounted Loss (Qua)
FuP (BP+Qcw+Qeg)
= __________________kW
52 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

RESULT TABULATION
S.No
Heat Input
Brake Power
Cooling
Exhaust gas
Unaccounted
(FuP)
(BP)
water Loss
loss
loss
(Qcw)
(Qeg)
(Qua)
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
RESULT
electrical loading with different loads at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the charts are drawn.
53 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

OBSERVATION
Diameter of the orifice
= ______
mm
Room temperature
= ______
TABULATION
S.No
Gauge
Absolute
Load
Pressure
Pressure
(kgf)
(bar)
(bar)
Speed in rpm
Inlet air temperature in
Outlet temperature of
Mano
Motor
Compressor
LP Cylinder
HP Cylinder
LP cylinder or
meteric
Nm
Nc
(Ti)
(T2)
Inlet of the intercooler
Reading
T1
(h1 - h2)m
1
2
3
4
5
54 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

Ex. No.
Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR
AIM
To conduct the performance test on Air compressor and to determine the volumetric
efficiency, isothermal efficiency, adiabatic efficiency, free air delivered and heat lost in the
intercooler.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Tachometer, thermometer
COMPRESSOR SPECIFICATION
Power of the motor
5.52 kW
Speed of the motor
1440 rpm
Type of acting
Single
No. of Stages
Two
Bore of LP Cylinder
100 mm
Bore of HP Cylinder
80 mm
Stroke
89 mm
Max. Operating Pressure
10 bar
PROCEDURE
1. The Compressor motor is started after noting the room temperature.
2. The Pressure in the compressed air storage tank is maintained at atmospheric pressure
by fully opening the delivery valve. The readings from various thermometers and
spring balance are noted.
3. The Speeds of the compressor and motor are noted.
4. The Pressure of storage tank is maintained at 2 bar by adjusting the delivery valve and
the corresponding readings are noted.
5. The Procedure is repeated for 4,6,8 and 10 bar.
6. The compressor motor is stopped.
55 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

MODEL CALCULATION
1. Density of air ( a)
Patm / R x Ta
=
=______________________ kg/m3
2. Height of air column (ha)
whw/ a
=
=______________________ m
3. Velocity of air (Va)
=
=______________________ m/s
4. Volume flow rate of air (Qa)
Va x ao x Cd
=
=______________________ m3/s
5. Volume flow rate of air at NTP (Qa)NTP
(Qa x 273) / Ta
=
=______________________ m3/s
6. Theoretical volume flow rate of air (Qth)
(A x L x Nc) / 60
=
=______________________ m3/s
7. Volumetric efficiency
(Qa/Qth) x 100
=
=______________________ %
56 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

FORMULAE USED
1. Density of air ( a)
2. Height of air column (ha)
3. Velocity of air (Va)
4. Volume flow rate of air (Qa)
Va x ao x Cd
5. Volume flow rate of air at NTP (Qa)NTP
(Qa x 273) / Ta
6. Theoretical volume flow rate of air (Qth)
(A x L x Nc) / 60
7. Volumetric efficiency
(Qa/Qth) x 100
8. Mass flow rate of air (ma)
9. Input power (IP)
[(W x Nm) / 2000] x 0.736
10. Isothermal power (Piso)
(maRT / 1000) x ln(Pa/Ps)
(Piso/IP) x 100
(Pad/IP) x 100
ma Cpa (T2-T1)kW
11. Isothermal efficiency (
iso)
Patm / R x Ta
whw/ a
ax
Qa
12. Adiabatic power (Pad)

13. Adiabatic efficiency (
ad)
14. Heat lost in the intercooler
GRAPH
Delivery Pressure Vs. Volumetric efficiency, Isothermal Efficiency, Adiabatic
Efficiency, Free air delivered and Heat lost in the intercooler.
57 | P a g e

(Autonomous)
8. Mass flow rate of air (ma)
ax
Qa
=
=______________________ kg/s
9.
Input power (IP)
[(W x Nm) / 2000] x 0.736
=
=______________________ kW
10. Isothermal power (Piso)
(maRT / 1000) x ln(Pa/Ps)
=
=______________________ kW
11. Isothermal efficiency (
iso)
(Piso/IP) x 100
=
=______________________ %
12. Adiabatic power (Pad)
1]
=[(maR(T1+T2) / 1000] x ( / -1) [(Pd/Ps)

=
=______________________ kW
13. Adiabatic efficiency (
ad)
(Pad/IP) x 100
14. Heat lost in the intercooler
=______________________ %
=
ma Cpa (T2-T2)
=
=______________________ kW
58 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

RESULT TABULATION
S.No
Absolute
Pressure
(bar)
Input
Power
kW
Iso
Thermal
Power
kW
iso
Adiabatic
Power
kW
adi
Heat lost
Free air
in
delivered
intercooler
kW
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
RESULT
Thus the performance test on reciprocating air compressor is conducted and the
characteristic curves are drawn.
59 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

OBSERVATION
Temperature of Refrigerator (oC)
T1
T2
T3
T4
Time in
minutes
Pressure of Refrigerant in psi

P1
P2
P3
P4
0
10
20
Steady state
Condition
T1 = __________oC
P1=P4=_________psi
T2 = __________oC
P2=P3=_________psi
MODEL CALCULATION
P1=P4= ------------ + 1.013 = ------------- bar
14.2
P2=P3= ------------ + 1.013 = ------------- bar
14.2
PROCESS CHART
1 Compressor Inlet Condition

2 Compressor Outlet Condition
3 Condenser Outlet Condition
4 Evaporator Inlet Condition
FROM P-H CHART
H1 = ____________kJ/kg, H 2=_______________kJ/kg, H3=_____________kJ/kg
H1-H4
Theoretical COP = --------------H2-H1
H1-H3
------------------H2-H1
____________
60 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

Ex. No.
Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON A REFRIGERATOR
AIM
To determine the COP of the vapour compression refrigerator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Thermometer and Stop watch.
PROCEDURE
1. Switch off the solenoid valve.
2. Open the valve in the capillary line.
3. Switch on the compressor.
4. After steady state conditions are achieved, switch on the solenoid valve and close the
valve in the capillary line.
5. Refrigerated space is opened for loading.
6. Steady state conditions are achieved after sometime noted by indication of same
temperature for at least 10 minutes.
7. Temperature and pressure at compressor inlet and outlet, condenser outlet are noted.
RESULT
The theoretical COP of the vapour compression refrigerator = ________________
61 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

OBSERVATION: COOLING PROCESS
1.
Butterfly valve opening
: 75o
2.
Size of the duct
: 250 x 250 mm
3.
Velocity of air in the duct (Refer chart)
: 4.55 m/sec (at 75o opening)
4.
Rota meter reading (at steady state)
: R1= 138 lit/hr
5.
Time taken for 20 revolutions of energy meter
: 35 sec
6.
Energy meter constant
: 600 rev./kWhr
TABULATION
Time in
minutes
0
10
P1 =
Temperature of Refrigerator (oC)

T1
T2
T3
T4
Pressure(PSI)
P4
P2 = P3
20
Steady state
Condition
Air Circuit
Air inlet condition 1
Air outlet condition 2
a)
Inlet temperature of dry air
DBT1 =_____________________oC
WBT1 =_____________________oC
b)
Outlet temperature of dry air
DBT2 =_____________________oC
WBT2 =_____________________oC
Ha1
=_____________________kJ/kg
Ha2
=_____________________kJ/kg
Da1
= (1/sp. vol@1)
=
=__________________kg/m3
sp. vol@1 taken from psychrometric chart
62 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

Ex. No.
Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON AN AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
AIM
To find the theoretical COP, actual COP, heat absorbed and cooling load of the given
apparatus.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Thermometer
PROCEDURE
1. Switch on the condenser fan.
2. Switch on the blower.
3. Switch on the compressor.
4. Open the butterfly valve.
5. After attaining the steady state, note down the following
a. DBT & WBT of air before cooling coil
b. DBT & WBT of air after cooling coil
c. Pressure & Temperature of Refrigerant at compressor inlet
d. Pressure & Temperature of Refrigerant at compressor outlet
e. Pressure & Temperature of Refrigerant at condenser outlet
f. Compressor energy meter reading time for 20 revolutions
g. Rotameter reading
h. Butterfly valve opening
6. After taking all the readings, switch off compressor first.
7. Allow blower and fan to run for 20 minutes and then switch off both.
63 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

MODEL CALCULATION
P1=P4= ------------ + 1.013 = ------------- bar (abs)
14.2
P2=P3= ------------ + 1.013 = ------------- bar (abs)
14.2
From P-H Chart
H1 = ____________kJ/kg
H 2=_______________kJ/kg
H3= H4 = _____________kJ/kg
Heat absorbed
H1 - H4
= _____________kJ/kg
Heat absorbed x mass flow rate of refrigerant (mr)
1. Refrigeration capacity
=
------------------------------------------------------------______________________________211
R1 x D1
Where Mass flow rate of refrigerant (mr) = ----------- =
60 x 1000
Refrigeration Capacity
(H1-H4) x mr
-----------------211
=
= _______________ TR
2. Theoretical COP
(H1-H4)
-----------------(H2-H1)
=
=_________________
64 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

FORMULAE USED
Heat absorbed x mass flow rate of refrigerant (mr)
1. Refrigeration capacity
------------------------------------------------------------211
R1 x D1
Where Mass flow rate of refrigerant (mr) = ----------- =

60 x 1000
Refrigeration Capacity
(H1-H4) x mr
-----------------211
2. Theoretical COP
(H1-H4)
-----------------(H2-H1)
3. Actual COP
mr x (H1-H4)
-----------------Compressor Power
Where Compressor Power
20 x 3600
------------T1 x Ec
Where T1 = Time for 20 revolutions
Energy meter constant (Ec) = 600

COOLING LOAD CIRCUIT
Mass of air (kg/hr)
0.25 x 0.25 x Va1 x 3600 x density of air (D1) kg/hr
Cooling Load
Mass flow rate of air x Ha1 Ha2

-----------------------------------------60 x 211
65 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

3. Actual COP
mr x (H1-H4)
-----------------Compressor Power
Compressor Power
20 x 3600
------------T1 x Ec
-------------------------------
= _________________________
COOLING LOAD CIRCUIT

4. Mass of air (kg/hr) =
0.25 x 0.25 x Va1 x 3600 x D1
= _________________________ kg/hr
5. Cooling Load
Mass flow rate of air x Ha1 Ha2

-----------------------------------------60 x 211
= _________________________
66 | P a g e

(Autonomous)
RESULT
Theoretical COP of air conditioner
=_____________________
Actual COP of air Conditioner
=_____________________
Refrigeration capacity (Ref. Circuit)
=_____________________
Refrigeration capacity (Air Circuit)
=_____________________
67 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

OBSERVATION
_________
_________kJ/kg
{BP x 60 x 1000/ (2 x N x r)} x 9.81 kg
Maximum load to be applied (Lmax)
= ___________________________kg
TABULATION
S.No Applied load (L) kg
(rounded off)
1
0% of Lmax
25% of Lmax
50% of Lmax
75% of Lmax
100% of Lmax
Time for 10cc of fuel consumption(sec)

t1
t2
tavg
68 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

Ex. No.
Date:

ENGINE BY HYDRAULIC LOADING
AIM
hydraulic loading with different loads at constant speed.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Engine Make
Power (BP)
Speed (N)
Bore (B)
Stroke (SL)
Type of Lubrication
Fuel used
PROCEDURE
oil stump.
applied.
8. Note the corresponding readings of spring balance & fuel consumption.
stop the engine.
69 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

MODEL CALCULATION

(tavg x 1000)
2. Fuel power (FuP)
____________________kg/sec
FC x CV
3. Brake Power (BP)
____________________kW
(W x N x 0.75) / (2000)
=
____________________kW
FC/BP
____________________kg/sec/kW
____________________kW
BP + FP
____________________kW
(BP/IP) x 100
____________________%
(BP/FuP) x 100
=
=
____________________%
70 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

FORMULAE USED

(tavg x 1000)
2. Fuel power (FuP)
=FC x CV
3. Brake Power (BP)
= (2NT) / (60 x 1000)
Where Cb = Circumference of the brake drum = 0.94m

=FC/BP

method (BP Vs FC)
= BP + FP
= (BP/IP) x 100
= (BP/FuP) x 100
Efficiency
= (IP/FuP) x 100
pressure (BMEP)


pressure (IMEP)

12. Torque
= Load(L) x 9.81 x radius of brake drum
71 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

(IP/FuP) x 100
=____________________%
= (BP x 60 )/(100 x A x SL x N1)
(BMEP)
=
=____________________bar
= (BP x 60 )/( 100 x A x SL x N1)
(IMEP)
=
=____________________bar
18. Torque
= L x 9.81 x radius of brake drum
=____________________Nm
72 | P a g e

(Autonomous)
GRAPH
Kg/Sec
kW
Kg/Sec
kW
kW
bar
IMEP
BMEP
FuP
IP
X 10-4
SFC
BP
X 10-4
FC
S.No
bar
TORQUE
RESULT TABULATION
N-m
kW
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
RESULT
hydraulic loading with different loads at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the characteristics
graphs are drawn.
73 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

OBSERVATION
Specific heat of cooling water
Specific heat of exhaust gas
:
= {BP x 60 x 1000/ (2 x N x r)} x 9.81 kg
Maximum load to be applied Lmax
=
= ___________________________kg
TABULATION
S.No
Applied load
Time for 10cc
Cooling water
(L) kg
of fuel
temperature
(rounded off)
consumption
(oC)
(s)
t1
1
0% of Lmax
25% of Lmax
50% of Lmax
75% of Lmax
100% of Lmax
Mass flow
Exhaust
Manometer
rate of
gas temp
reading
water (mcw)
(Teg) oC
(difference in
kg/sec
t2
tavg
Ti
To
water column)
(hw) x 10-2m
74 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

Ex. No.
Date:

ENGINE BY HYDRAULIC LOADING
AIM
hydraulic loading with different loads at constant speed.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Tachometer, Stopwatch, thermometer, measuring tape, etc
Engine Make
Power (BP)
Speed (N)
Bore (B)
Stroke (SL)
Type of Lubrication
PROCEDURE
oil stump.
applied.
8. Note the corresponding readings of spring balance, mass flow rate of water, fuel
temperature, etc.
stop the engine.
75 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

MODEL CALCULATION

(tavg x 1000)
2. Fuel power (FuP)
____________________kg/sec
FC x CV
3. Brake Power (BP)
____________________kW
(W x N x 0.75) / (2000)
=
____________________kW
mcw x Cpw x (To-Ti)
Water (Qcw)
=
____________________ kW
gas (Qeg)
Where
ha
x hw) /
=
=
Va
____________________m
(2g x ha)
=
=__________________m/s
76 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

FORMULAE USED

(tavg x 1000)
2. Fuel power (FuP)
FC x CV
3. Brake Power (BP)
(2NT) / (60 x 1000)
Water (Qcw)

gas (Qeg)

where meg = mass flow rate of air (ma) + mass flow rate of fuel (mf)
ma = Vol. flow rate of air (Qa) x density of air ( a)
a
= atm pressure (p) / (Gas constant (R) x Room temperature (Tr))

Va

FP-(BP+Qcw+Qeg)
GRAPH
77 | P a g e

(Autonomous)
Qa
Cd x ao x Va
= ____________________________ m3/s
ma
Qa x
=_____________________________ kg/s
meg
m a + mf
=_____________________________kg/s
Qeg
=
= _____________________________kW
FuP (BP+Qcw+Qeg)
= __________________kW
78 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

RESULT TABULATION
S.No
Heat Input
Brake Power
Cooling
Exhaust gas
Unaccounted
(FuP)
(BP)
water Loss
loss
loss
(Qcw)
(Qeg)
(Qua)
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
RESULT
hydraulic loading with different loads at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the charts are
drawn.
79 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

OBSERVATION
Specific gravity of fuel
Calorific value of fuel
Efficiency of Alternator
Input voltage
Maximum load to be applied: Lmax
= {BP x 60 x 1000/ (2 x N x r)} x 9.81 kg

=
= _______________ kg
Where R- Radius of arm
TABULATION
Sl.No.
Applied load(rounded off)
Time for 10cc of fuel consumption (s)
Current (A)
t1
0% of Amax
25% of Amax
50% of Amax
75% of Amax
100% of Amax
Voltage (V)
t2
tavg
80 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

Ex No.:
Date:

ENGINE BY EDDY CURRENT LOADING
AIM
To conduct a performance test on a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by eddy current
loading with different loads at constant speed.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Tachometer, stopwatch, thermometer, measuring tape, etc.
Engine Make
Power (BP)
Speed (N)
Bore (B)
Stroke (SL)
Type of lubrication
Fuel used
PROCEDURE
1. Calculate maximum load to be applied for the selected engine.
2. Check the fuel supply, water circulation in the water system and lubricating oil in the oil
sump.
3. Ensure no load condition
4. The engine is started and allowed to run on idle speed for a few minutes.
5. Gradually the engine is loaded by electrical dynamometer and the speed is maintained
constant.
6. Load the engine in steps of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% & 100% of maximum load to be applied.
7. Note the corresponding readings of voltmeter, ammeter, and fuel consumption.
8. After taking the readings, unload the engine, allow it to run for few minutes and then stop
the engine.
81 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

MODEL CALCULATION
82 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

FORMULAE USED

(tavg x 1000)
2. Fuel Power (FuP)
FC x CV
3. Brake Power (BP)
(2NT) / (60)
4. Specific fuel consumption (SFC) =
FC/BP

FC)
BP + FP
7. Mechanical Efficiency (m)
(BP/IP) x 100
8. Brake thermal efficiency (bt)
(BP/FuP) x 100
9. Indicated thermal efficiency (it) =

(BMEP)
Calculate from Willans graphical method (BP Vs
(IP/FuP) x 100
= (BP x 60) / (100 x Area of cylinder (A) x Stroke (SL)

x speed (N1))
Where N1=N/2 for 4 stroke engine

11. Indicated mean effective pressure = (IP x 60) / (100 x Area of cylinder (A) x Stroke (SL)
(IMEP)
x speed (N1))
Where N1=N/2 for 4 stroke engine
12. Torque
(BP x 60 x 103) / (2N)
83 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

MODEL CALCULATION
84 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

GRAPH
1. Brake power Vs Fuel consumption
2. Brake power Vs variation of specific fuel consumption, mechanical efficiency, brake
thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, brake mean effective pressure,
indicated mean effective pressure and torque.
FuP
bt
it
BMEP
IMEP
TORQUE
SFC
kg/
kWh
kW
IP
kg/s
BP
Sl.
No.
FC
RESULT TABULATION
kW
kW
bar
bar
N-m
1
2
3
4
5
RESULT
The performance test is conducted for a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by eddy
current loading with different loads at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the characteristics
graphs are drawn.
85 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

OBSERVATION
Efficiency of Alternator
Input voltage
:
= {BP x 60 x 1000/ (2 x N x r)} x 9.81 kg
Maximum load to be applied: Lmax
=
= _______________ kg
Where R- Radius of arm
TABULATION
Sl.
Applied load
Time for 10cc
Cooling
Mass
Exhaust
Manometer
of fuel
water
flow
gas
reading
consumption
temperature
rate of
temp
(difference in
(sec)
(oC)
water
(Teg) oC
water column)
No
.
(rounded off)
A (amps)
V (volt)
t1
t2
tavg
Ti
To
(mcw)
(hw) x 10-2 m
kg/sec
1
0% of Amax
25% of Amax
50% of Amax
75% of Amax
100% of Amax
86 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

EX. No.:
Date:

ENGINE BY EDDY CURRENT LOADING
AIM
To conduct a heat balance test for a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Tachometer, stopwatch, thermometer, measuring tape
Engine Make
Power (BP)
Speed (N)
Bore (B)
Stroke (SL)
Type of lubrication
PROCEDURE
1. Calculate maximum load to be applied for a selected engine
2. Check the fuel supply, water circulation in the water system and lubricating oil in the oil
sump.
3. Ensure no load condition
4. The engine is started and allowed to run on idle speed for a few minutes.
5. Gradually the engine is loaded with electrical dynamometer and the speed is maintained
constant.
6. Load the engine in steps of 0%, 25%, 50% , 75% & 100% of the maximum load to be
applied
7. Note the corresponding readings of voltmeter, ammeter, mass flow rate of water, fuel
temperature, etc.
8. After taking the readings, unload the engine, allow it to run for few minutes and then stop
the engine.
87 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

MODEL CALCULATION
88 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

FORMULAE USED
1. Fuel consumption

(tavg x 1000)
2. Fuel Power (FuP)
FC x CV
3. Brake Power
(2NT) / (60 x 1000)
Water (Qcw)
gas (Qeg)

=

heat of exhaust gas (Cpg) x (Teg-Tr)
where meg = mass flow rate of air (ma)+ mass flow rate of fuel (FC)
ma = vol. flow rate of air ( Qa) x density of air (a)
a = atm pressure (P)/(Gas constant (R) x Room temperature (Tr))
Qa = coefficient of discharge (Cd) x area of orifice (ao) x velocity of air (Va)
Va= (2g x height of air column (ha))
ha = (density of water(w) x manometer reading (hw) )/density of air (a)
FP-(BP+Qcw+Qeg)
GRAPH
Percentage of load (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% & 100%) Vs BP (%), Qcw (%), Qeg (%) & Qua (%).
89 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

MODEL CALCULATION
90 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

RESULT TABULATION
Sl.
No
.
1
Heat input
(FuP)
kW
Brake Power
(BP)
kW
Cooling water
loss
(Qcw)
kW
%
Exhaust gas
loss
(Qeg)
kW
%
Unaccounted
loss
(Qua)
kW
%
2
3
4
5
RESULT
The heat balance test is conducted for a single cylinder four-stroke diesel engine by
eddy current loading with different loads at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the charts are
drawn.
91 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

OBSERVATION
Maximum load to be applied: Lmax = {BP *2000/(0.736 x N)}
kg
=
= _______________ kg
TABULATION
Test is conducted at a speed of 1500 rpm
Sl.No
Working
Cylinders
All
2,3
1,3
1,2
Load W
kg
Brake Power
kW
Indicated Power
kW
92 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

Ex No.:
Date:
MORSE TEST ON A FOUR-STROKE MULTI-CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE
AIM
To conduct a Morse test on a four stroke multi cylinder petrol engine at different
loads with specified speed to calculate frictional power.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Tachometer, Stopwatch
Engine Make
Power (BP)
Speed (N)
Bore (B)
Stroke (SL)
Type of Lubrication
PROCEDURE
oil stump.
5. The load acting on the engine when all the cylinders are working is noted at constant
speed of 1500 rpm.
6. By cutting-off one cylinder and adjusting the engine to run at 1500 rpm by adjusting
the load only.
7. Then the load acting on the remaining three cylinders is noted from the hydraulic
dynamometer.
93 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

MODEL CALCULATION
1. Brake Power
(W x N x 0.736) / 2000
2. Indicated Power (IP)working
____________________kW
(BP)all (BP)working
3. Indicated Power (IP)all
____________________kW
(IP)working1 + (IP)working2+ (IP)working3+ (IP)working4
____________________kW
(IP)all (BP)all
____________________kW
94 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

FORMULAE USED
1. Brake Power (BP)
= (W x N x 0.736) / 2000
2. Indicated Power
= (BP)all (BP)working
(IP)working
3. Indicated Power (IP)all
= (IP)working1 + (IP)working2+ (IP)working3+ (IP)working4
=(IP)all (BP)all
RESULT
The Morse test on four stroke multi cylinder petrol engine at different loads with
specified speed is conducted.
95 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

TABULAR COLUMN
Exhaust gas readings

S.No
Load
CO
CO2
NOx
HC
O2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
96 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

Ex No.:
Date:
EMISSION TEST ON FOUR STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE BY

____________________________LOADING
AIM
To find the emission characteristics of the four stroke diesel engine.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Engine test rig, Tachometer and AVL Di-Gas analyzer
ENGINE DETAILS
Brake Power
_______ kW
Bore diameter
_______ mm
Stroke
_______ mm
Calorific value
CV
_______ kJ / kg
Density of fuel
_______ grams / cc
Orifice Area
_______ m2
DESCRIPTION
The engine is a four-stroke, four-cylinder, water cooled diesel engine connected with
eddy current dynamometer. Performance test is done to find the fuel consumption and
thermal efficiency at various loading conditions. Engine emissions are measured with a five
gas analyzer which gives the volume % of CO, CO2 O2, and the ppm of NOx and HC.
PROCEDURE
1.
Engine is started by rotating the crank by means of a crank lever. Engine is allowed to
pick up speed and cooling water is supplied to the engine.
2.
Rated load of the engine is calculated.
3.
Load is applied gradually in steps of 10%.
4.
Note the gas analyser readings, from five gas analyzer for CO, CO2, NOx, HC and O2.
6.
Repeat the experiment for different loads.
GRAPH:
Emission characteristics:
RESULT
The emission
test
Load vs. CO, CO2, NOx, HC, O2
on
four
stroke
single
cylinder
diesel
engine
by
____________________________loading and its Emission characteristics are drawn

97 | P a g e

(Autonomous)
TABULAR COLUMN
Exhaust gas readings

S.No
Load
CO
CO2
NOx
HC
O2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
98 | P a g e

(Autonomous)

Ex No.:
Date:
EMISSION TEST ON FOUR STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE BY

____________________________LOADING
AIM
To find the emission characteristics of the four stroke diesel engine.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Engine test rig, Tachometer and AVL Di-Gas analyzer
ENGINE DETAILS
Brake Power
_______ kW
Bore diameter
_______ mm
Stroke
_______ mm
Calorific value
CV
_______ kJ / kg
Density of fuel
_______ grams / cc
Orifice Area
_______ m2
DESCRIPTION
The engine is a four-stroke, four-cylinder, water cooled diesel engine connected with
eddy current dynamometer. Performance test is done to find the fuel consumption and
thermal efficiency at various loading conditions. Engine emissions are measured with a five
gas analyzer which gives the volume % of CO, CO2 O2, and the ppm of NOx and HC.
PROCEDURE
1.
Engine is started by rotating the crank by means of a crank lever. Engine is allowed to
pick up speed and cooling water is supplied to the engine.
2.
Rated load of the engine is calculated.
3.
Load is applied gradually in steps of 10%.
4.
Note the gas analyser readings, from five gas analyzer for CO, CO2, NOx, HC and O2.
6.
Repeat the experiment for different loads.
GRAPH:
Emission characteristics:
Load vs. CO, CO2, NOx, HC, O2
RESULT
The
emission
test
on
four
stroke
single
cylinder
petrol
engine
by
____________________________loading and its Emission characteristics are drawn

99 | P a g e

Mechanical Engg Lab For Chemical

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KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Draw a valve timing for four stroke diesel or petrol Engines.

Draw a Port timing diagram for two stroke petrol Engines

Performance test on a four stroke single cylinder Petrol Engine

Determination of viscosity of given oil using Redwood Viscometer

Determination of viscosity of given oil using Saybolt Viscometer

Performance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Mechanical loading

Heat balance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Mechanical loading

Performance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Electrical loading

Heat balance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Electrical loading

Performance test on Reciprocating Air Compressors

Performance test on a Refrigerator (Determination of COP).

Performance test on an Air Conditioning System (Determination of COP)

Performance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Hydraulic loading

Heat balance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Hydraulic loading

Performance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Eddy Current loading

Morse test on a four-stroke multi-cylinder petrol engine

Emission test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine

Emission test on 4S single cylinder a Petrol Engine

KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CoE - Conduct of Experiment

KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

AVL 444 GAS ANALYSER

DIGITAL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR

ORSAT GAS ANALYSISER

KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PETROL ENGINE HYDRALIC DYNAMOMETER

ANIL ENGINE WITH MECHANICAL LOADING

KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Course/ Course Outcomes

Mapping with programme outcomes

1 Low contribution, 2- Average contribution, 3- Strong contribution

KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Position with respect to nearest

= (360/circumference of flywheel) x distance

2. Valve overlapping period

=IVO bTDC + EVC aTDC

KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DRAW A VALVE TIMING FOR FOUR STROKE DIESEL OR PETROL ENGINES

KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

= (3600/circumference of flywheel) x distance

2. Valve overlapping period

= IVO bTDC + EVC aTDC

KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Position with respect to nearest

= (360/circumference of flywheel) x distance