Ejercicio N 3:
NEUROFISIOLOGA DEL IMPULSO NERVIOSO -ACTIVIDADES DEL 1 AL 9.
Exercise 3: Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses: Activity 1: The Resting Membrane Potential Lab Report
Pre-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.
1. What is the approximate concentration of K+ inside a typical cell (intracellular concentration)?
You correctly answered: a. 150 mM
2. What is the approximate concentration of K+ outside a cell (extracellular concentration)?
You correctly answered: b. 5 mM
3. What is the approximate concentration of Na+ inside a cell (intracellular concentration)?
You correctly answered: b. 5 mM
4. What is the approximate concentration of Na+ outside a cell (extracellular concentration)?
You correctly answered: a. 150 mM
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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: Predict what will happen to the resting membrane potential if the extracellular K+ concentration is
increased.
Your answer : a. The resting membrane potential will become more negative.
Stop & Think Questions:
What is the polarity of the resting membrane potential (voltage)?
You correctly answered: b. negative
What does it mean that the voltage just inside the membrane is negative?
You correctly answered: b. There are more negative charges than positive charges just inside the membrane.
The membrane of most cells, including neurons, contains passive, open,
K+ leak channels. Given the normal K+ concentrations and the resultant concentration gradient, which direction would K+
be expected to move (diffuse) through these leak channels?
You correctly answered: b. out of the cell
What effect does increasing extracellular K+ have on the net diffusion of K+ out of the cell?
You correctly answered: b. It decreases the net diffusion of K+ .
Which way would Na+ move across the membrane if there were open Na+ channels?
You correctly answered: a. Na+ would diffuse into the cell.
The membrane has open K+ channels, and changing extracellular K+ concentration results in a change in membrane
potential. Changing the extracellular Na+ concentration does not significantly change the membrane potential. What do
your results suggest about the number or state (open or closed) of Na+ channels in the resting membrane of a neuron?
You correctly answered: b. Na+ channels are mostly closed.
Experiment Data:
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
Control
Control
Control
Control
High K+
High K+
High K+
High K+
Low Na+
Low Na+
Low Na+
Low Na+
Microelectrode Position
Cell body extracellular
Cell body intracellular
Axon extracellular
Axon intracellular
Axon intracellular
Axon extracellular
Cell body extracellular
Cell body intracellular
Cell body intracellular
Cell body extracellular
Axon extracellular
Axon intracellular
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Voltage (mV)
0
-70
0
-70
-40
0
0
-40
-72
0
0
-72
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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: The adequate stimulus for a Pacinian corpuscle is pressure or vibration on the skin. Which of the
following modalities will induce the largest amplitude receptor potential in the Pacinian corpuscle
Your answer : a. low-intensity heat
Predict Question 2: The adequate stimuli for olfactory receptors are chemicals, typically odorant molecules. Which of the
following modalities will induce the largest amplitude receptor potential in the olfactory receptor?
Your answer : c. moderate-intensity pressure
Stop & Think Questions:
Why didn't the Pacinian corpuscle respond to high-intensity light?
You correctly answered: b. Light-transducing proteins are not present in the Pacinian corpuscle.
Judging from these results, does light have a smell?
You correctly answered: b. no
Why did the free nerve ending respond to several different modalities?
You correctly answered: c. The sensory end of this nerve is less specialized.
Experiment Data:
Receptor
Modality
Intensity
Pacinian corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
Olfactory receptor
Olfactory receptor
Olfactory receptor
Olfactory receptor
Olfactory receptor
Olfactory receptor
Olfactory receptor
Olfactory receptor
Olfactory receptor
Olfactory receptor
Olfactory receptor
--Pressure
Pressure
Pressure
Chemical
Chemical
Chemical
Heat
Heat
Heat
Light
Light
Light
--Pressure
Pressure
Pressure
Chemical
Chemical
Chemical
Heat
Heat
Heat
Light
--Low
Moderate
High
Low
Moderate
High
Low
Moderate
High
Low
Moderate
High
--Low
Moderate
High
Low
Moderate
High
Low
Moderate
High
Low
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Resting
Potential (mv)
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
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Peak Value of
Response (mv)
-70
-60
-45
-30
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-64
-58
-45
-70
-70
-70
-70
Amplitude of
Response (mv)
0
10
25
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
12
25
0
0
0
0
Receptor
Modality
Intensity
Olfactory receptor
Olfactory receptor
Free nerve ending
Free nerve ending
Free nerve ending
Free nerve ending
Free nerve ending
Free nerve ending
Free nerve ending
Free nerve ending
Free nerve ending
Free nerve ending
Free nerve ending
Free nerve ending
Free nerve ending
Light
Light
--Pressure
Pressure
Pressure
Chemical
Chemical
Chemical
Heat
Heat
Heat
Light
Light
Light
Moderate
High
--Low
Moderate
High
Low
Moderate
High
Low
Moderate
High
Low
Moderate
High
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Resting
Potential (mv)
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
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Peak Value of
Response (mv)
-70
-70
-70
-70
-70
-65
-70
-70
-70
-60
-40
-20
-70
-70
-70
Amplitude of
Response (mv)
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
10
30
50
0
0
0
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Exercise 3: Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses: Activity 3: The Action Potential: Threshold Lab Report
Pre-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.
1. Axons are
You correctly answered: d. long, thin structures that extend from a neuronal cell body.
2. Which of the following is easier?
You correctly answered: a. extracellular recordings of the action potential
3. An action potential is usually initiated in an axon at or near
You correctly answered: d. all of the above
4. The initiation of an action potential in a sensory neuron in the body normally
You correctly answered: a. follows a sufficiently large depolarizing receptor potential.
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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: How will the action potential at R1 (or R2) change as you continue to increase the stimulus voltage?
Your answer : b. The peak value of the action potential will increase.
Stop & Think Questions:
Why is the action potential recorded by the second recording electrode (R2) delayed relative to the action potential recorded
by the first recording electrode (R1)?
You correctly answered: c. The action potential had to propagate from R1 to R2.
An increase in extracellular K+ would depolarize a neuron. This depolarization would occur if neurons were damaged. From
what you have just learned about generating an action potential, what effect would this have on nearby axons? The nearby
axonal membranes will ___________.
You correctly answered: b. be depolarized to values near or above threshold voltages.
Experiment Data:
Stimulus Voltage (mV)
10
20
30
40
50
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Action Potential
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
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Exercise 3: Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses: Activity 4: The Action Potential: Importance of Voltage-Gated Na+
channels Lab Report
Pre-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.
1. Voltage-gated Na+ channels are membrane channels that open
You correctly answered: b. when the membrane depolarizes.
2. When open, Na+ channels allow
You correctly answered: a. Na+ ions to diffuse into the cell.
3. Which of the following is true of an action potential?
You correctly answered: d. All of these answers are correct.
4. Which of the following can reduce the likelihood of an action potential?
You correctly answered: d. All of these can reduce the likelihood of an action potential.
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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: If you apply TTX between recording electrodes R1 and R2, what effect will the TTX have on the action
potentials at R1 and R2?
Your answer : d. TTX will block the response at R1 and R2.
Predict Question 2: If you apply lidocaine between recording electrodes R1 and R2, what effect will the lidocaine have on
the action potentials at R1 and R2?
Your answer : c. Lidocaine will block the response at R2 but have no effect at R1.
Stop & Think Questions:
2. Enter the peak value of the response at R1 and R2 in the field below and then click Submit to record your answer in the
lab report.
You answered: 100 V
With a slower timescale, the appearance of the action potentials generated at R1 and R2 will appear to
You correctly answered: c. be compressed in time but have the same peak value of response.
Why do you think TTX is not used during dental procedures?
You correctly answered: c. TTX irreversibly blocks voltage-gated sodium channels in axonal membranes.
Experiment Data:
Condition
Stimulus
Voltage (mV)
Electrode
Control
Control
TTX
TTX
Lidocaine
Lidocaine
30
30
30
30
30
30
R1
R2
R1
R2
R1
R2
Peak Value
of Response
(V) 2 sec
100
100
100
100
100
100
Peak Value
of Response
(V) 4 sec
100
100
100
100
100
100
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Peak Value
of Response
(V) 6 sec
100
100
100
0
100
100
Peak Value
of Response
(V) 8 sec
100
100
100
0
100
0
Peak Value
of Response
(V) 10 sec
100
100
100
0
100
0
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4. Why are fewer action potentials recorded at recording electrodes R2 when TTX is applied between R1 and R2? How
well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
por que la seal empieza en R1, es aqui donde se porpaga pero la seal va disminuyendo debido al efecto del TTX, por lo
cual se disminuye en R2 hasta desaperecer. Los resultados del experimento lo sustentan.
5. Why are fewer action potentials recorded at recording electrodes R2 when lidocaine is applied between R1 and R2?
How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
tiene casi el mismo efecto del TTX, pero con la diferencia que la seal se pierde a los 6 ms, recordemos que este efecto es
reversible.
6. Pain-sensitive neurons (called nociceptors) conduct action potentials from the skin or teeth to sites in the brain involved
in pain perception. Where should a dentist inject the lidocaine to block pain perception?
Your answer:
un dentista debe inyectarar la lidocana en las encias para bloquear los receptores evitando asi la generacin de un
potencial de accin que dara lugar a la percepcin del dolor.
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Exercise 3: Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses: Activity 5: The Action Potential: Measuring Its Absolute and Relative
Refractory Periods Lab Report
Pre-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.
1. Which of the following occurs after the peak of the action potential?
You correctly answered: d. All of these occur.
2. What is meant by Na+ channel inactivation?
You correctly answered: b. The Na+ channel no longer allows Na+ ions to pass through it.
3. What happens when voltage-gated K+ channels open?
You correctly answered: d. All of these occur.
4. It is harder to generate a second action potential soon after the first action potential because
You correctly answered: d. All of these make it harder to generate a second action potential.
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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: If you further decrease the interval between the stimuli, will the threshold for the second action potential
change?
Your answer : b. The threshold for the second action potential will not change.
Stop & Think Questions:
Threshold can be defined as the minimum voltage needed to generate an action potential. Is the threshold for the first action
potential the same as, or different from, the threshold for the second action potential with a 60 msec interval?
You correctly answered: a. The threshold for the first action potential is lower than the threshold for the second action
potential.
Experiment Data:
Interval Between Stimuli (msec)
250
125
60
60
60
30
30
30
30
15
7.5
3.75
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Exercise 3: Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses: Activity 6: The Action Potential: Coding for Stimulus Intensity Lab Report
Pre-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.
1. The time after an action potential when a second action potential cannot be generated no matter how intense the
stimulus is called the
You correctly answered: b. absolute refractory period.
2. The time after an action potential when a second action potential can be generated only if the stimulus intensity is
increased is called the
You correctly answered: c. relative refractory period.
3. The term frequency refers to
You correctly answered: c. the number of action potentials per second.
4. The purpose of this activity is to explore
You correctly answered: b. the relationship between stimulus intensity and the frequency of action potentials.
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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: What effect will the increased stimulus intensity have on the frequency of action potentials?
Your answer : c. The frequency of action potentials will increase.
Stop & Think Questions:
4. At the site of stimulation, the stimulus keeps the membrane of the axon at threshold for a long time, but this depolarization
does not spread to the recording electrode. After one action potential has been generated and the axon has fully recovered
from its absolute and relative refractory periods, the stimulus is still present to generate another action potential
Measure the time (in milliseconds) between action potentials. This interval should be a bit longer than the relative refractory
period (measured in Activity 5).
Click Measure to help determine the time between action potentials. A thin, vertical yellow line appears at the first action
potential. You can move the line in 10 millisecond increments by clicking the + and - buttons beside the time display, which
shows the time at the line. Subtract the time at the first action potential from the time at the second action potential to
determine the interval between them.
Enter the interval between action potentials in the field below and then click Submit to display your answer in the data
table.
You answered: 100 milliseconds
5. The interval between action potentials is sometimes called the interspike interval (ISI). Action potentials are sometimes
referred to as spikes because of their rapid time course.
From the ISI, you can calculate the action potential frequency. The frequency is the reciprocal of the interval and is usually
expressed in hertz (Hz), which is events (action potentials) per second. From the ISI you entered, calculate the frequency of
action potentials with a prolonged (500 msec) threshold stimulus intensity. Frequency = 1/ISI. (Convert the ISI to seconds
before calculating the frequency.)
Enter the frequency in the field below and then click Submit to display your answer in the data table.
You answered: 5 Hz
7. Enter the interval between action potentials (the ISI) in the field below and then click Submit to display your answer in
the data table.
Click Measure to help determine the time between action potentials. A thin, vertical yellow line appears at the far left side of
the oscilloscope screen. You can move the line in 10 millisecond increments by clicking the + and - buttons beside the time
display, which shows the time at the line.
You answered: 500 milliseconds
8. From the ISI you entered, calculate the frequency of action potentials with a prolonged (500 msec) 30 mV stimulus
intensity. Frequency = 1/ISI.
Enter the frequency in the field below and then click Submit to display your answer in the data table.
You answered: 16.67 Hz
11. Enter the interval between action potentials (the ISI) in the field below and then click Submit to display your answer in
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ISI (msec)
--100
500
500
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Exercise 3: Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses: Activity 7: The Action Potential: Conduction Velocity Lab Report
Pre-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.
1. An action potential can be propagated along an axon because there are __________ channels in the membrane.
You correctly answered: d. voltage-gated
2. The units of conduction velocity are
You correctly answered: d. meters/second.
3. Which of the following will affect axonal conduction velocity?
You correctly answered: c. both the diameter of the axon and the amount of myelination
4. Which of the following describes an A fiber?
You correctly answered: a. large diameter, heavily myelinated
5. Which of the following describes a C fiber?
You correctly answered: c. small diameter, unmyelinated
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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: How will the conduction velocity in the B fiber compare with that in the A Fiber?
Your answer : b. The conduction velocity in the B fiber will be slower because the B fiber has a smaller diameter and less
myelination.
Predict Question 2: How will the conduction velocity in the C fiber compare with that in the B Fiber?
Your answer : b. The conduction velocity in the C fiber will be slower because the C fiber has a smaller diameter and less
myelination.
Stop & Think Questions:
3. Note the difference in time between the action potential recorded at R1 and the action potential recorded at R2. The
distance between these sets of recording electrodes is 10 centimeters (0.01 m).
Convert the time from milliseconds to seconds, enter the time (in seconds) in the field below, and then click Submit to
display your results in the grid.
You answered: 0.5 sec
4. Calculate the conduction velocity in meters/second by dividing the distance between R1 and R2 (0.01 m) by the time it
took for the action potential to travel from R1 to R2.
Enter the conduction velocity in the field below and then click Submit to display your results in the grid.
You answered: 50 m/sec
7. Note the difference in time between the action potential recorded at R1 and the action potential recorded at R2.
Convert the time from milliseconds to seconds, enter the time (in seconds) in the field below, and then click Submit to
display your results in the grid.
You answered: 1 sec
8. Calculate the conduction velocity in meters/second by dividing the distance between R1 and R2 (0.1 m) by the time it took
for the action potential to travel from R1 to R2.
Enter the conduction velocity in the field below and then click Submit to display your results in the grid.
You answered: 10 m/sec
11. Note the difference in time between the action potential recorded at R1 and the action potential recorded at R2.
Convert the time from milliseconds to seconds, enter the time (in seconds) in the field below, and then click Submit to
display your results in the grid.
You answered: 0.10 sec
12. Calculate the conduction velocity in meters/second by dividing the distance between R1 and R2 (0.1 m) by the time it
took for the action potential to travel from R1 to R2.
Enter the conduction velocity in the field below and then click Submit to display your results in the grid.
You answered: 1 m/sec
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Experiment Data:
Axon Type
Myelination
A fiber
B fiber
C fiber
Heavy
Light
None
Stimulus
Voltage (mV)
30
30
30
Distance From
R1 to R2 (m)
0.1
0.1
0.1
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Time Between
APs (msec)
2
10
100
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Time Between
APs (sec)
0.5
1
0.10
Conduction
Velocity (m/sec)
50
10
1
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Exercise 3: Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses: Activity 8: Chemical Synaptic Transmission and Neurotransmitter Release
Lab Report
Pre-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.
1. The end of the axon where it contacts a target is called the
You correctly answered: c. axon terminal.
2. Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic gap by
You correctly answered: a. exocytosis.
3. Exocytosis of neurotransmitter from the axon terminal is triggered by an increase in the intracellular concentration of
You correctly answered: c. Ca2+ .
4. Neurotransmitter released into the synaptic gap reaches the target cell by
You correctly answered: b. diffusion.
5. At the target, neurotransmitter
You correctly answered: d. does all of the above.
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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: You have just observed that each action potential in a burst can trigger additional neurotransmitter
release. If calcium ions are removed from the extracellular solution, what will happen to neurotransmitter release at the axon
terminal?
Your answer : c. There will be less neurotransmitter release.
Predict Question 2: What will happen to neurotransmitter release when low amounts of calcium are added back to the
extracellular solution?
Your answer : b. Neurotransmitter release will increase a small amount.
Predict Question 3: What will happen to neurotransmitter release when magnesium is added to the extracellular solution?
Your answer : b. There will be less neurotransmitter release than in the control solution.
Stop & Think Questions:
Why does the stimulus intensity affect the amount of neurotransmitter release at the axon terminal?
You correctly answered: d. Both a and b are correct.
Why is there no neurotransmitter release from the axon terminal when there are no calcium ions in the extracellular
solution?
You correctly answered: c. Exocytosis of the synaptic vesicles is calcium dependent.
Why did the high intensity stimulation fail to trigger the same amount of neurotransmitter release in the presence of
extracellular Mg2+ as in the control extracellular solution?
You correctly answered: a. Mg2+ blocks the calcium channels in the axon terminal.
Experiment Data:
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Exercise 3: Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses: Activity 9: The Action Potential: Putting It All Together Lab Report
Pre-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.
1. Sensory neurons respond to an appropriate sensory stimulus with a change in membrane potential that is
You correctly answered: b. graded with the stimulus intensity.
2. If the depolarization that reaches the axon is large and suprathreshold, the result in the axon is
You correctly answered: c. action potentials at higher frequency.
3. At the axon terminal, each action potential causes the release of neurotransmitter. This neurotransmitter diffuses to the
receiving end of an interneuron, where it binds to receptors and causes
You correctly answered: a. ion channels to open, so that the receiving end of the interneuron depolarizes.
4. Interneurons respond to chemical (neurotransmitter) stimulation with a change in membrane potential that is
You correctly answered: b. graded with the stimulus intensity.
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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: If you apply a very weak, subthreshold stimulus to the sensory receptor
Your answer : a. a small, depolarizing response will occur at R1, and no responses will occur at R2, R3, and R4.
Predict Question 2: If you apply a moderate stimulus to the sensory receptor
Your answer : b. a small, depolarizing response will occur at R1 and R2, and action potentials will occur at R3 and R4.
Predict Question 3: If you apply a strong stimulus to the sensory receptor
Your answer : c. action potentials will be generated at all 4 locations
Stop & Think Questions:
Observe the two neurons in the petri dish. What do you think is the resting membrane potential at the receiving end of the
sensory neuron (sensory receptor) and the receiving end of the interneuron?
You correctly answered: c. -70 mV
Why is there no response at R3 when you apply a very weak stimulus to the sensory receptor?
You correctly answered: c. The very weak stimulus does not depolarize the axon of the sensory neuron to threshold.
Why is there a larger, depolarizing response at R1 when you apply a moderate intensity stimulus?
You correctly answered: c. The stimulus induces a graded receptor potential at R1.
Experiment Data:
Stimulus
None
Weak
Moderate
Strong
Sensory Neuron
Membrane Potential
(mV) Receptor
-70
-60
-40
-25
Sensory Neuron
AP Frequency
(Hz) in Axon
Sensory Neuron
Vesicles Released
from Axon Terminal
0
16.6
33.3
0
4
6
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Interneuron
Membrane Potential
(mV) Receiving End
-70
-70
-50
-40
Interneuron
AP Frequency (Hz)
in Axon
0
5
10
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2. Describe what happened when you applied a very weak stimulus to the sensory receptor. How well did the results
compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
en los experimentos se registro una respues debil en R1 (se despolariso pero poco) n no llegando a despolarisar a R2, R3
y R4.
3. Describe what happened when you applied a moderate stimulus was to the sensory receptor. How well did the results
compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
en los experimentos podemos ver, que cuando hay un estimulo moderado SE despolarizo R1 y R3, esto ocasiono que se
produsca potenciales de respues en R2 y R3.
4. Identify the type of membrane potential (graded receptor potential or action potential) that occurred at R1, R2, R3, and
R4 when you applied a moderate stimulus (view Experiment Results to view the response to this stimulus).
Your answer:
los potenciales de los receptores se comportaron de forma escalonada produciendo la despolarizacion en R1 y R3, y
liberando potenciales de accion en R2 y R4.
5. Describe what happened when you applied a strong stimulus to the sensory receptor. How well did the results compare
with your prediction?
Your answer:
susedio lo mismo que cuando se dio un estimulo moderado (de forma escalonada), pero la despolarizacion fue ms grande
en R1 y R3.
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