Engineering Data Book III

Appendix A
Nomenclature:
A
A
Aa
Acfl
Afa
Aeff
Afin
Afo
AG
AGd
Ahex
AL
ALd
Ao
Ap
ArL
Aroot
Atotal
a
a
a0-a4
a1-a4
aL
B
B
BB
Bc
BF
Bf
Bo
BR
Br
BS
Bs
Bt
B1
b
b
b
b
b0-b4
b1-b4
C
C
C

empirical constant [-]

cross-sectional area of tube [m2]
actual heat transfer area per unit length [m2/m]
circumferential flow area [m2]
actual free flow cross-sectional area [m2/m]
effective surface area of finned tube per unit length [m2/m]
surface area of fins per unit length [m2/m]
external heat transfer area of low finned tube per unit length [m2/m]
cross sectional area occupied by vapor [m2]
dimensionless cross sectional area occupied by vapor [-]
hexagonal area [m2]
cross-sectional area occupied by liquid-phase [m2]
dimensionless cross sectional area occupied
external heat transfer area of tube bundle [m2]
cross-sectional area of fin [m2]
Archimedes number [-]
root area between fins on tube per unit length [m2/m]
total surface area of finned tube per unit length [m2/m]
empirical constant [-]
one-half of long side of rectangular channel [m]
empirical constants [-]
empirical constants [-]
thermal diffusivity of the liquid [m2/s]
empirical constant [-]
empirical factor [-]
Chisholm parameter for bubbly flow transition [-]
baffle cut [%]
Chisholm parameter for spray flow transition [-]
empirical constant of Rose [-]
boiling number [-]
boiling range (or temperature glide) [K]
Brinkman number [-]
Chisholm parameter for stratified flow transition [-]
empirical constant of Rose [-]
empirical constant of Rose [-]
empirical constant of Rose [-]
empirical constant [-]
empirical exponent [-]
interfin spacing at the fin tips [m]
one-half of short side of rectangular channel [m]
empirical constants [-]
empirical constants [-]
constant in DNB equation [-]
constant in Katto and Ohno correlation
empirical constant [-]

Appendix

A-1

Engineering Data Book III

Co
Co
C1
C1
Cbh
Cbp
Cdrag
Cft
Cfth
Csf
Ca
Cap
c
cb
cL
co
cp
cpG
(cp)G
cpL
(cp)L
c1, c2
c1-c5
D
D
D
D
D
D
Db
Dctl
D
Dfo
Dfr
Dotl
Dreq
Droot
Ds
Dt
d
dbub
df
dh
di
dim
di,o
dmean
dp
dTbub
E
E

Shah factor [-]

distribution parameter [-]
constant in Rohsenow correlation [-]
constant in tube number expression [-]
constant in bundle bypass expression [-]
constant in bundle bypass expression [-]
drag coefficient [-]
empirical friction factor constant for finned tube [-]
empirical heat transfer constant for finned tube [-]
empirical surface factor in Rohsenow correlation [-]
capillary number [m]
capillary number [-]
empirical exponent [-]
fraction of tube perimeter retaining condensate [-]
similarity factor [m-3/4]
constant [-]
specific heat [J/kg K]; specific heat at constant pressure [J/kg K]
vapor specific heat [J/kg K]
vapor specific heat [J/kg K]
liquid specific heat [J/kg K]
liquid specific heat [J/kg K]
empirical parameters [-]
empirical constants [-]
droplet diameter [m]
exponent [-]
external tube diameter [m]
tube diameter [m]
fin tip diameter [m]
tube or cylinder diameter [m]
diameter of baffle [m]
centerline tube limit diameter of tube bundle [m]
diameter of liquid ring on tube [m]
diameter over fins [m]
root diameter of low finned tube [m]
outer tube limit diameter of tube bundle [m]
equivalent projected tube diameter of low finned tube [m]
root diameter of finned tube [m]
internal diameter of heat exchanger shell [m]
outside tube diameter [m]
empirical constant [-]
bubble departure diameter [m]
internal tube diameter at base of microfins [m]
hydraulic diameter [m]
internal tube diameter [m]
melt down internal tube diameter [m]
reference internal tube diameter (= 0.01 m) [m]
internal tube diameter at mean height of microfins [m]
droplet detachment diameter [m]
rise in bubble point temperature [K]
convection enhancement factor [-]
dimensionless factor [-]

Appendix

A-2

Engineering Data Book III

E2
Ec
Emf
Enew
ERB
e
e
e
e
e
eeff
ef
F
F
F
Faspect
Fi
F(M)
F1(q)
F2(q)
FC
F
Fc
Fdrag
Fflat
Fm
Fnb
FP
FPF
FrG
FrH
FrL
Frso
Fpf
Fround
FS
Fs
Fsbp
Ft
Fw
FwL
FwG
Ftp
f
fpm

fapp
Blasius
cd

stratified flow correction factor [-]

Eckert number [-]
microfin factor [-]
new convection enhancement factor [-]
microfin convection factor [-]
empirical constant [-]
fin or rib or obstruction height [m]
surface roughess [m]
corrugation depth [m]
fraction of liquid entrained as droplets [-]
effective fin height of Rose method [m]
fin height [m]
two-phase multiplier [-]
dimensionless factor [-]
apparent wet fraction of tube [-]
aspect ratio correction factor [-]
interfacial correction factor [-]
residual correction factor [-]
dimensionless exponent as function of q [-]
dimensionless exponent as function of q [-]
area fraction occupied by tubes between baffle tips [-]
bundle boiling void fraction correction factor [-]
mixture correction factor [-]
drag force [N]
correction factor for flattened tubes [-]
non-equilibrium mixture factor [-]
nucleate boiling correction factor [-]
pressure correction factor [-]
pressure correction factor of Gorenflo [-]
Froude number of vapor phase [-]
Froude number for homogeneous flow [-]
liquid Froude number [-]
Soliman liquid Froude number [-]
pressure correction factor [-]
correction factor to Grnnerud correlation [-]
Shah factor [-]
fraction of fin flank area covered by condensate wedge [-]
ratio of bypass area to cross flow area [-]
fraction of interfin root area covered by condensate wedge [-]
area fraction occupied by baffle window [-]
radiative view factor from wall to liquid droplets [-]
radiative view factor from wall to vapor [-]
two-phase convective multiplier [-]
empirical constant [-]
fins per meter [m-1]
Fanning friction factor [-]
friction factor [-]
apparent friction factor [-]
Blasius friction factor [-]
cumulative deposition factor [-]

Appendix

A-3

Engineering Data Book III

ft
G
i
fI
fI,plain
k
L
lam
oil
fS
trans
turb
G
Gf
Gs
Gt
GaL
GrG
Gz
g
g
H
H
H
h
h
h
hG,a
hG,e
hG,sat
hL,sat
hL
hLd
hLG

finned tube friction factor [-]

vapor-phase friction factor [-]
interfacial friction factor [-]
tube bank friction factor [-]
plain tube bank friction factor [-]
friction factor of phase k (where k is either G or L) [-]
Fanning friction factor of liquid [-]
friction factor for laminar flow [-]
mixture factor on pressure drop [-]
swirl friction factor [-]
friction factor for transition flow [-]
friction factor for turbulent flow [-]
total mass velocity [kg/m2s]
Rose low finned tube parameter for fin flanks [-]
Rose low finned tube parameter for interfin root area [-]
Rose low finned tube parameter for fin tips [-]
Galileo number of liquid [-]
Grashof number of vapor [-]
Graetz number [-]
acceleration due to gravity [9.81 m/s2]
empirical exponent [-]
dimensionless factor [-]
height of channel [m]
height of nozzle above top tube row [m]
liquid height inside channel [m]
height of flattened tube [m]
enthalpy [J/kg]
actual vapor enthalpy [J/kg]
equilibrium vapor enthalpy [J/kg]
enthalpy of saturated vapor [J/kg]
enthalpy of saturated liquid [J/kg]
enthalpy of saturated liquid [J/kg]
dimensionless liquid height inside channel [m]
latent heat of vaporization [J/kg]

h 'LG

latent heat of vaporization corrected from subcooling [J/kg]

latent heat absorbed by fluid [J/kg]
latent heat of vaporization [J/kg]
sensible heat absorbed by fluid [J/kg]
total heat absorbed by fluid [J/kg]
change in enthalpy [J/kg]
inlet subcooling enthalpy change [J/kg]
Jakob number of liquid [-]
bundle bypass correction factor [-]
baffle cut correction factor [-]
laminar flow correction factor for low finned tubes [-]
superficial velocity (m/s)
Colburn j-factor [-]
ideal heat transfer factor [-]
baffle leakage correction factor [-]

hlatent
hLV
hsensible
htotal
dh
hL,inlet
JaL
JB
JC
Jf
Jg
j
jI
JL

Appendix

A-4

Engineering Data Book III

JR
(JR)20
JS
J
K
K
Kff
Kfluid
Ki
Kp
Ka
KEG
KEk
KEL
k
kG
kL
kwall
L
L
Lbb
Lbi
Lbc
Lbch
Lbo
Ldev
Lfin
Lfh
Lfs
LG
LL
Lp
Lpl
Lpn
Lpp
LS
Lsb
Lta
Ltb
Ltp
Ltp,eff
Lx
Ly
M
M
MN
m
m
m
m
m

laminar flow correction factor [-]

laminar flow correction factor at Re = 20 [-]
unequal baffle spacing correction factor [-]
wall viscosity correction factor [-]
Taitel and Dukler parameter [-]
factor in hydrodynamic developing flow [-]
falling film heat transfer multiplier relative to pool boiling [-]
thermal conductivity of fluid [W/m K]
inlet subcooling factor at conditions i = 1 to 3 [-]
boiling factor of Danilova [-]
Kapitza number [-]
kinetic energy of vapor phase [J]
kinetic energy of phase k [J]
kinetic energy of liquid phase [J]
thermal conductivity [W/m K]
thermal conductivity of vapor [W/m K]
liquid thermal conductivity [W/m K]
thermal conductivity of wall material [W/m K]
length [m]
length of tube [m]
diametral clearance between Ds and Dotl [m]
inlet baffle spacing [m]
central baffle spacing [m]
height of baffle cut [m]
outlet baffle spacing [m]
developing length [m]
equivalent vertical height of fin [m]
fin height [m]
average fin thickness assuming rectangular profile [m]
chordal length through vapor phase [m]
chordal length through liquid phase [m]
width of pass partition lane [m]
width of bypass lane between tubes [m]
tube pitch normal to direction of flow [m]
tube pitch parallel to direction of flow [m]
swirl flow streamline length [m]
diametral clearance between Ds and Db [m]
effective tube length [m]
tube-to-baffle hole diametral clearance [m]
tube pitch from tube center to tube center [m]
effective tube pitch from tube center to tube center [m]
length of outside of a rectangular channel [m]
length of outside of a rectangular channel [m]
mass flow rate [kg/s]
molecular weight [kg/kmol]
additional term from integration [(kg/ms)4/3]
Blasius exponent [-]
exponent [-]
exponent on velocity profile [-]
fin efficiency parameter [m-1]
mass of droplet [kg]

Appendix

A-5

Engineering Data Book III

&
m
mass velocity of fluid [kg/m2 s]
&
m
mass velocity of fluid at maximum cross-section of bundle [kg/m2 s]
&
m
total mass velocity of liquid and vapor [kg/m2 s]
& bubbly bubbly flow transition mass velocity [kg/m2s]
m
&e
m
equivalent mass velocity [kg/m2 s]
& dryout mass velocity at onset of dryout [kg/m2 s]
m
&G
mass velocity of vapor [kg/m2s]
m
& high mass velocity at transition from annular to stratified-wavy flow [kg/m2 s]
m
&L
m
mass velocity of liquid [kg/m2s]
& low mass velocity at transition from stratified-wavy to stratified flow [kg/m2 s]
m
& min minimum value of mist flow transition mass velocity [kg/m2s]
m
& mist mass velocity at transition from mist flow [kg/m2 s]
m
& ref reference mass velocity [= 500 kg/m2 s]
m
& strat mass velocity at transition from stratified-wavy to stratified flow [kg/m2 s]
m
& total total mass velocity of liquid plus vapor [kg/m2s]
m
&w
m
window mass velocity of fluid [kg/m2 s]
& wavy mass velocity at transition from annular to stratified-wavy flow [kg/m2 s]
m
& wavy(new) new wavy flow transition mass velocity [kg/m2s]
m
N
N
N
Nb
Nc
Nf
Nss
Ntcc
Ntcw
Ntt
Ntw
Nu
Nuc
NuD
NuD
NuD-B
Nuft
NuG
Nugrav
NuH
NuH,visc
NuHA
NuH,z
NuL
Numf
Nunb
Nu
Nu,lam
Nu,sub

number of tubes passed in crossflow [-]

Shah parameter [-]
tube row number from top [-]
number of baffles [-]
total number of tube rows crossed by flow in entire heat exchanger [-]
number of fins per unit length of tube [fins/m]
number of sealing strip pairs [-]
number of tube rows crossed between baffle tips in one baffle compartment [-]
number of tube rows crossed in one baffle window [-]
number of tubes [-]
number of tubes in the window [-]
Nusselt number [-]
Nusselt number for forced convection condensation [-]
Nusselt number based on droplet diameter [-]
mean Nusselt number based on tube diameter [-]
Dittus-Boelter Nusselt number [-]
internally finned tube Nusselt number [-]
Nusselt number of vapor [-]
Nusselt number for gravity controlled condensation [-]
mean or fully developed Nusselt number at uniform heat flux condition [-]
fully developed Nusselt number at uniform heat flux condition [-]
Nusselt number for 2nd type of uniform heat flux condition [-]
local Nusselt number at uniform heat flux condition [-]
liquid Nusselt number [-]
microfin Nusselt number [-]
nucleate boiling Nusselt number [-]
liquid film Nusselt number [-]
laminar liquid film Nusselt number [-]
subcooled liquid film Nusselt number [-]

Appendix

A-6

Engineering Data Book III

Nu,turb
Nustrat
NuT
NuT,tt
NuT,z
Nutt
Nuy=
Nu(x)
Nu(z)
n
n
n
n
n
n1
n2
n3
nB
ncorners
nf
nf
ns
P
PG
PGd
Pi
Pid
Pk
PL
PLd
Po
Pr
PrG
PrL
p
p
p
p
pcrit
pf
pG
pr
pro
psat
pwall
p
pbI
pc
pe
ptotal

turbulent liquid film Nusselt number [-]

local Nusselt number for stratified flow [-]
mean or fully developed Nusselt number at uniform wall temperature condition [-]
Nusselt number for twisted tape insert at uniform wall temperature condition [-]
local Nusselt number at uniform wall temperature condition [-]
twisted tape Nusselt number [-]
twisted tape Nusselt number without twist [-]
local Nusselt number [-]
local film Nusselt number [-]
empirical exponent [-]
exponent [-]
exponent on void fraction profile [-]
factor equal to 3 [-]
power law exponent [-]
exponent [-]
exponent [-]
exponent [-]
void fraction factor [-]
number of sharp corners facing flow of rib or fin [-]
exponent on heat flux [-]
nucleate boiling exponent [-]
number of starts or fins [-]
perimeter of channel [m]
dry perimeter in contact with vapor [m]
dimensionless dry perimeter in contact with vapor [m]
perimeter of liquid-vapor interface [m]
dimensionless perimeter of liquid-vapor interface [m]
phase [-]
wetted perimeter [m]
dimensionless wetted perimeter [m]
Poiseuille number [-]
Prandtl number [-]
Prandtl number of vapor [-]
liquid Prandtl number [-]
axial pitch [m]
exponent
pressure [N/m2]
pitch of corrugation [m]
critical pressure [N/m2]
axial fin pitch [m]
vapor pressure [N/m2]
reduced pressure (pr = psat/pcrit) [-]
reference reduced pressure of Gorenflo [-]
saturation pressure [N/m2]
saturation pressure at wall temperature [N/m2]
pressure drop [Pa]
ideal bundle pressure drop for one baffle compartment [N/m2]
central baffle compartment pressure drop [N/m2]
end zone pressure drop [N/m2]
bundle pressure drop [N/m2]

Appendix

A-7

Engineering Data Book III

pw
window zone pressure drop [N/m2]
(dp/dz)G frictional pressure gradient of the vapor [Pa/m]
(dp/dz)L frictional pressure gradient of the liquid [Pa/m]
(dp/dz)frict frictional pressure gradient [Pa/m]
Q
heat transfer rate [W]
Q
volumetric flow rate [m3/s]
&
Q
vapor volumetric flow rate [m3/s]
G

&
Q
k
&
Q

volumetric flow rate of phase k [m3/s]

liquid volumetric flow rate [m3/s]

q
heat flux [W/m2]
qo
reference heat flux [W/m2]
qcrit
critical heat flux [W/m2]
qcrit,i
reference critical heat flux at conditions i = 1 to 5 [W/m2]
qDNB heat flux at departure from nucleate boiling (critical heat flux) [W/m2]
qDNB,tube heat flux at DNB of tube [W/m2]
qdry
heat flux on dry fraction of tube [W/m2]
qG
heat flux resulting from wall-to-droplet evaporation [W/m2]
qL
heat flux resulting from droplet evaporation [W/m2]
qONB heat flux at onset of nucleate boiling [W/m2]
qr
radiation heat flux [W/m2]
qwet
heat flux on wet fraction of tube [W/m2]
R
density ratio in Katto and Ohno correlation [-]
R
fouling factor on fin [m K/W]
R
Chisholm parameter [-]
R
radius of tube [m]
R+
turbulent dimensionless radius of tube [-]
Rc
mixture resistance [m2K/W]
Rb
bypass pressure drop correction factor [-]
RL
leakage pressure drop correction factor [-]
Rp
root mean surface roughness [m]
Rpo
reference root mean surface roughness of Gorenflo [m]
Rp,o
standard surface roughness (= 1.0 m) [m]
RS
baffle end zones pressure drop correction factor [-]
R
viscosity pressure drop correction factor [-]
Ra
Rayleigh number [-]
RaL
Rayleigh number [-]
Re
Reynolds number [-]
Recrit critical film Reynolds number [-]
ReD
droplet Reynolds number [-]
Re
Reynolds number of liquid film on tube bundle [-]
Ree
equivalent liquid Reynolds number [-]
Reeq
equivalent liquid Reynolds number [-]
local vapor Reynolds number [-]
ReG
ReGH homogeneous Reynolds number [-]
ReGo local vapor only Reynolds number [-]
ReGs superficial vapor Reynolds number, also ReSG [-]
ReGt
Reynolds number with total flow as vapor [-]
ReL
liquid Reynolds number for all flow as liquid [-]
liquid film Reynolds number for liquid fraction of flow [-]
ReL
L

Appendix

A-8

Engineering Data Book III

ReLs
superficial liquid Reynolds number, also ReSL [-]
ReLt
Reynolds number with total flow as liquid [-]
(ReL)film Reynolds number with total flow as liquid [-]
ReRB Reynolds number [-]
Reroot film Reynolds number of the condensate flowing in the root area [-]
Re
film Reynolds number [-]
Re
liquid Reynolds number of film [-]
Re* modified liquid Reynolds number of film [-]
Re,trans transition liquid film Reynolds number [-]
Renb
nucleate boiling Reynolds number [-]
Reonset falling film Reynolds number at top of tube at onset of dryout [-]
Repeak falling film Reynolds number at top of tube at peak performance [-]
ReS
swirl Reynolds number [-]
ReSG vapor superficial Reynolds number [-]
ReSL liquid superficial Reynolds number [-]
Retop falling film Reynolds number at top of tube [-]
Retp
two-phase Reynolds number [-]
Ri
Richardson number [-]
Rwall
wall thermal resistance [K/W]
r
constant [-]
r
external radius of tube [m]
r
radius from centreline [m]
ri
internal tube radius [m]
rlm
leakage area parameter [-]
ro
critical nucleation radius [m]
rs
leakage area parameter [-]
rss
sealing strip parameter [-]
S
nucleation suppression factor
S
velocity ratio [-]
S
vertical pitch between centerline of tubes [m]
S2
stratified flow correction factor [-]
Sb
bypass area [m]
Sm
cross-sectional flow area at centerline [m]
shell-to-baffle leakage area [m]
Ssb
Stb
tube-to-baffle leakage area [m]
Sw
net flow area in window [m]
Swg
gross flow area in window without tubes [m]
Swt
area in window occupied by tubes [m]
Stlam Stanton number for laminar flow [-]
Stturb Stanton number for turbulent flow [-]
Sw
swirl number [-]
s
fin pitch [m]
s
specific gravity [-]
T
temperature [K or C]
T
time [s]
T+
turbulent dimensionless temperature [-]
Tbub
bubble point temperature [K]
Tbub
bubble point temperature of mixture [K]
Tbulk
mean bulk temperature of fluid [K]
critical temperature of mixture [K]
Tcrit

Appendix

A-9

Engineering Data Book III

Tdew
TD
TDNB
Tf
TG
TG,a
TG
TGi
TIB
TL
TMFB
Tman
Ts
Tsat
Tsat
Tt
Tw
Twall
Twall
T
T
Tbp
Tbulk
Tf
Tglide
TI
Tq
Tref
Tsat
Tvisc
t
t
t
t
troot
ttip
twall
U
U
<U>
UG
<UG>
UGL
<UGL>
UGU
GU
UL
ULU
US
u
u*

dew point temperature of condensable mixture [K]

droplet temperature [K]
wall temperature at point DNB [K]
Rose low finned tube parameter for fin flanks [-]
vapor temperature [K]
actual bulk vapor temperature [K]
bulk temperature of gas-vapor mixture [K]
interfacial temperature of gas-vapor mixture [K]
wall temperature at point IB [K]
local subcooled temperature of liquid [K]
wall temperature at point MFB [K]
manufacturers reference temperature [C]
Rose low finned tube parameter for interfin root area [-]
saturation temperature [K]
saturation temperature of pure refrigerant [K]
Rose low finned tube parameter for fin tips [-]
wall temperature [K]
wall temperature [C]
wall temperature [K]
wall-to-fluid temperature difference [K]
wall superheat [K]
boiling range or temperature glide of mixture [K]
bulk temperature difference from inlet to outlet [K]
temperature difference across film (= Tsat-Tw) [K]
temperature glide of a zeotropic mixture [K]
ideal wall superheat for boiling of a mixture [K]
bulk temperature change due to wall heat flux from inlet to outlet [K]
reference temperature rise [K]
wall superheat (= Twall-Tsat) [K]
bulk temperature rise due to viscous heat dissipation from inlet to outlet [K]
time [s]
fin thickness [m]
mean thickness of fin [m]
twisted tape thickness [m]
thickness at root of fin [m]
thickness at tip of fin [m]
wall thickness of channel [m]
flow velocity [m/s]
overall heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
cross-sectional averaged drift velocity [m/s]
superficial velocity of vapor [m/s]
cross-sectional averaged vapor drift velocity [m/s]
drift flux [m/s]
cross-sectional average vapor drift flux velocity relative to UL [m/s]
vapor phase drift velocity [m/s]
weighted mean drift velocity [m/s]
superficial velocity of liquid [m/s]
liquid phase drift velocity [m/s]
swirl fluid velocity [m/s]
velocity in x-direction [m/s]
friction velocity [m/s]

Appendix

A-10

Engineering Data Book III

uD
ud
uG
G
<uG>
uGs
uH
ui
uk
uL
uLG
uLs
uy
u
VG
VL
v
v
vG
vH
vi
vL
W
W
We
WeD
WeG
WeL
w
winlet
X
Xtt
x
x
xa
xB
xcrit
xdi
xde
xe
xexit
xF
xIA
xmax
xmin
xS
Y
Y
Y
Y
y

droplet velocity [m/s]

droplet deposition velocity [m/s]
vapor velocity [m/s]
weighted mean velocity of vapor [m/s]
cross-sectional average of vapor velocity [m/s]
modified Baker parameter based on superficial vapor velocity [m/s]
homogeneous velocity [m/s]
suction velocity at interface [m/s]
velocity of phase k [m/s]
liquid velocity [m/s]
superficial velocity of vapor with respect to liquid [m/s]
modified Baker parameter based on superficial liquid velocity [m/s]
velocity in y-direction [m/s]
free stream velocity in z-direction [m/s]
volume of vapor phase [m3]
volume of liquid phase [m3]
velocity in y-direction [m/s]
specific volume [m3/kg]
specific volume of vapor [m3/kg]
homogeneous specific volume [m3/kg]
velocity of interface in z-direction [m/s]
specific volume of liquid [m3/kg]
dimensionless factor [-]
ratio in Katto and Ohno correlation [-]
Weber number [-]
droplet Weber number [-]
vapor Weber number [-]
Weber number of liquid [-]
local oil mass fraction [kg/kg]
inlet oil mass fraction [kg/kg]
mass fraction of mixture in liquid phase [kg/kg]
Martinelli parameter with both phases turbulent [-]
exponent in Rohsenow correlation [-]
vapor quality [-]
actual local vapor quality [-]
vapor quality at transition to bubbly flow [-]
vapor quality at location of critical heat flux [-]
vapor quality at onset of dryout [-]
vapor quality at end of dryout zone [-]
local equilibrium vapor quality [-]
exit vapor quality at the critical heat flux [-]
vapor quality at transition to spray flow [-]
vapor quality at transition from intermittent to annular flow [-]
vapor quality at the intersection of annular flow and mist flow transition curves [-]
vapor quality at minimum of mist flow transition equation [-]
vapor quality at transition to stratified flow [-]
Greoneveld multiplying factor [-]
ratio of vapor to liquid frictional pressure gradient [-]
mass fraction of mixture in vapor phase [kg/kg]
twist ratio [-]
exponent in Rohsenow correlation [-]

Appendix

A-11

Engineering Data Book III

y
y
y
y
y+
Z
Z
ZG
z
z
z
z
z*
z*
za
zdi
ze
zeh
zet

length [m]
length scale [m]
twist ratio for 180 turn [-]
parameter [-]
dimensionless length scale [-]
dimensionless factor [-]
heated length of tube to diameter ratio [-]
ratio of sensible cooling duty for vapor to total condensing duty [-]
distance along y-axis [m]
distance from entrance [m]
length from top [m]
length around perimeter of tube from top [m]
dimensionless length from top [m]
Graetz length parameter [-]
length from inlet where liquid is actually completely evaporated [m]
length from inlet where dryout occurs [m]
length from inlet where liquid is completely evaporated under equilibrium conditions [m]
hydrodynamic entrance length of developing flow [m]
thermal entrance length of developing flow [m]

Greek symbols:

heat transfer coefficient [W/m2K]

mean film heat transfer coefficient on tube array [W/m2 K]

local perimeter averaged heat transfer coefficient inside a tube [W/m2 K]

(N) heat transfer coefficient on Nth tube [W/m2 K]
(N=1) heat transfer coefficient on top tube [W/m2 K]
(x) local perimeter averaged heat transfer coefficient inside a tube at vapor quality x [W/m2 K]
array falling film heat transfer coefficient on single-row tube array [W/m2 K]
b
heat transfer coefficient on bottom of finned tube retaining condensate [W/m2 K]
bundle local bundle boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2K]
bundle local bundle boiling heat transfer coefficient for falling film evaporation [W/m2K]
c
convective condensation heat transfer coefficient [W/m2K]
cb
convective boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
ct
corrugated tube turbulent heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
D
convective heat transfer coefficient from vapor-to-droplet [W/m2K]
dry
falling film heat transfer coefficient on dry fraction of tube [W/m2 K]
dryout heat transfer coefficient in dryout zone [W/m2K]
eff
effective condensing coefficient for condensable mixture [W/m2 K]
f
mean film heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
f
local film condensing coefficient around non-stratified top perimeter of tube [W/m2 K]
f
helix angle of microfins [degrees]
f(z) local film heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
f+(z) dimensionless local film heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
f() local film heat transfer coefficient at angle from top of tube [W/m2 K]
f(x) local condensing coefficient at vapor quality x [W/m2 K]
fin
heat transfer coefficient on fin [W/m2 K]
ft
finned tube turbulent heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]

Appendix

A-12

Engineering Data Book III

FZ
G
Gt
grav
I
I
I
id
invert
L
Lt
mean
mf
mist
nb
nom
nb
nb,I
nb,o
o
pt

,dev
,lam
,lturb
ref-oil
sh
ss
strat
tp
tt
tt
vapor
wet
wet

<>
L
ct
ft
mL

Forester-Zuber nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]

turbulent heat transfer coefficient of vapor [W/m2 K]
forced convection heat transfer coefficient with total flow as vapor [W/m2 K]
gravity-dominated film heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
ideal heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
ideal boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
ideal tube bank heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
ideal heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
heat transfer coefficient in inverted annular flow regime [W/m2K]
liquid only heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
forced convection heat transfer coefficient with total flow as liquid [W/m2 K]
mean heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
microfin convective boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
mist flow heat transfer coefficient [W/m2K]
nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
nominal heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
ideal nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient of mixture [W/m2K]
standard nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
reference nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2K]
plain tube turbulent heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
falling film heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
developing region falling film heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
laminar falling film heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
turbulent falling film heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
flow boiling heat transfer coefficient of refrigerant-oil mixture [W/m2 K]
shear-dominated film heat transfer coefficient
shell-side single-phase heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
mean film heat transfer coefficient around bottom of tube in stratified flow [W/m2 K]
two-phase flow boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
twisted tape turbulent heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
twisted tape two-phase flow boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
vapor phase heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
wetted wall heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
falling film heat transfer coefficient on wetted fraction of tube [W/m2 K]
angle of surface with respect to the horizontal [rad]
angle around perimeter of tube with respect to top [rad]
coefficient of thermal expansion [K-1]
condensate retention angle from bottom of tube [rad]
contact angle [deg]
helix angle of corrugation or fin []
value used for calculation of [-]
volumetric quality [-]
cross-sectional averaged volumetric quality [-]
liquid mass transfer coefficient [= 0.0003 m/s]
constant for corrugated tube [-]
constant for finned tubes [-]
mass transfer coefficient in liquid [0.0003 m/s]

Appendix

A-13

Engineering Data Book III

rib
profile contact angle []

interfacial roughness [m]

liquid film thickness [m]

thickness of twisted tape [m]

*
non-dimensional liquid film thickness [m]
+
turbulent dimensionless film thickness [-]

void fraction of vapor [-]

<>
cross-sectional averaged void fraction of vapor [-]
c
void fraction of vapor at centreline of channel [-]
c-s
cross-sectional void fraction of vapor [-]
chordal chordal void fraction of vapor across channel [-]
H
homogeneous void fraction [-]
IA
void fraction evaluated at xIA [-]
local
local void fraction of vapor at a point or small volume [-]
r
void fraction of Rouhani drift flux model [-]
q
Rose low finned tube enhancement ratio at same q [-]
T
Rose low finned tube enhancement ratio at same T [-]
vol
volumetric void fraction of vapor [-]
w
void fraction of vapor at wall [-]

angle from top of tube [rad]

d
angle at end of developing region [rad]
f
angle at end of stagnation flow region [rad]
i
angle at end of impingement region [rad]
L
liquid two-phase friction multiplier [-]
fr
Friedel two-phase multiplier (and others with respective subscripts) [-]
G
two-phase multiplier factor for the vapor phase [-]
L
two-phase multiplier factor for the liquid phase [-]

condensate flow rate per unit width of wall [kg/ms]

evap liquid flow that has been evaporated when reaching the bottom of the array [kg/m s]
feed
liquid flow rate of liquid applied to the top of the array [kg/m s]
L
liquid flow rate per unit length on plate or one side of tube [kg/m s]
() condensate flow rate per unit width at angle from top [kg/ms]
(N) condensate flow rate (on one side) per unit length off bottom of tube N [kg/ms]
bottom(N) condensate flow rate (from one side) per unit length off bottom of tube N [kg/ms]
top(N) condensate flow rate (from one side) per unit length onto top of tube N [kg/ms]
(z)
condensate flow rate per unit width at distance z from top [kg/ms]

constant for finned tubes [-]

similarity variable [-]

fin
fin efficiency [-]
surface surface efficiency [-]

bulk-to-wall property correction ratio [-]

one-half of apex angle of a trapezoidal fin [rad]

ratio of droplet heat flux to total heat flux [-]

ratio of the temperature rises due to viscous heating and wall heat flux [-]
lim
limit of ratio of temperature rise [-]

correction factor [-]

Baker gas-phase parameter [-]

wavelength between bubble departures from interface [m]

Appendix

A-14

Engineering Data Book III

crit
d
T

bulk
G
L
oil
ref
ref-oil
wall
water

L
(-)

crit
ctl
def
dry
*dry
ds
max
strat
*strat

bp

air
G
G*
gc

H
k

L
man
oil
ref
V
water
SB

water
i
i*

friction factor multiplier [-]

critical wavelength [m]
dangerous wavelength [m]
Taylor wavelength [m]
dynamic viscosity [Ns/m2]
dynamic viscosity at bulk temperature [Ns/m2]
vapor dynamic viscosity [Ns/m2]
liquid dynamic viscosity [Ns/m2]
dynamic viscosity of pure oil [Ns/m2]
dynamic viscosity of pure refrigerant [Ns/m2]
dynamic viscosity of local refrigerant-oil mixture [Ns/m2]
dynamic viscosity at wall [Ns/m2]
dynamic viscosity of water [Ns/m2]
kinematic viscosity [m2/s]
liquid kinematic viscosity [m2/s]
function in Rose low finned tube method [-]
similarity variable [-]
critical angle of deflection for tube array [radians]
centerline angle around top perimeter of tube [degrees]
maximum angle of deflection of condensate flowing from tube to tube [radians]
dry angle around top perimeter of tube [radians]
dimensionless dry angle [-]
baffle cut angle on shell diameter [degrees]
dry angle at xmax [radians]
stratified angle around upper perimeter of the tube to stratified liquid level [radians]
dimensionless stratified angle [-]
bubble point temperature rise at interface relative to bulk [K]
boiling range or temperature glide of a mixture [K]
density [kg/m3]
liquid density of refrigerant-oil mixture [kg/m3]
density of air [kg/m3]
vapor density [kg/m3]
fictitious vapor density [kg/m3]
density of gas core [kg/m3]
homogeneous density of fluid [kg/m3]
density of phase k [kg/m3]
liquid density [kg/m3]
liquid density of oil according to manufacturer [kg/m3]
liquid density of oil [kg/m3]
liquid density of refrigerant [kg/m3]
vapor density [kg/m3]
density of water [kg/m3]
Stephan-Bolzmann constant [W/m2K4]
surface tension [N/m]
parameter for aspect ratios of rectangular channels [-]
surface tension of water [N/m2]
interfacial shear stress [N/m2]
dimensionless interfacial shear stress [N/m2]

Appendix

A-15

Engineering Data Book III

i+

Ph

dimensionless interfacial shear stress [N/m2]

geometrical function [-]
intertube spacing factor [-]
friction factor [-]
dimensionless factor in hydrodynamic developing flow [-]
correlating parameter of Groeneveld and Delorme [-]
similarity variable [-]
surface tension parameter [-]

Subscripts :
1,2
D
G
H
k
L
a
b
c
e
f
fin
top
w

subscripts of empirical constants

droplet
vapor
homogeneous
phase
liquid
actual
bottom of tube
centerline
equilibrium
evaluated at film temperature
fin
top of tube
wall

Appendix

A-16