Liberalism

Born of the Enlightenment with it's emphases on

liberty. Liberals supported parliaments,
constitutions, toleration, Adam Smith economics
and opposed war since it disrupted business.
Liberals did not support democracy out of
concern that the common people gain too much
power.

Nationalsim

Begins with cultural unity and turns into political reality as

patriots seek to defend their cultural identity. Early
nationalism was largely an anti-French sentiment as nations
unified in opposition to Napoleon. Nationalism was taken for
granted in Spain, Britain and France but in Italy and the
Germanies and Austria, nationalism would have to be
taught to the people by intellectuals.

George Hegel

German philosopher who believed that history was

evolutionary. He compared history to the turning of that
pages in a book with today's history being the sum total of
all previous history. Change in history was explained in his
"Dialectic." He explains that there are three ingredients to
the people by intellectuals. Thesis, Antithesis, and
Synthesis.

Thesis

One component of George Hegel's ideas

illustrated in his "Dialectic." It explains the
present set of circumstances.

Antithesis

One component of George Hegel's ideas

illustrated in his "Dialectic." An opposite state of
affairs that exists in the same time and space as
the thesis. The result is conflict that will result in
change.

Synthesis

One component of George Hegel's ideas

illustrated in his "Dialectic." The result of the
struggle between thesis and antithesis results in
change. It can be positive or negative, productive
or destructive.

French Utopian Socialism

Believed in planned economics and the equal

opportunity for all citizens. They sought to reduce
the gap between the very rich and the very poor.
Private property should be abolished.

Saint Simon

Believed that a planned economy would bring improved

conditions for the poor. Believed that great public works
would end unemployment. Sought a "great captain of
industry" to lead their economic dream. Later, they would
see Louis Napoleon Bonaparte as their great captain as he
redesigned the city of Paris and oversaw the digging of the
Suez Canal.

Louis Blanc

Believed the state should set up government-backed

workshops and factories to guarantee employment. His
chace came to put his theories to work in the provisional
government following the revolution of 1848 only to find that
the workshops competed directly with private industry and
were therefore unworkable. His workshop idea did attract
the most desperate elements of French society to Paris.

Frederick Engles

Prussian socialist who wrote "On the Condition of

the Working Class in England."

Romanticism

The opposite of reason. Loves the classifiable

and mysterious. Depends more on emotions
than reason. Desires the unattainable. Stresses
individualism and condemns materialism. Sees
nature as a source of inspiration and sees history
as the key to understanding the universe.

Romantic Music

Rejects well-defined structure in an effort to find

maximum range and emotional intensity.
Romantic composers include List and
Beethoven.

Tory Party

Favored the British Aristocracy and opposed

liberalism. Dominated the House of Common.

Corn Laws

After 1815, plentiful and cheap grain was again

available from the continent. The House of
Commons passed the Corn Law prohibiting the
importation of continental grain in order to keep
prices high for their own benefit.

Whig Party

More a party of the peoe/ Opposed consevatice

programs like the Corn Laws and called for the
reform of parliament.

English Reform

Both Whigs and Tories supported reform in

mining and industry.

The Ten Hours Act (1847)

Limited the workday for women and young

people to ten hours.

Irish Potato Famine

Crop failures in 1846, 1848 and 1851 resulted in

the deaths of over a million Irish citizens. Many
emigrated to America. The famine finally forced
an end to the Corn Laws.

The French Revolution of 1830

Charles I, who succeeded Louis XVIII, revoked

the Constitutional Charter of 1814 which had
protected the people against royal absolutism.
Barricades go up in the streets of Paris and
Charles X flees to England. He will be replaced
by King Louis Phillip who does little more than
protect the right of the rich upper middle class.

The French Revolution of 1848

The refusal of Louis Phillips to enact electoral reform led to

the erection of barricades in Paris Feb. of 1848. Louis
Phillipe fled to Britain and a provisional government was set
up to form a republic. Louis Blanc attempted to set up his
workshop idea but succeeded in attracting the most
desperate elements to the city of Paris. Class warfare
breaks out in June.

The Bloody June Days

June 24-26, 1848. Class warfare breaks out in

Paris resulting in the deaths of 10,000. The revolt
is put down by the national guard.

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

Nephew of Napoleon I and candidate for

president in 1848. Wins by a large number due
to name recognition. A socialist who believed
that the government was responsible for the
welfare of the people. Dedicated to strengthening
the economy of France.

Revolution in Austria (1848)

Barricades go up in March in Vienna. Liberals demand a

constitution. Metternich flees to Britain but the king stays in
the city and promises a constitution and other reforms. The
army finally comes out in support of the king and the
revolution is crushed. Hungary gains greater autonomy. The
various national minorities, especially the Slavic minorities,
choose not to disintegrate the empire (Austro-Slavism).

Francis Joseph

Barely 18 years old, is named the emperor of

Austria with the intention of breaking the
promises made by Ferdinand under pressure of
the barricades of the revolution.

The Revolution in Prussia (1848)

Barricades in the streets of Berlin prompt the

Prussian king to promise reformed and a
constitution. The revolution fails almost as soon
as it had started.

The Frankfurt Assembly

Liberal Germans meet to design a united Germany. They

had no authority to do so and were made up of mostly
intellectuals and businessmen. The Prussian army was
requested to provide security for the assembly. Great
debate over the definition of Germany. Austria withdraws
from the assembly offers the crown of the new Germany to
Frederick William of Prussia who rejects it as "a crown
offered from the gutter."

Industry and the Growth of Cities

Congestion, filth, and disease were urban

conditions that existed even before the Industrial
Revolution. Lack of transportation and sanitary
codes contributed to the problem.

Jeremy Bentham

English socialist who promoted the idea that

providing the greatest good for the greatest
number was the key to the improvement of
society.

Chadwick

Promoted the idea of running water and sewers

to cleanse the filth from the cities.

Louis Pasteur

Identified germs as the cause of disease and this

realization led to the development of vaccines to
control disease.

Joseph Lister

Developed the concept that wounds should be

sterilized using antiseptics. Creator of Listerine.

Mortality Rates

Declined rapidly due to the work of Lister and

Pasteur.

Urban Planning

Improved living condition by opening up the city

and providing parks, street lighting, and clearing
out slums. Broad straight boulevards opened up
and connected with city centers. Sewers and
aqueducts were improved. Street cars allowed
workers to live away from the city center this
reducing crowding.

"Romantic Love"

Finally triumphs over economic considerations in

the working classes while economic
considerations remained important to the middle
class. Divorce still rare.

Role of Women

Less work outside the home as women became

full-time mothers and homemakers. Women
were excluded from good jobs and were legally
inferior. Wives had no legal identity. Women
were excluded from the professions and kept out
of universities.

Women/home

Control of domestic affairs actually increased.

Women controlled the household, money, and
made all major domestic decisions. Strong
emotional ties between mothers and children,
husbands and wives developed.

Child Rearing

More breast feeding, less abandonment, greater

emotional ties. Fathers very demanding and
stern.

Decline in birthrate

Intended to insure that each child could have

more advantages. A conscious choice never
anticipated by Thomas Malthus.

Parental Controls

Parents believed that their own emotional traits

were passed on to their children and therefore
felt responsible for any abnormality in their
children. Parents strictly guided their childrens
behavior.

Practical Science

Theoretical discoveries led to practical benefits in

areas like chemistry and electricity. Scientific
achievements led to increased faith in progress.

Social Science

The scientific study of society. Intended to

determine the general laws of society.

Auguste Comte

Identified the final stage of knowledge to be

science or Positive Method.

Positivism

The theory that scientists could design a

harmonic and disciplined society along scientific
lines and ruled by experts.

Evolution

Not a new idea. Long accepted as the way all

things develop: small changes as dictated by the
new changing environment.

Charles Darwin

British scientistst who theorized that all

organisms change over time in response to
Natural Selection which happens thought a
struggle that allows only the Survival of the
Fittest.

Social Darwanism

The application of "Natural Selection" to human

affairs. Only the fittest survive and should
succeed. This applies to business, sports,
culture.

Realism

Replaces romanticism with the cold, harsh view

that heredity and environment determine human
behavior. Science in all areas is exalted.

The Constitutional Charter of 1814

Designed to protect the French from royal

absolutism and aristocratic privilege. Louis XVIII
agreed to constitutional monarchy.