Executive Summary

Given a cogeneration system modified with regeneration, we are tasked to set stream
pressures, temperatures and mass flow rates such that the system generates 3.5 MW of net work as
electricity and 7.7 MW of process heating while the utilization factor is at a minimum of 80%. The
equipment are also limited such that the boiler and the turbine are 85% efficient and the pumps are
70% efficient.
Using an inlet turbine stream of 5.8638 kg/s at 6000 kPa and 500 C, an intermediate stream
of 5.623567 kg/s at 400 kPa and an oulet stream of 0.2402334 kg/s at 10 kPa, we generate the
following values (Table 1 and 2)
Table 1. Pressure and Temperature Values at Each Stream
Parameter

10

11

Temp C

45.8
3
10

45.883

143.62

143.62

500

188.496

188.496

188.496

45.83

143.62

400

400

400

144.815
6
6000

6000

400

400

400

10

400

0.90867

Pressure
(kPa)
Vapor
Fraction

Table 2. Energy Values

Energy Form

Value

Wturbine

-3550.986 kJ

Wpump,I

0.135179 kJ

Wpump,II

50.85087 kJ

Qboiler

16470.5882 kJ

Qcondenser

-522.369744 kJ

With the obtained values, it is possible to meet the required net work, process heat and
utilization factor considering the efficiencies of the equipment while also producing an exhaust stream
with a quality of 90.867%.

Background of the Study

A steam power plant is a power plant whose working fluid is water. Water is heated in a
boiler, turns into steam, spins a steam turbine which in turn produces work, goes to the condenser to
be condensed back into liquid and this liquid is then pumped back to the boiler. This cycle is also
known as the Rankine cycle (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Rankine Cycle1

The steam power plant is used for the production of power and a lot of effort has been made
to increase its efficiency. A way to do this is to make the average temperature of the working fluid as
high as possible during heat addition1. This can be done by regeneration. In this process, steam is
extracted from intermediate points of expansion at the turbine. This steam goes to the feed water
heater and heats the feed water that comes out of the condenser before it is pumped back to the boiler 2
(Figure 2). The average temperature of the feed water is increased and in turn, also increase the
thermal efficiency of the cycle.

Figure 2. A Steam Turbine Power Plant with Regeneration1

Some industries however, require heat as an energy input to their devices. This heat energy is
called process heat. The energy from the combustion of fuel is transferred to the steam and this is used
in the process heating (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Process Heating Plant1

Industries which use high amounts of process heat also use high amounts of electricity
(power). Because of this, people thought of using the work potential to produce power while
producing process heat at the same time. This process is an example of cogeneration, which is the

production of more than one useful form of energy from the same energy source. Plants which utilize
cogeneration are called cogeneration plants1.
Either a Rankine or Brayton cycle can be used as a power cycle for the cogeneration plant. In
an ideal steam turbine cogeneration plant, it can be noted that the condenser is missing (Figure 4).
Steam enters the turbine, produces work and is expanded to state 4. The flow rate is adjusted such that
the stream leaves as saturated liquid from the process heater. This liquid is then pumped back to boiler
pressure. The work in the pump is usually small and can be neglected. This implies that all the energy
transferred to the steam in the boiler is transformed into either power in the turbine or heat in the
process heater. Therefore a cogeneration plant is a process heating plant combined with a power plant
that has a thermal efficiency of 100 percent.1

Figure 4. Ideal Cogeneration Plant1

The ideal cogeneration plant is not practical because it cannot adjust to varying loads in terms
of power and process heat1. The power plant to be studied is a cogeneration plant modified with
regeneration (Figure 5). The flow rates can be adjusted according to the required loads of the system.
If the systems requires both power and process heat, part of the stream is extracted from an
intermediate point in the turbine. A part of this steam flows to the process heater to provide process
heat and the rest of the extracted steam goes to the feed water heater. The rest of the steam in the

turbine goes to the condenser and is condensed as feed water. The presence of the condenser accounts
for waste heat and it also lowers the thermal efficiency of the power plant since some of the heat from
the boiler that could have been converted to work or process heat is rejected in the condenser. This is
why the plant was modified to undergo regeneration. As explained earlier part of the steam is
extracted from the turbine to heat the feed water from the condenser. This raises the temperature of
the feed water and causes a higher thermal efficiency. The saturated liquid from the feed water heater
mixes with the saturated liquid from the process heater and are pumped back to boiler pressure. If the
system needs a high amount of process heat, all the steam passes through the process heater (no steam
passes through the condenser and the feed water heater) and no waste heat is produced. If the system
does not need process heat, no steam passes through the process heater and the plant operates like a
steam power plant with regeneration.

Figure 5. A Cogeneration Plant modified with Regeneration

This study will focus on the approximation of boiler pressure and the temperature of the
steam entering the turbine given the required loads in power and process heat while considering the
limits of the devices used in the system. It will also focus on the varying pressures at which steam is
extracted from the turbine and the varying amounts of steam extracted from the turbine.

Proposed Design
As stated earlier, the study focuses on the approximation of boiler pressure and the
temperature of the steam entering the turbine given certain conditions. The conditions specified are as
follows; the power plant must be able to produce 3.5 MW of electric power and 7.7 MW of process
heat, the turbine is to have an efficiency of 85% and the pumps 70%, the working fluid is steam, the
utilization factor (Equation 1) should not go below 80% and the heating value of methane, the natural
gas used to power the system is 35,600 kJ/m3.

u=

|W net|+|Q p|
Q

(1)

The group started working with the boiler pressure and the temperature of the steam entering
the turbine. It should be noted that the quality of the steam leaving the turbine exhaust should not be
less than 90%. A certain condition is set and the quality of the steam at the turbine exhaust was
calculated. Once a condition meets the quality required, the group will then determine if the said
conditions are practical and feasible and if this condition is met, the group moves on with the
calculations from the turbine. The pressure at which the steam was extracted from the turbine (State 7)
was determined through trial and error and by consulting similar examples in thermodynamics books.
The pressure was assumed to be around the same pressures as the examples. From this pressure, H 7 is
calculated by assuming isentropic expansion. The work in the first section of the turbine can also be
determined from this process. The method used in the determination of P 7 was also used in the
determination of P10 and H10. The work in the second section of the turbine however, is calculated
using the change in enthalpy between H10 and H7 and not between H10 and H6. H6 should only be used
in the determination of H10 and not in the calculation of work since the required work is the work
produced after steam has been extracted from the turbine and not from the entrance.
Since all devices, except for the pumps and the turbine are isobaric, the determination of P 6,
P7 and P10 is enough to determine the pressures in all of the streams in the power plant. Thus the work
in the pumps can be calculated. The work in the pumps is given by

W Pump=

1
VP=H

(2)

The work in pump 1 and 2 can then be used to determine the enthalpy at stream 2 and 5
respectively. At this point the enthalpy at each stream is already known since the other enthalpies can
be taken from the steam tables.
The determination of the mass flow rate in each stream was done next. A utilization factor of
80% was assumed. Using Eq. 1, the value of Qin was determined. From this value, the energy
transferred to the steam in the boiler (Qboiler) was obtained. It should be noted that the value for Q in is
85% of the value of Qboiler. It is also the 85% of the heat generated from fuel combustion that is
transferred to the working fluid. Going back to a previous statement in the instructions, it is stated that
Qin is the energy from fuel combustion that the working fluid needs. If Q in is exactly the energy that the
working fluid needs and only 85% of the Qboiler is transferred to the working fluid, we can express this
relationship through the equation

Q =0.85 Qboiler

(3)

Going back to the process, another equation for Qboiler is given by,

Qboiler = ( H 6 H 5 )

(4)

Where the total mass flow rate can be determined. The group then works with the equation for W net
which is given by the following equations:

net = turbine + Pump1 + Pump 2

3500=W I + x W II + W Pump2 + x W Pump 1

(5)

(6)

the mass fraction (x) can then be calculated. This is used to determine the mass flow rate in the
turbine exhaust and in the pump. The mass flow rate in stream 8 (II) is determined by an enthalpy
balance around the process heater and III is from the enthalpy balance around the feed water heater.

If the mass flow rates in streams 8, 9 and 10 add up to the calculated , then the assumed pressures in
stream 7 and 10 are correct. The fraction of steam extracted from the turbine and the fraction of the
extracted steam sent to the feed water heater can then be calculated. From here the T-S Diagram can
be determined and is shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6. T-S Diagram for the Steam Turbine Cogeneration Plant modified with Regeneration.
Since all of the needed enthalpies and mass flow rates are known, the work of the turbine, and
the boiler and condenser duties can be determined using an energy balance around the appropriate
device.
The group then worked on the determination of the rate of fuel requirement. The heating
value of methane was first converted, using its density, to be in terms of kJ/kg. The amount of heat
absorbed by the boiler (Qboiler) is already known and it is in terms of kJ/s. This value is divided by the
heat supplied by the combustion of methane (heating value) to get the rate of fuel requirement of the
power plant.

Lastly, all the calculated values were counter checked with the given conditions to make sure
that each condition was met. These values are presented in Table 3,4, and 5.

Table 3. Calculated Values (Stream 1 5)

I
Temp
Pressure (kPa)
Vapor Fraction
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Entropy (kJ/kgK)
Mass flow rate
(kg/s)

1
45.83
10
0
191.832
0.6493
0.24018991

2
45.8831549
400
0
192.394714
0.6495
0.24018991

3
143.62
400
0
604.67
1.7764
2.41268791

4
143.62
400
0
604.67
1.7764
5.86381282

5
144.815587
6000
0
613.342
1.8062328
5.86381282

Table 4. Calculated Values (Stream 6 11)

I
Temp
Pressure (kPa)
Vapor Fraction
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Entropy (kJ/kgK)
Mass flow rate (kg/s)

6
500
6000
1
3422.2
6.8818
5.86381282

7
188.496
400
1
2835.82651
7.1176
5.62362291

8
188.496
400
1
2835.82651
7.1176
3.45112491

9
188.496
400
1
2835.826513
7.1176
2.172498

10
45.83
10
0.908671816
2366.254579
7.465974232
0.240189911

11
143.62
400
0
604.67
1.7764
3.45112491

Table 5. Other Calculated Values

Extraction Fraction ([mI + mII]/m)
(mI/[mI + mII])
Utilization factor, u
Boiler duty (Qboiler, kW)

0.9590
0.3863
0.80

16470.5882

Condenser duty (Qcondenser, kW)

522.369744

Rate of fuel requirement (kg/s)

2.81868427

Assessment of Design
Every power plants goal is to produce energy through optimum and economically practical
utilization of machines needed without compromising the safety and health of people living near the

plant or working at the plant itself. This assessment looks into the feasibility of the proposed
Cogeneration System.
Power plants are classified according to the working fluid they used. Steam is a widely
available, and cheap working fluid that also has a high enthalpy of vaporization value which would
then produce a high amount of heat once condensed. These characteristics make steam a practical
choice for a working fluid. As for the fuel used to supply the initial heat into the system, natural gases
are good choices when viewed from an environmental perspective due to their low carbon dioxide
emission.
Besides the working fluid and fuel, the working system itself is just as important a
consideration. A cogeneration system is a system that simultaneously produces more than one useful
form of energy from a single energy source which in this particular case is methane (CH 4). As
previously mentioned, a power plants main goal is to produce as much energy as it can by using as
few resources as possible. Since a cogeneration system produces much energy by using a single
energy source, it as a desirable system to work with.
The amount of fuel to be combusted is dependent on how much heat the working fluid will
need to reach the high pressure and temperature desired after it goes through the boiler. Since heating
the fuel is an added expenditure, engineers have thought of a way to reduce this cost by designing a
regenerative cycle. The main operation that defines a regenerative cycle is the operation or sets of
operations that heat the liquid that enters the boiler to even higher temperatures compared to the liquid
that would have entered the boiler without those extra sets of operations. Heating the liquid decreases
the amount of fuel to burn because hotter liquids need less heat to reach a higher temperature than
cooler liquids. This reduction of fuel not only reduces the cost of operating the plant but also
decreases the amount of air pollution and greenhouse gases it emits.
The energy from the heat that the working fluid intakes, Q in, is harvested as useful energy in
the forms of net work and process heat,W net and Qp respectively. Work is produced from the turbines
through extracting heat from superheated steam which leaves subcooled liquid. In order to increase

the amount of heat extracted, we have to increase the heat of the turbine inlet stream and decrease the
heat in the turbine outlet stream. This is why the turbine inlet stream is set at 6000 kPa and 500 C
and the outlets are at 400 kPa and 10 kPa. Engineers also have to be mindful that the maximum
service pressure and temperature of most power plants is at 10,000 kPa and 600 C. Operating above
these conditions greatly increases corrosion of the equipment. Maintaining a factory at these
conditions is also quite costly due to the amount of heat to supply. Equipment that can withstand these
conditions also require great expenditure.
Most of the equipment in the system work at 400 kPa and temperatures below 200 C which
are conditions well below the maximum limits of operation. Thus, the proposed design is deemed
feasible.

Effect of Steam Extraction Pressure

As the design for the power plant is completed, the effect of varying conditions in the process
became the next focus of the study. The effect of varying the steam extraction pressure was analyzed.
A lower and higher value than the established steam extraction pressure were chosen. The net work,
process heat, boiler and condenser duties and utilization factor were calculated using the chosen
values and compared to the output in Part I. The values obtained are shown in Table 6. It can be
observed that lowering the steam extraction pressure would result to a higher work output, a lower
process heat produced, higher boiler duty, and a higher utilization factor. Increasing the steam
extraction pressure would give the opposite result. It should also be noted that any change in the
steam extraction pressure does not cause any change in the condenser duty. The condenser duty
depends only on the mass flow rate and the enthalpy of the fluid in the inlet and outlet stream. Since
the enthalpy of both the inlet and outlet depend on the same pressure (but are of different states) and
this pressure is maintained despite the changes made in the extraction pressure, the condenser duty
will not be affected.
As for the work output. It was observed that decreasing the steam extraction pressure would
cause an increase in the produced work of the turbine and the required work of the pumps. However,
the produced work in the turbine can account for the increased demand for work in the pumps and still
have a higher value than the work produced by the turbine in Part I. An analysis of the work produced
in each section of the turbine shows that at a lower steam extraction pressure, the work produced by
the turbine in the first section (before extraction) is greater than the obtained value in Part I. The work
in the second section is lower than the original value but this value only constitutes a small part of the
total work of the turbine because of the very small mass flow rate in the second section. So overall,
the decreased steam extraction pressure gave rise to a higher work output.
In the case of the process heat output, a decrease was observed when the steam extraction
pressure was decreased. Since there is no change in the amount of waste it. It is assumed that the rest
of the energy from the boiler was converted to either work output or process heat and since there was
a large increase in the work output, it is expected to have a decrease in the amount of process heat
produced. However, the decrease in the amount of process heat produced is too small compared to the

increase of work output. This can be accounted for by the observed increase in the boiler duty. So
more energy was available for conversion to work or process heat.
The utilization factor was also observed to have a slight increase in value. By analyzing Eq. 1,
it may be expected to have a decrease in u because of the increase in Qin (increase in Qboiler) and the
decrease in process heat produced. However, the increase in W net is large enough to account for these
changes and even caused an increase in u.
In increasing the steam extraction pressure, it was observed that the changes were opposite to
those observed earlier. The same explanations apply to these changes so generally, increasing the
steam extraction pressure would just reverse the decrease in steam extraction pressure.
Table 6. Calculated Parameters for Varying P7

Wnet (kW)
Qp (kW)
Qboiler (kW)
Qcondenser (kW)
u

300 kPa
-3748.4988
-7696.637596
16723.45762
-522.36974
0.8051

475 kPa
-3344.5689
-7702.184496
16312.11395
-522.36974
0.7967

Effect Of Extraction Fraction

Increase of the extraction fraction in the intermediate turbine will cause a decrease in the
turbine power output since lesser mass will flow through the second section of the turbine. This will

then cause a decrease in the rate of power generated by the cogeneration plant. Also, the heat supplied
will increase since the mass fraction entering the process heater increases.
In this case, the utilization factor will also increase. Since the enthalpy difference in the
process heater is greater than in the second section of the turbine, hence the increase of the process
heat supply will contribute more to the change of the utilization factor. Furthermore, the heat released
in the condeser will increase, but the heat supplied to the boiler remains the same.
A negative effect was observed when the extraction fraction is decrease.
Table 7. Calculated Parameters for Varying Extraction Fraction

Wnet (kW)
Qp (kW)
Qboiler (kW)
Qcondenser (kW)
u

0.93
-3579.8466
-7466.9759
16470.5882
-892.5269
0.7891

0.97
-3469.8312
-7788.1362
16470.5882
-382.5115
0.8041

Conclusion and Recommendation

The starting point for the design of a cogeneration plant is the selection of the input and
exhaust conditions of the turbine. The lower the exhaust/condensing temperature, the more efficient
the system. But the condensing temperature is restricted by the availabilty of cooling water used in the
condenser, which needs a temperature difference of 10 degrees for effective heat transfer. Also the
selection of the exhaust conditions must satisfy that the moisture content of the turbine will not

exceed 10%.
With determined exhaust conditions and efficiency of the turbine, there's an optimum value of
pressure for the selected temperature of the input stream. The input temperature must be high enough
to generate a higher power rate, however the steam temperature is restricted by the metallurgical
limits of the turbine. Once the stream conditions have been agreed, the preferred mass flow rate of the
working fluid is can be determined using the preliminary conditions. The pressure of the stream
exiting the intermediate turbine is can also be optimized such that the net work of the pumps is
minimum. With the determined value of the mass flow rate and the thermodynamic properties of the
extracted stream, the extraction fraction is can be calculated.
Through this design project, it is found out that decreasing the intermediate pressure will
result to a decrease in the process heat supply (Qp) but an increase in the total rate of power
generation (Wnet) and in the utilization factor (eu). The boiler duty will also increase but the
condenser duty remains the same. Also, by increasing the extraction fraction exiting the intermediate
turbine, the Wnet and condenser duty will decrease, but the Qp will increase along with u.
Setting temperatures and pressures for a power plant are tricky choices to make because of the
trade offs of energy produced and cost to operate as seen in the following recommendations.
If prolonging the service life of the turbines is desired, exhaust quality should be maximized.
This is because water droplets in the turbine cause erosion inside the turbine. However, the only way
to maximize the exhaust quality would be to use an inlet of superheated steam. The difficulty with
handling superheated steam lies in obtaining equipment that can withstand the high pressures and
temperature of such a stream such that it can still operate for a long time.
If much work is desired, we must look at the turbine, pumps and boiler individually. For a
turbine to generate as much heat as possible, we must extract the heat from a superheated steam and
produce a subcooled liquid. To produce an inlet stream of superheated steam, the boiler must intake a
big amount of energy to produce as hot a stream as possible. The problems of having a system work
with such high temperatures and pressures are stated in the previous paragraph.

Another machine used to increase the pressure of a stream is a pump. Pumps take in saturated
liquid at low pressures and excrete subcooled liquids at higher pressures which is a desirable effect
because these high pressure streams go to the boiler. The boiler will then need to intake less energy to
produce a superheated stream. The disadvantage of pumps producing a high pressure stream is that
they tend to consume more work as they produce higher pressure streams. Thus, depending on
whether it is more desired to maximize the work or to minimize the amount of fuel to burn, pumps
play a part in the adjustment to attain these goals.

References:
[1] Cengel, Yunus A and Michael A Boles. Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 2011.

[2] Smith, J.M, H.C Van Ness and M.M Abbott. Introduction to Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005.
[3] Clarke Energy. n.d. Retrieved from http://www.clarke-energy.com/natural-gas/commercial-chp/ 15
December 2014.
[4] EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency. 4 November 2013. Retrieved from
http://www.siemens.com/innovation/en/publikationen/publications_pof/pof_fall_2007/materia
ls_for_the_environment/optimizing_turbine_blades.htm 15 December 2014.
[5] Muller, Bernd. Siemens. 2007. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/chp/basic/ 15 December 2014.
[6] Weston, Kenneth. Fundamentals of Steam Power. Retrieved from
http://www.personal.utulsa.edu/~kenneth-weston/chapter2.pdf 16 December 2014.
[7] Inkson, M., Misplon, B. Cogeneration Thermodynamics Revisited. Retrieved from
http://www.thermalenergysystems.com/issct07.pdf 16 December 2014.
[8] TS Diagram Retrieved from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:T-s_diagram.svg 16
December 2014
[9] Water Thermal Properties The Engineering ToolBox. Retrieved from
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-thermal-properties-d_162.html 14 December 2014

APPENDICES
I.
Part I:

CALCULATIONS:

H6 = 3422.2 kJ/kg

= 0.85

S6 = 6.8818

@Stream 7:

S 7=S6 =x S7l + y S 7v

y=

6.88181.7764
=0.998
6.89431.7764

H 7s= (10.998 ) H 7l+(0.998) H 7v

H 7s= (10.998 ) 604.670+ ( 0.998 ) 2737.6
H 7s=2732.3905
W I =( H 7 sH 6 )=586.3381 kJ / kg

H 7=H 6 +(586.3381)

H 7=2835.8619

kJ
=H 8 =H 9
kg

(superheated steam)

@Stream 10:
l

6.8818=x S 10 + y S10

y=

6.88180.6493
=0.831
8.1540.6493
l

H 10s=( 10.831 ) H 10 +(0.831)H 10

H 10s=( 10.831 ) 191.832+ ( 0.831 ) 2584.8

H 10s=2179.943
W s =( H 10sH 6 ) =1055.9454

H 10=H 6 +(1055.9454)
H 10=2366.2546 kJ /kg
W II =H 10H 7
W II =469.6074 kJ /kg

@Pump 1:

W Pump1=

1
VP=H

W Pump1=

1
cm 3 40010
1010
0.7
kg
106

W Pump1=0.5627 kJ /kg
0.562=H 2H 1
H 2=192.394714 kJ / kg

@Pump 2:

W Pump2=

1
VP=H

)]

W Pump2=

1
cm 3 6000400
1084
0.7
kg
10 6

)]

W Pump2=8.672 kJ /kg
8.672=H 5 H 4
H 5=613.342 kJ / kg

u=

|W net|+|Q p|

Qboiler =

=Q =

0.8
=14 MW
3.5+7.7

14 MW
=16470.5882 kW= ( H 6 H 5 )
0.85

=5.8638 kg /s
net = turbine + Pump1 + Pump 2
3500=W I + x W II + W Pump2 + x W Pump 1
x=0.0409689
Mass Flow rates calculations (MATLAB code)
let x=(m-mi-mii)/m
x=(-3500-mdot*(W1+W2pump))/(mdot*(W2+W1pump))
x=0.0410
extraction fraction=1-x=0.9590
m-mi-mii=x*m=0.2402
mii=7700/(H8-H7)

=7700/(561.429-2835.8619)
=3.4510
mi=m-xm-mii
mi=2.1725
mi/(mi+mii)=0.3863

W turbine=W I + xW II
W turbine=5.8638 (586.3381 )+(0.0409689)(5.8638)(469.6074)
W turbine=3550.486 kW
Qcondenser =x ( H 1H 10 )=( 0.0409689 ) ( 5.8638 ) ( 191.8322366.2546 )
Qcondenser =522.369744 kW

HV C H =35600
4

kJ
m3

Rate of fuel requirement=

C H =0.66
4

kg
m3

Q boiler
HV

kJ
kg
16470.5882 ) 0.66
(
s (
m )
Rate of fuel requirement=
3

35600

Rate of fuel requirement=2.81868427

kg
s

kJ
3
m

Part II: ( MATLAB was used in the calculation of the required parameters in this part. Since
the process is generally the same as the calculation process in Part I, instead of hand
calculations, the codes were attached here instead.)
Lower Intermediate Turbine Pressure (300 KPa)
H6=3422.2; S6=6.8818;
S7L=1.6716; S7V=6.9909;
H7L=561.429; H7V=2724.7;
y7=(S6-S7L)/(S7V-S7L);
n=0.85;
H7s=(1-y7)*(H7L)+y7*(H7V);
W1=n*(H7s-H6);
W1=-630.588785
H7=W1+H6;
H7= 2791.611215

S10L=0.6493;
S10V=8.1511;
H10L=191.832;
H10V=2584.8;
y10=(S6-S10L)/(S10V-S10L);
n=0.85;
H10s=(1-y10)*(H10L)+y10*(H10V);

W2a=n*(H10s-H6);
H10=W2a+H6;
W2=H10-H7;
W2=-425.356715
y10actual=(H10-H10L)/(H10V-H10L);

W1pump=((1010*(300-10))/10^6)/.7;
W1pump=0.4184285714
W2pump=((1073*(6000-300))/10^6)/.7;
W2pump=8.737285714
H5=W2pump+604.670;
H5=613.4072857
Qboiler=(H6-H5);
Qboiler=2808.792714

mdot= 5.86380238349326;
Qp=3.4511*(H7L-H7);
Qp=-7696.581842
x= 0.0409689412039485;
WTURBINE=mdot*(W1)+(mdot*x)*W2
WTURBINE=-3799.83307

W1PUMP=(mdot*x)*(W1pump);
W1PUMP=0.1005206753
W2PUMP=(mdot)*(W2pump);
W2PUMP=51.56804533
Qin=mdot*Qboiler*0.85;
Qin=13999.6746
WNET=WTURBINE+W1PUMP+W2PUMP;
WNET=-3748.164534
Qcondenser=mdot*x*(191.832-H10);
Qcondenser=-522.3697
eu=((abs(WNET+Qp)))/(Qin);
eu=.8175

Higher Intermediate Turbine Pressure (475 kPa)

H6=3422.2;
S6=6.8818;
n=0.85;
H7s=2765.0443;
W1=n*(H7s-H6);
W1=-558.582345
H7=W1+H6;

H7=2863.617655

S10L=0.6493;
S10V=8.1511;
H10L=191.832;
H10V=2584.8;
y10=(S6-S10L)/(S10V-S10L);
y10=0.8308006079
n=0.85;
H10s=(1-y10)*(H10L)+y10*(H10V);
H10s=2179.911269
W2a=n*(H10s-H6);
W2a=-1055.945421
H10=W2a+H6;
H10=2366.254579
W2=H10-H7;
W2=-497.3630764
y10actual=(H10-H10L)/(H10V-H10L);
y10actual=0.9086718163

W1pump=((1010*(475-10))/10^6)/.7;

W1pump=.670929
W2pump=((1084*(6000-475))/10^6)/.7;
W2pump=8.55586
H5=W2pump+631.812;
H5=640.36786
Qboiler=(H6-H5);
Qboiler=2781.83214

mdot=5.86380238349326;
Qp=3.4511*(631.812-H7)
Qp=-7702.184496
x= 0.0409689412039485;
WTURBINE=mdot*(W1)+(mdot*x)*W2;
WTURBINE=-3394.8999
W1PUMP=(mdot*x)*(W1pump);
W1PUMP=.1611798065
W2PUMP=(mdot)*(W2pump);
W2PUMP=.2.055406547
Qin=mdot*Qboiler*0.85;
Qin=13865.29686
WNET=WTURBINE+W1PUMP+W2PUMP

WNET=-3344.5689
eu=((abs(WNET+Qp)))/(Qin)
eu=.7967
Qcondenser=mdot*x*(191.832-H10)
Qcondenser=-522.36974
Qboiler=mdot*(H6-H5)
Qboiler=16312.11395

Part III: ( MATLAB was used in the calculation of the required parameters in this part. Since
the process is generally the same as the calculation process in Part I, instead of hand
calculations, the codes were attached here instead.)
Lower Extraction Factor (0.93)
H6=3422.2; S6=6.8818;
S7L=1.7764; S7V=6.8943;
H7L=604.670; H7V=2737.6;
y7=(S6-S7L)/(S7V-S7L);
n=0.85;
H7s=(1-y7)*(H7L)+y7*(H7V);
W1=n*(H7s-H6);
W1=-586.3381

H7=W1+H6;
H7= 2835.8619

S10L=0.6493;
S10V=8.1511;
H10L=191.832;
H10V=2584.8;
y10=(S6-S10L)/(S10V-S10L);
n=0.85;
H10s=(1-y10)*(H10L)+y10*(H10V);
W2a=n*(H10s-H6);
H10=W2a+H6;
W2=H10-H7;
W2=-469.6074
y10actual=(H10-H10L)/(H10V-H10L);

W1pump=((1010*(400-10))/10^6)/.7;
W1pump=0.5627
W2pump=((1084*(6000-400))/10^6)/.7;
W2pump=8.672
H5=W2pump+604.670;

H5=613.342

mdot=5.8638;
x=1-0.93;
m2=0.93*mdot*(0.613679753494816);
Qp=m2*(H11-H8)
Qp= -7466.9115

WTURBINE=mdot*(W1)+(mdot*x)*W2;
Wturbine=-3630.9285
W1PUMP=(mdot*x)*(W1pump);
W1PUMP=0.2309
W2PUMP=(mdot)*(W2pump);
W2PUMP=50.8509

WNET=WTURBINE+W1PUMP+W2PUMP
Wnet=-3579.8466

Qcondenser=mdot*x*(H1-H10);
Qcondenser=-892.5269

Qboiler=mdot*(H6-H5);
Qboiler=16470.5882
eu=((abs(WNET+QP)))/(Qin)
eu=0.7891

Higher Extraction Factor (0.97)

x=1-0.97
WTURBINE=mdot*(W1)+(mdot*x)*W2;
Wturbine=-3520.7811
W1PUMP=(mdot*x)*(W1pump);
W1PUMP= 0.0990
W2PUMP=(mdot)*(W2pump);
W2PUMP= 50.8509

WNET=WTURBINE+W1PUMP+W2PUMP
Wnet=-3469.8312

Qcondenser=mdot*x*(H1-H10);
Qcondenser=-382.5115
Qboiler=mdot*(H6-H5);
Qboiler=16470.5882

eu=((abs(WNET+QP)))/(Qin)
eu=0.8041
extraction fraction=0.93
m-mi-mii=x*m=(1-0.93)= 0.4105
mi=0.3863*(m*0.93)=2.1067
mii=(m*0.93)-2.1067= 3.3467

extraction fraction=0.97
m-mi-mii=x*m=(1-0.97)= 0.1759
mi=0.3863*(m*0.97)=2.1973
mii=(m*0.97)-2.1067= 3.4905

II.

STEAM PROPERTIES TABLE FOR PART II

II lower
Temp
Pressure (kPa)
Vapor Fraction
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Entropy (kJ/kgK)
Mass flow rate
(kg/s)

6
500
6000
1
3422.2
6.8818
5.8638128

1
45.83
10
0
191.832
0.6493
0.24018991

2
45.8695252
300
0
192.250429
0.6527772
0.24018991

3
133.54
300
0
561.429
1.6716
2.41268791

4
133.54
300
0
561.429
1.6716
5.86381282

5
134.713524
6000
0
570.223286
5.98154618
5.86381282

7
164.69454
8
300
1

8
164.69454
8
300
1

9
164.694548

10
45.83

11
133.54

300
1

300
0

2791.6112
2
7.1487547
4
5.6236229

2791.6112
2
7.1487547
4
3.4511249

2791.61121
5
7.14875473
8
2.172498

10
0.90867181
6
2366.25457
9
7.46597423
2
0.24018991

561.429
1.6716
3.4511249

II higher
temp C
Pressure (kPa)
Vapor Fraction
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Entropy (kJ/kgK)
Mass flow rate
(kg/s)

6
500

1
45.83
10
0
191.832
0.6493
0.24018991

2
45.8933768
475
0
191.899093
0.65487402
0.24018991

3
149.92
475
0
631.812
1.8408
2.41268791

6000
1

7
203.34164
3
475
1

8
203.34164
3
475
1

9
203.341643
2
475
1

3422.2

2863.6177

2863.6177

2863.6177

6.8818

7.0997366
5
5.6236229
1

7.0997366
5
3.4511249
1

7.09973664
6
2.172498

5.8638128
2

III.

4
149.92
475
0
631.812
1.8408
5.86381282

5
151.1177
6000
0
640.367857
1.86891439
5.86381282

10
45.83

11
149.92

10
0.90867181
6
2366.25457
9
7.46597423
2
0.24018991
1

475
0
631.812
1.8408
3.4511249
1

STEAM PROPERTIES TABLE FOR PART III

0.93
Temp
Pressure (kPa)
Vapor Fraction
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Entropy (kJ/kgK)
Mass flow rate (kg/s)

6
500
6000
1

1
45.83
10
0
191.832
0.6493
0.4104662

7
188.496
400
1

2
45.8831549
400
0
192.394714
0.6495
0.4104662

8
188.496
400
1

3
143.62
400
0
604.67
1.7764
2.5172004

9
188.496
400
1

4
143.62
400
0
604.67
1.7764
5.86381282

10
45.83
10
0.90867181

5
144.815587
6000
0
613.342
6.10338161
5.86381282

11
143.62
400
0

3422.2
6.8818
5.8638128
2

2835.8265
1
7.1176

2835.8265
1
7.1176

2835.82651
3
7.1176

5.4533362

3.346602

2.1067342

0.97
Temp
Pressure (kPa)
Vapor Fraction
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Entropy (kJ/kgK)
Mass flow rate (kg/s)

1
45.83
10
0
191.832
0.6493
0.1759141

2
45.8831549
400
0
192.394714
0.6495
0.1759141

3
143.62
400
0
604.67
1.7764
2.3732605

6
500
6000
1

7
188.496
400
1

8
188.496
400
1

9
188.496
400
1

3422.2

2835.8265
1
7.1176

2835.8265
1
7.1176

2835.82651
3
7.1176

5.687888

3.490542

2.1973464

6.8818
5.8638128
2

6
2366.25457
9
7.46597423
2
0.4104662

604.67
1.7764
3.346602

4
143.62
400
0
604.67
1.7764
5.86381282

10
45.83
10
0.90867181
6
2366.25457
9
7.46597423
2
0.1759141

5
144.815587
6000
0
613.342
6.10338161
5.86381282

11
143.62
400
0
604.67
1.7764
3.490542