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Optics Communications 283 (2010) 40124016

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Optics Communications
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / o p t c o m

Longitudinal eld-induced polarized light transmittance of magnetic uids

Shengli Pu , Min Dai, Guoqing Sun
College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 30 November 2009
Received in revised form 5 June 2010
Accepted 7 June 2010
Keywords:
Magnetic uid
Faraday effect
Geometric shadowing effect
Magneto-optical devices

a b s t r a c t
The complete optical transmittance for a polarized light passing through the magnetic uids is investigated
theoretically and experimentally, when the externally magnetic eld is applied along the propagation
direction of the incident light. Hybrid effects due to the geometric shadowing and Faraday rotation are
considered simultaneously. The Langevin-like functions are employed to describe the magnetic-elddependent volume concentration of the particle-aggregation () and the approximate number of magnetic
nanoparticles in the particle-aggregation (N0). Based on the experiments on the geometric shadowing effect
of our magnetic uid sample, the analytical expression for the total transmitted power with externally
magnetic eld after an analyzer is derived. Theoretical simulations disclose the inuence of certain critical
parameters of the magnetic uids on the eld-dependent optical transmittance. For the entire polarized light
transmittance, qualitative agreement between the calculations and the experiments is achieved. Applications
of magnetic uids to several polarized devices operating in longitudinal eld arrangement are proposed and
discussed. The results presented in this work may be useful for designing the corresponding magnetic-uidbased optical devices.
2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Magnetic uids are two-phase stable systems of magnetically
ultrane particles dispersed in suitable liquid base carriers, which
possess both the uidity of liquids and the magnetism of solid
magnetic materials [1]. These peculiar properties imply that magnetic
uids are newfashioned functional materials with nanosized structure. The applications of magnetic uids to machinery have been
exploited since the invention of magnetic uids and the
corresponding products have been commercialized nowadays. The
conventional optical properties of magnetic uids, e.g. linear
birefringence, linear dichroism and Faraday rotation, have been
investigated for several decades [211]. The recently booming
development of nanostructured materials and the optical information
technology evoke the renewed study of the late-model optical
properties of magnetic uids such as magnetically tunable optical
scattering [1215], eld dependent refractive index [16] and optical
transmission [1723], clustering of nanoparticles [24,25], tunable
magnetic photonic crystals [2632], etc. Several potential magneticuid-based optical devices have been proposed and demonstrated by
researchers [3338], which signify that the nanostructured magnetic
uids are promising optical functional materials.

Corresponding author. Tel.: + 86 21 65666454; fax: +86 21 65667144.

E-mail address: shlpu@usst.edu.cn (S. Pu).

The magnetic-eld-induced optical transmittance of magnetic

uids can be classied into two cases: the transverse eld optical
transmittance and the longitudinal optical transmittance. The former
case means that the magnetic eld is perpendicular to the propagation direction of the incident light while the latter one implies that the
magnetic eld parallels the propagation direction of the incident light.
For the transverse eld arrangement, the variations of light transmittance with magnetic eld are mainly due to the magnetic nanoparticles aggregation and the associated microstructure-induced optical
anisotropy of the magnetic uids. These aspects have been investigated extensively and intensively. For the longitudinal eld conguration, the magnetic-eld-dependent optical transmittance is chiey
assigned to the column/chain formation of magnetic particles along
the magnetic eld direction and the related geometric shadowing
effect [2022,39]. If the polarized light is applied for the longitudinal
eld conguration, not only the Faraday rotation but also the
geometric shadowing effect will happen. Therefore, the hybrid effects
of Faraday rotation and geometric shadowing should be considered
simultaneously when the magnetic uids are used for the systems of
longitudinal eld polarized light. To the best of our knowledge, all of
the present studies have neglected either Faraday rotation or
geometric shadowing effect of the magnetic uids, which will result
in considerable errors for some situations. In this work, the theory
and experiments about the optical transmittance contributed to
the hybrid effects have been conducted and the applications to
correlated optical devices have been discussed. The results in this
work may be helpful for designing some polarized optical devices

0030-4018/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2010.06.028

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S. Pu et al. / Optics Communications 283 (2010) 40124016

with high precision based on the longitudinal eld effects of magnetic

uids.
2. Theory
The longitudinal eld optical transmittance of magnetic uids due
to geometric shadowing effect will increase with the strength of the
externally applied magnetic eld. The involved physical mechanisms
have been elaborated by Li et al. [22,4042]. Lately, Helseth has
established an equilibrium theory to dene this kind of optical
transmittance quantitatively [39]. According to Helseth's theory, the
magnetic-eld-dependent transmitted power of the magnetic uids
due to geometric shadowing effect can be expressed as



2
P = Pmax P exp CH ;

where P = P max P min is the difference between the maximum

transmitted power (saturation power P max ) when the magnetic eld
is sufciently high and the one Pmin at zero eld, H is the externally
magnetic eld strength and C is a variable that depends on the
temperature of the magnetic uids, the initial particle-conguration
and density. For the longitudinal eld system used for polarized light,
the accompanying Faraday rotation should be considered and then
the transmitted power after the analyzer is given by
h


i
2
2
P = Pmax P exp CH
t cos  ;

where t is the transmittivity of the analyzer, which is usually less than

unity because of the Fresnel reection and absorption of the analyzer.
is the included angle between the polarization direction of the incident
light and that of the analyzer (see Fig. 1). is the Faraday rotation angle
of linearly polarized light passing through the magnetic uids and is
found to be [5]


2d = xy L
=

 
 ;
pq
1 + Q 2 liquid 1 + P 1 + QL =

where d is the thickness of the magnetic uids, is the wavelength

of the incident light in vacuum, xy is the off-diagonal term of the
dielectric tensor of the magnetic uids, is the volume

concentration

of
Q = solid / liquid and P = solid liquid =

the particle-aggregation,

solid + liquid . solid and liquid are the dielectric constants of the
particle-aggregation and the remanent
liquid



phase within the

magnetic uids, respectively. L = coth 1 = and =

Heff / kT. k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the absolute temperature
of the magnetic uids. Heff = H + Hw is the effective eld within the

4013

magnetic uids and Hw is the Weiss internal eld representing

the interparticle interactions. = 0VMd is the dipole moment of the
particle-aggregation. 0 is the permeability in vacuum. Md is the
saturation magnetization of the magnetic nanoparticles. V = N0V0 is
the volume of the particle-aggregation, where is a constant of the
order of unity b1 [2], N0 is
the numberof magnetic nanoparticles in
the particle-aggregation, V0 = 4r3 = 3 and r are the volume and
radius of the single magnetic nanoparticle, respectively.
It is well-known that the magnetic nanoparticles within the
magnetic uids will agglomerate into aggregation when the externally magnetic eld is applied. Moreover, the stronger the externally
magnetic eld, the more the particles take part in the agglomeration.
Then, both the volume concentration of the particle-aggregation ( )
and the number of magnetic nanoparticles in the particle-aggregation
(N0) become larger. So the eld-dependent and N0 should be
incorporated into Eq. (3). The properties of magnetic uids are
mostly related with the magnetic nanoparticles agglomeration and
can usually be described by the Langevin function, for example elddependent magnetization and refractive index [1,43]. Therefore, we
suppose that the variations in and N0 (approximately equals N0)
with magnetic eld H should be similar to Langevin functions, and can
be expressed as = s L and N0 = N0 s L. Here, the s and
N0 s are the saturated values of and N0, respectively. = dH / kT
and d = 0V0Md is the dipole moment of the single magnetic
nanoparticle.
3. Experimental details
The magnetic uid we utilize for experimental investigation in this
paper is oil-based ferrite magnetic uid with saturation magnetization of 100 Oe and viscosity of 9 mPa s, which is provided by Ferrotec
Corporation. The average diameter of the magnetic nanoparticles is
about 10 nm. The sample cell is composed of two plane glass plates
and thin spacer. The magnetic uid is injected into the sample cell
with optical pathlength of around 200 m. Fig. 1 shows the diagram of
the experimental setup for investigating the longitudinal eldinduced polarized light transmittance of magnetic uids, which
includes the hybrid effects of geometric shadowing and Faraday
rotation. The highly stable HeNe laser with wavelength 632.8 nm is
used as the light source. The magnetic uid sample is placed in the gap
between the two poles of the electromagnet. The electromagnet
generates a uniform magnetic eld in the sample region. The strength
of the magnetic eld can be adjusted by tuning the magnitude of the
supply current and is monitored by a gaussmeter. The smallest
strength of the magnetic eld in our experiments is nonzero (see
Figs. 2 and 6). This is owed to the remanence of the electromagnet.
Both poles of the electromagnet are drilled to obtain two collimated
small holes (about 5 mm in diameter) for the incident light to pass

Fig. 1. The schematics of experimental setup for studying the longitudinal eld-induced polarized light transmittance of magnetic uids. The solid and dashed lines represent the
light rays and the electric wires, respectively.


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S. Pu et al. / Optics Communications 283 (2010) 40124016

for the geometric shadowing effect-induced optical transmittance of

our experimental magnetic uid can be written as



5 2
P = 76:5824517:00193 exp 1:04473 10 H :

From Eqs. (2) to (4) and the above analyses, the analytical expression for the total transmitted power after the analyzer (for our
experimental sample) is given by
h


i
5 2
t
P = 76:5824517:00193 exp 1:04473 10 H
8
9



>
>
<
=
2d = xy s LL
2
q
;
cos 45




p

>
>
:
1 + Q 2 liquid 1 + s LP 1 + QL = ;
5
Fig. 2. The transmitted power P as a function of externally magnetic eld H when only
considering the geometric shadowing effect. The inset shows the relationship between
the magnetic eld strength H and the applied current I.

through. The propagation direction of the incident light parallels the

magnetic eld. The transmitted light after the analyzer are recorded
by a digital power meter.
To obtain the maximum sensitivity of the transmitted power with
respect to the Faraday rotation angle (viz. the externally magnetic
eld strength H), especially under the small magnetic eld, the initial
polarization direction of the analyzer is set with = 45 according to
Eq. (2). In our experimental arrangement, the negative sign in Eq. (2)
is satised.
4. Results and discussion
For studying the optical transmittance only due to the geometric
shadowing effect, the analyzer is removed from the experimental
setup. And the transmitted power as a function of externally magnetic
eld is experimentally measured as shown in Fig. 2. From Fig. 2, we
can see that the transmitted power increases with the magnetic eld
monotonically. At low eld regime, the transmitted power increases
rapidly with the externally magnetic eld. However, saturation of the
transmitted power takes place for the high eld region. As it has been
pointed out that the increase of the transmitted power with magnetic
eld is assigned to the geometric shadowing effect, i.e. the chain-like
aggregation of the magnetic nanoparticles along the externally
magnetic eld. This aggregation results in decreased number of
magnetic nanoparticles in the transverse cross section (parallels the
magnetic uid sample surface), so the incident light will be less
blocked and the transmitted power will increase. When the externally
magnetic eld is applied beyond certain critical value (usually around
10 Oe), the magnetic nanoparticle within the magnetic uids will be
magnetized and particles agglomeration happens. Under low eld
region, the higher the magnetic eld, the more the particles will
participate in the agglomeration and the less the effective particles
can block the incident light. This leads to the sharp increase of the
transmitted power with the magnetic eld strength. Nevertheless,
when the externally is sufciently high, the agglomeration process
tends to stable state and seldom particles will further participate in
the agglomeration. This will bring about the saturation of the
transmitted power with the magnetic eld. This aggregation-induced
geometric shadowing effect can fairly account for the experimental
results as shown in Fig. 2.
Fitting the experimental data to Eq. (1), we can get the solid line
in Fig. 2 and the following tting parameters are acquired: P max =
76.58245, P = 17.00193 and C = 1.04473 10 5. From Fig. 2, we can
see that the experimental results are in good agreement with
Helseth's equilibrium theory, namely Eq. (1). So, the explicit function

where = 0 V0 Md H = kT and = 0 N0 s V0 Md LH + Hw =
kT .
It should be pointed out that Eq. (1) was obtained for magnetic
colloids with paramagnetic polystyrene beads of radius of 1.4 and
0.5 m. They consist of nanoscale iron oxide grain in a polymer matrix
[39]. Our magnetic uid consists of magnetic beads with diameter of
about 10 nm. But Eq. (1) is fairly applicable to our sample as shown in
Fig. 2. So we believe that the geometric shadowing effect-induced
optical transmittance is mainly assigned to the nanosized magnetic
particles and the polystyrene has insignicant inuence. This can
readily explained by the transparency of the polystyrene and the
relatively low index difference between the polystyrene and the
liquid carrier compared to that between the magnetic materials and
the liquid carrier.
To further understand the total optical transmittance with
externally magnetic eld, numerical simulations based on Eq. (5)
are done. For the calculations, the following reasonable values of the
concerned parameters are taken unless otherwise specially stated:
d = 200 m; = 0.6328 m; xy = 0.1 [44]; s = , where = Ms / Md
is the volume fraction of the magnetic nanoparticles within the magnetic uid and Ms is the saturation magnetization of the magnetic
uid; r = 5 nm, Ms = 100 Oe and Md = 4.46 105 A/m [1]; solid = 4.5


and liquid = 2.56 [3]; N0 s R2 d = 4r 3 = 3 = 3 108 (close to
8
3 10 particles per aggregation), where R = 0.5 m is the radius of
the aggregated column [45]. T = 295 K (room temperature) and

Fig. 3. The total transmitted power as a function of externally magnetic eld H for
samples with different reduced thickness d / .

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S. Pu et al. / Optics Communications 283 (2010) 40124016

Hw = 200 Oe [3,46]. Because we care more about the magnetic-eldand parameter-dependent optical transmittance rather than the
absolute transmitted power, the calculated optical transmittance
have been normalized and then the accurate value of the analyzer's
transmittivity (t) is unnecessary.
The magnetic-eld-dependent optical transmittance for samples
with different reduced thickness (d / ) is simulated and shown in
Fig. 3. d / = 316 approximates to our experimental conditions (four
other values of d / around 316 are also selected for comparison in
Fig. 3), and the Faraday rotation angle is smaller than 45 for all
cases. Fig. 3 reveals that the transmitted power increases fast with
magnetic eld until 500 Oe and then tends to saturate when the
externally magnetic eld is beyond 500 Oe. Moreover, the thicker the
sample, the higher the transmitted power. The sensitivity of the
transmitted power with respect to the externally magnetic eld is
high for thick sample, especially in the low eld region.
Fig. 4 shows the inuence of off-diagonal term of the dielectric
tensor of magnetic particles (xy) on the eld-dependent optical
transmittance, which is analogous to Fig. 3. Under a constant
externally magnetic eld, the increase of transmitted power with xy
is due to the change of Faraday rotation angle . When increasing the
sample thickness (d / ) under a constant externally magnetic eld, the
Faraday rotation angle and absorption of the sample can increase
simultaneously. So the increase of transmitted power with d /
indicates that the change of Faraday rotation effect dominates over
that of the absorption effect. If the transmitted power decreases with
d / , it means that the change of the absorption effect dominates over
that of the Faraday rotation effect.
The magnetic-eld-dependent optical transmittance for samples
with different liquid phase dielectric constants (liquid) is simulated
and shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 5 reveals that the transmitted power
increases fast with magnetic eld until 500 Oe for all samples and the
increase rate is almost independent of liquid. When the externally
magnetic eld is beyond 500 Oe, the samples with large liquid phase
dielectric constants have slightly high transmitted power.
Apparently, some similar behaviors between Fig. 5 and Figs. 3
and 4 are found. But the transmitted power is nearly independent of
liquid when H b 500 Oe and slightly dependent on liquid when
H N 500 Oe. Moreover, the property of liquid is different from d /
and xy, that is, liquid is magnetic-eld-dependent while d / and xy
are independent of magnetic eld. It is well-known that more
particles will agglomerate into aggregation when the externally

Fig. 4. The total transmitted power as a function of externally magnetic eld H for
samples with different off-diagonal terms of the dielectric tensor xy.

4015

Fig. 5. The total transmitted power as a function of externally magnetic eld H for
different liquid phase dielectric constants liquid.

magnetic eld is increased, which results in the decreased value of

liquid with magnetic eld. So the eld-dependent optical transmittance curve will change gradually from the curve for relatively high
value of liquid to that for relatively small value of liquid as denoted by
the arrow in Fig. 5, when the externally magnetic eld augments.
Therefore, the eld-dependent variation of liquid phase refractive
index feebly inuences the optical transmittance curves.
Theoretical calculations are also carried out with different Weiss
internal elds in a large range. Results indicate the Weiss internal
eld, at least for our magnetic uid parameters, does not affect the
eld-dependent optical transmittance.
The experimentally optical transmittance after the analyzer as a
function of externally magnetic eld is displayed in Fig. 6. From Figs. 3
to 6, qualitative agreement between the experimental data and the
theoretical calculations can be obtained if considering the possible
experimental errors. In case the accurate values of the magnetic uid
parameters and the optical components are obtained, the quantitative
comparison between the experiments and calculations can be
implemented.
The aforementioned results indicate that magnetic uids operating
in longitudinal eld conguration can be employed to design
magnetically controllable optical attenuator, optical switch [47], and

Fig. 6. The experimentally optical transmittance after the analyzer as a function of

externally magnetic eld H.


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S. Pu et al. / Optics Communications 283 (2010) 40124016

light modulator if the proper operating point is selected. The almost

linear relationships between the transmitted power and the externally magnetic eld at low eld (b500 Oe) or high eld (N500 Oe)
region are favorable for fabricating the relevant optical devices. In
addition, the transmitted power is more sensitive to the externally
magnetic eld at low eld than high eld. So the quality of the optical
devices can be improved when operating in low eld region. The
attenuation range and sensitivity of the attenuator can be enlarged by
increasing d / or xy that can be seen in Figs. 3 and 4.

[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]

5. Conclusions

[15]
[16]

In summary, the explicit relationship between the transmitted

power and the externally longitudinal (parallels incident light)
magnetic eld is given when considering both the geometric
shadowing and Faraday rotation effects. The experimental data are
in qualitative agreement with the theoretical calculations. Both
theoretic and experimental results reveal that the transmitted
power increases almost linearly with the externally magnetic eld H
when H b 500 Oe (low eld) or H N 500 Oe (high eld). Under the low
eld regime, the transmitted power rises fast with H while saturated
trend of transmitted power with regard to H occurs at high eld.
Moreover, the magnetic-eld-dependent optical transmittance curve
is comparatively sensitive to reduced thickness d / and off-diagonal
term of the dielectric tensor xy of the magnetic particles and slightly
depends on the liquid phase dielectric constant liquid. These
longitudinal-induced polarized light properties of magnetic uids
can be exploited to fabricate optical attenuator, optical switch, light
modulator, etc. Relatively better quality of the involved optical
devices (e.g. high sensitivity, large tuning range and low signal
distortion) can be realized by choosing the low eld working region or
increasing the values of d / and xy.

[17]
[18]
[19]

Acknowledgments
This research is supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (No. 10704048). We are grateful to the
reviewer(s) whose constructive comments have helped to improve
the quality of the paper considerably.
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