Chapter 16.
Statistical thermodynamics 1:
the concepts
16.1 Configurations
and weights
(a) Instantaneous
configurations
Eq.(16.1):
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Stirlings approximation
Boltzmann distribution:
If, e.g., gi states have the same energy i (so the level is
gi-fold degenerate),
Test 16.2 Partition function for a two-level system, the lower state (at energy
0) being nondegenerate, the upper state (at an energy ) doubly degenerate.
Correct Answer: q = 1 + 2e
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Test 16.3 Find and plot the partition function of a system with one
state at zero energy and another state at energy .
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Therefore, p0 = 0.645, p1 = 0.229,p2 = 0.081. The I-I bond is not stiff and the
atoms are heavy: as a result, the vibrational energy separations are small and
at room temperature several vibrational levels are significantly populated. The
value of the partition function, q = 1.55, reflects this small but significant
spread of populations.
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The lowest level (n = 1) has energy h2/8mX2, energies relative to that level are
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- thermal wavelength
(thermal de Broglie
wavelength) of the
molecule
Chapter 16. Statistical thermodynamics 1: the concepts
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Translational partition function of H2 molecule confined to 100 cm3 vessel at 25C m = 2.016 u
1 J = 1 kg m2 s2
About 1026 quantum states are thermally accessible, even at room temperature and for this light
molecule. Many states are occupied if the thermal wavelength (71.2 pm) is small compared with
the linear dimensions of the container.
Test 16.5 Calculate the translational partition function for a D2 molecule under the same
conditions.
Correct Answer q = 7.8 1026 , 23/2 times larger
The average separation of the particles in the container, d. Because q is the total
number of accessible states, the average number of states per molecule is q/N. For this
quantity to be large, we require V/N3>>1. However, V/N is the volume occupied by a
single particle, and therefore the average separation of the particles is d = (V/N)1/3. The
condition for there being many states available per molecule is therefore d3/3 >>1, and
therefore d >>. That is, for eqn 16.19 to be valid, the average separation of the
particles must be much greater than their thermal wavelength. For H2 molecules at 1
bar and 298 K, the average separation is 3 nm, which is significantly larger than their
thermal wavelength (71.2 pm).
The total energy of the system relative to the energy of the lowest state
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(16.51)
may arise from either a modification of the energy levels of a system (when i
changes to i + di) or from a modification of the populations (when ni
changes to ni + dni). The most general change is therefore
(16.52)
Because the energy levels do not change when a system is heated at
constant volume (Fig. 16.18), in the absence of all changes other than
heating
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For changes in the most probable configuration (the only one we need
consider), rearrange eqn 16.49
If it is true that the partition function contains all thermodynamic information, then
it must be possible to use it to calculate the entropy as well as the internal energy.
From Sect 3-2 entropy is related to the dispersal of energy and that the partition
function is a measure of the number of thermally accessible states, we can be
confident that the two are indeed related.
1) Boltzmann formula for the entropy:
(16.34)
W is the weight of the most probable configuration of the system.
2) Express W in terms of the partition function.
The statistical entropy behaves in exactly the same way as the thermodynamic
entropy. As the temperature is lowered, the value of W, and hence of S, decreases
because fewer configurations are compatible with the total energy. In the limit T
0, W = 1, so ln W = 0, because only one configuration (every molecule in the
lowest level) is compatible with E = 0. It follows that S 0 as T 0, the Third
Law of thermodynamics, that the entropies of all perfect crystals approach the
same value as T 0 (Section 3-4)
Relate the Boltzmann formula for the entropy to the partition function. Substitute
the expression for ln W in eqn 16.3 into eqn 16.34
the sum over the pi is equal to 1 and (from eqn 16.27, 16.30)
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Answer:
S/Nk = /(1 + e) + ln(1 + e);
S = Nk ln 2
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(16.36)
The configuration of greatest weight, subject to the constraints that the total
energy of the ensemble is constant at and that the total number of
members is fixed at , is given by the canonical distribution:
(16.37)
The quantity Q, which is a function of the temperature, is called the
canonical partition function.
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(16.38)
The fraction, i,of members of the ensemble in a state i with energy Ei is
given by the analogue of eqn 16.7 as
The sum over the states of the system can be reproduced by letting each
molecule enter all its own individual states. Therefore, instead of summing
over the states i of the system, we can sum over all the individual states i of
molecule 1, all the states i of molecule 2, and so on. This rewriting of the
original expression leads to
The only mode of motion for a gas of atoms is translation, and the
partition function is q = V/3 (eqn 16.19), where is the thermal
wavelength. The internal energy is given by eqn 16.32, so the entropy is
(16.46a)
This equation implies that the molar entropy of a perfect
gas of high molar mass is greater than one of low molar
mass under the same conditions (because the former has
more thermally accessible translational states). Because the
gas is perfect, we can use the relation V = nRT/p to express
the entropy in terms of the pressure as
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