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HOMEWORK
Type of Work
Date/Time of Submission
Group No.
Name
ID No (NIM)
Text Title

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Individual
Sunday, November 25, 2012/5:00 P.M.
B7
Yuni Ernawati Iwanto
102012236
The Dangers of Cramming

Thesis Statement
Thesis Statement: cramming does more harm than good
Topic: The dangers of cramming
Controlling Idea(s): Teachers and parents have long argued that cramming does more harm
than good

Paragraph Structure/Outline
Introductory Paragraph
A. Opening(s):
1. Midnight, and the spiral notebook barely half full.
2. The rest of its pages, scribbled with organic chemistry equations, litter the dorm-room
floor.
3. Every few minutes the figure hunched over the desk tears away another page, having
memorized as much as he can, and passes it on to his friend.
4. And thus the two roommates continue all night, dropping the pages to the carpet after
each has absorbed his fill

B. Hook(s) / Bridge(s):
C. Thesis Statement: Cramming does more harm than good
Paragraph 2
A. Topic Sentence: Welcome to the all-night cramming session, which most students resort to at
some desperate point in their college careers
B. Supporting Sentence 1: Armed with the energy of youth, they simply ignore their bodies'
cries for sleep, trying to fend off fatigue with doses of coffee or, occasionally, drugs
C. Supporting Sentence 2: . Teachers and parents have long argued that cramming does more
harm than good -- and the latest research into sleep needs and patterns suggests that they are
right.

D. Concluding Sentence :
Paragraph 3
A. Topic Sentence: For some people, disruption in the regular sleep cycle can cause temporary
intellectual lapses and stimulants can set off severe side effects
B. Supporting Sentence 1: Thus, for every student who manages to memorize the chemical
synthesis of bona-S-rubber at 5 a.m. and then triumphantly finds that precise question on his test
at 9, there are more than a few who lament the "obvious" answers they blew on a multiple-choice
exam because they "just couldn't focus."

C. Concluding Sentence:

Paragraph 4
A. Topic Sentence: The outcome of all-nighters is unpredictable because the impact of sleep loss
varies so widely
B. Supporting Sentence 1: "Some people are markedly impaired by even a small decrease in
sleep time," says David Buchholtz, a neurologist and sleep therapist at The Johns Hopkins
Hospital in Baltimore, "while others can go without sleep for a few nights without any
demonstrable loss of performance."
C. Supporting Sentence 2: People also have vastly different minimum requirements: a full night's
rest can range from 4 to 10 hours
D. Concluding Sentence: It is critical, expert stress, for each person to know how much sleep he
needs.

Paragraph 5
A. Topic Sentence: Heavy use of stimulants can compound the problem
B. Supporting Sentence 1: Many students assume that large quantities of coffee or a few
amphetamines will increase alertness; they don't
1. In fact, stimulants merely disguise -- briefly -- a reduced capacity to grasp, retain, and
retrieve information

2. Caffeine does not correct the cognitive impairment caused by lost

sleep,Buchholtz says
C. Supporting Sentence 2: "A person may be awake, but he'll have to deal with an intellectual
deficit, and his concentration won't be there. He can actually have 'microsleeps' and stare at the
same word for five minutes."

D. Concluding Sentence:
Paragraph 6
A. Hook/Bridge: Nor are unpredictable naps the only penalty of substance abuse
B. Topic Sentence: Coffee drinkers should watch out for Caffeine Intoxication Syndrome, an
C.
D.
E.
F.

onset of anxiety, panic, headaches and a frustrating inability to sleep

Supporting Sentence 1: Most people would have to drink about 10 cups to fall into this
condition, but some are so sensitive that it can hit them after only 2 to 3 cups.
Supporting Sentence 2:Speed [an amphetamine] is far more hazardous
Supporting Sentence 3: Overdoses can lead to auditory hallucinations and paranoia
Supporting Sentence 4: In addition, according to Larry Alessi, assistant professor of
psychiatry at The Johns Hopkins Medical School, "if someone uses speed for many weeks and
then stops, he may 'crash' into severe depression."

G. Concluding Sentence:
Paragraph 7
A. Topic Sentence: Unless a person abuses his body with stimulants, he should be able to snap
back fairly quickly form an all-nighter
B. Supporting Sentence 1: One full night of rest will usually produce complete recovery from up
to 48 hours of sleep deprivation; normal, healthy people have been known to stay awake for as
long as a week without lasting ill effects
C. Supporting Sentence 2: On the second night, there is usually an increase in REM (rapid eye
movement) sleep, the phase in which dreaming occur

1. Normally, REM sleep is beneficial, but some people report particularly graphic

and disturbing nightmare associated with a sudden increase in REM

D. Concluding Sentence:
Paragraph 8
A. Topic Sentence: Then there are the problems of students who want to get a good night's sleep
before an exam but just can't
B. Supporting Sentence 1: Stress often promotes insomnia
1. It may cause the reticular activating system, the structure in the brain that is responsible for
alertness, to stay on too long; this prevents sleep-inducing mechanisms from doing their job
C. Supporting Sentence 2 (hook/bridge): What do experts advise a student who finds himself
tossing and turning for a half hour or so on the eve of a test?
1. He should get up and try an ordinarily relaxing activity, like snacking or watching television,
until he is tired
D. Supporting Sentence 3: Some people find that making notes about what's worrying them can
exorcise those concerns until the morning

E. Concluding Sentence:
Paragraph 9
A. Topic Sentence: Sleeping too much, authorities agree, should not worry most people
B. Supporting Sentence 1: Even after an extended night of "rebound" sleep, the brain arouses
itself when its needs have been fulfilled.
C. Supporting Sentence 2: Clinically depressed people do often retreat into slumber to avoid the
waking hours, but true clinical depression is accompanied by other noticeable symptoms such as
loss of appetite, decreased self-esteem and even thoughts of suicide

D. Supporting Sentence 3:
E. Concluding Sentence:
Concluding Paragraph
A. Restatement of Thesis Statement: There will surely by times when excelling, or perhaps just
passing, requires pushing bedtime back, but any major changes in sleep patterns should be made
cautiously
B. Summary of the main ideas stated in the body paragraphs: In the end, the best formula
to follow when finals arrive is one that students have been taught for years -- moderation
C. Suggestions/Predictions: As Buchholtz suggests, "The key is keeping perspective and not ever
overdoing it."

SUMMARY
The article The Dangers of Cramming by Keith Elbow claims that cramming
session is when the most student get some desperate in their college
carriers. The article explained according to the teachers and parents
cramming does more harm than good. The author said that many students,
they prefer to stay all night asleep to get more time to read. They didnt
think the effect from stay all night. It causes temporary intellectual lapses,
for example like they couldnt focus during the exams. Most students usually

use stimulants to keep them awake, like coffee and amphetamine.

From the last research, cramming has an effect. Usually, some people have
lower performance. Some people may not have some problems too. It
happens because people also have vastly different minimum requirements: a
full night's rest can range from 4 to 10 hours.
The fact is, if we use stimulants like coffee or amphetamine, it can make
some problems. Most people believe caffeine or amphetamines to keep
them asleep but that is wrong. In fact, stimulant has an effect to decrease
our ability to grasp, retain, and retrieve information. Not only that, we may
also have some health problems too. For coffee drinkers, they should watch
out for Caffeine Intoxication Syndrome like an onset of anxiety, panic,
headaches and a frustrating inability to sleep. If we are forced to cram,
taking a nap will be able to recover it.
At the end, according to the author, the best formula to follow when finals
arrive is one that students have been taught for years moderation like
Buchholtz suggests, "The key is keeping perspective and not ever overdoing
it."
Academic Words&
Examples in Sentences
Meanings
1. Equations: a
Results of two squares is equal with results of
statement that the
eight divided two is four
values of mathematical
expression are equal.
2. Energy: the strength
The energy is required to peform the activity
and vitality required for
3. Cycle
4. Temporary
5. Chemical
6. Precise
7. Obvious
8. Focus
9. Impact
10. Minimum
11. Range
12. Expert
13. Stress: non-specific Stress can lead to inceased gastric acid
response of the body to
any demand for change
14. Compound
15. Assume
16. Briefly
17. Capacity
18. Retain

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Recovery
Normal
Phase
Occurs
Promotes
Structure
Mechanism
Job
Authorities
Accompanied
Formula
Requires
Major
Perspective