SECTION 1

UNIX Lab
Session 1 :
Ex 1: Explore all the UNIX commands given in this manual.

Ans:
1>

Files

ls --- lists your files

ls -l --- lists your files in 'long format', which contains lots of useful information, e.g. the exact size of the file, who
owns the file and who has the right to look at it, and when it was last modified.
ls -a --- lists all files, including the ones whose filenames begin in a dot, which you do not always want to see.
There are many more options, for example to list files by size, by date, recursively etc.
Cat - combine files
more filename --- shows the first part of a file, just as much as will fit on one screen. Just hit the space bar to see
more or q to quit. You can use /pattern to search for a pattern.
emacs filename --- is an editor that lets you create and edit a file. mv filename1 filename2 --- moves a file (i.e.
gives it a different name, or moves it into a different directory (see below)
cp filename1 filename2 --- copies a file
rm filename --- removes a file. It is wise to use the option rm -i, which will ask you for confirmation before actually
deleting anything. You can make this your default by making an alias in your .cshrc file.
diff filename1 filename2 --- compares files, and shows where they differ
wc filename --- tells you how many lines, words, and characters there are in a file
chmod options filename --- lets you change the read, write, and execute permissions on your files. chmod o+r
filename will make the file readable for everyone, and chmod o-r filename will make it unreadable for others again.
Note that for someone to be able to actually look at the file the directories it is in need to be at least executable.
File Compression
o gzip filename --- compresses files, so that they take up much less space. Usually text files compress to
about half their original size, but it depends very much on the size of the file and the nature of the contents.
There are other tools for this purpose, too (e.g. compress), but gzip usually gives the highest compression
rate. Gzip produces files with the ending '.gz' appended to the original filename.
o gunzip filename --- uncompresses files compressed by gzip.
o gzcat filename --- lets you look at a gzipped file without actually having to gunzip it (same as gunzip -c).
You can even print it directly, using gzcat filename | lpr
printing
o lpr filename --- print. Use the -P option to specify the printer name if you want to use a printer other than
your default printer. For example, if you want to print double-sided, use 'lpr -Pvalkyr-d', or if you're at
CSLI, you may want to use 'lpr -Pcord115-d'. See 'help printers' for more information about printers and
their locations.
o lpq --- check out the printer queue, e.g. to get the number needed for removal, or to see how many other
files will be printed before yours will come out
o lprm jobnumber --- remove something from the printer queue. You can find the job number by using lpq.
Theoretically you also have to specify a printer name, but this isn't necessary as long as you use your
default printer in the department.
o genscript --- converts plain text files into postscript for printing, and gives you some options for
formatting. Consider making an alias like alias ecop 'genscript -2 -r \!* | lpr -h -Pvalkyr' to print two
pages on one piece of paper.
o dvips filename --- print .dvi files (i.e. files produced by LaTeX). You can use dviselect to print only
selected pages.
Directories, like folders on a Macintosh, are used to group files together in a hierarchical structure.
mkdir dirname --- make a new directory
cd dirname --- change directory. You basically 'go' to another directory, and you will see the files in that directory
when you do 'ls'. You always start out in your 'home directory', and you can get back there by typing 'cd' without
arguments. 'cd ..' will get you one level up from your current position. You don't have to walk along step by step you can make big leaps or avoid walking around by specifying pathnames.
pwd --- tells you where you currently are.

2> Display contents of files

Cat - copy file to display device.
Vi - Screen editor for modify text files.
More - show text files on display terminal with paging control.
Head - show first few lines of a file.
Tail - show last few lines of file or reverse line order.
Grep - display lines that match a pattern.

3> Finding things

ff --- find files anywhere on the system. This can be extremely useful if you've forgotten in which directory you put
a file, but do remember the name.
ff -p you don't even need the full name, just the beginning. This can also be useful for finding other things on the
system, e.g. documentation.
grep string filename(s) --- looks for the string in the files. e.g. finding the right file among many, figuring out which
is the right version of something, and even doing serious corpus work. grep comes in several varieties (grep, egrep,
and fgrep) and has a lot of very flexible options. Check out the man pages if this sounds good to you.
Date - show date and time.

History - list of previously executed commands.

Man - show on-line documentation by program name.

4> About User / People

w --- tells you who's logged in, and what they're doing. Especially useful: the 'idle' part. This allows you to see
whether they're actually sitting there typing away at their keyboards right at the moment.
who --- tells you who's logged on, and where they're coming from. Useful if you're looking for someone who's
actually physically in the same building as you, or in some other particular location.
Who am i--- who is logged onto this system.
finger username --- gives you lots of information about that user, e.g. when they last read their mail and whether
they're logged in. Often people put other practical information, such as phone numbers and addresses, in a file called
.plan. This information is also displayed by 'finger'.
last -1 username --- tells you when the user last logged on and off and from where. Without any options, last will
give you a list of everyone's logins.
talk username --- lets you have a (typed) conversation with another user
write username --- lets you exchange one-line messages with another user
elm --- lets you send e-mail messages to people around the world.

5> About your (electronic) self

whoami --- returns your username. Sounds useless, but isn't. You may need to find out who it is who forgot to log
out somewhere, and make sure *you* have logged out.
finger & .plan files of course you can finger yourself, too. That can be useful e.g. as a quick check whether you got
new mail.
passwd --- lets you change your password, which you should do regularly (at least once a year).
ps -u yourusername --- lists your processes. Contains lots of information about them, including the process ID,
which you need if you have to kill a process.
kill PID --- kills (ends) the processes with the ID you gave. This works only for your own processes, of course. Get
the ID by using ps.
quota -v --- show what your disk quota is, how much you're actually using, and in case you've exceeded your quota,
how much time you have left to sort them out.
du filename --- shows the disk usage of the files and directories in filename (without argument the current directory
is used). du -s gives only a total.
last yourusername --- lists your last logins. Can be a useful memory aid for when you were where, how long you've
been working for, and keeping track of your phonebill if you're making a non-local phonecall for dialling in.

Ex 2: Create a directory.
Ans: To create a directory, use the mkdir command.
For example : mkdir Student
Ex 3: Create a subdirectory in the directory created.

Ans: Step-1: first create a directory

For ex:- mkdir rootdirectory
Step-2: then enter in rootdirectory
For ex: cd rootdirectory
Step-3: then create another directory
For ex: mkdir subdirectory.

Ex 4: Change your current directory to the subdirectory.

Ans: You may create a subdirectory within any directory where you have write permission.
For example: mkdir /Student/Subdirectory1

Ex 5: Display the calendar for the current month.

Ans: To display Calender for the current month use the CAL command.
% CAL

Ex 6: Get a directory listing of the parent directory.

Ans: To get the Directory listing of the parent directory, use the command
ls - list contents of directory.
Goto the parent directory and use ls command.
% ls

Ex 7: How many users were logged onto your system?

Ans: To see all the other users that are currently connected to system simply use
% who command.

Ex 8: Display your name in the form of a banner.

Ans: The banner Command displays a large ASCII art version of input text. There are two common
varieties: one, which prints text horizontally for display to a terminal, and another which prints text in
much larger letters for output to a line printer.
% banner Student
% banner w80 a

Ex 9: Display the name of device name of your terminal.

Ans: To display the device name of the terminal, use the tty command:
Ex 10: Move to the root directory.

Ans: To move to root directory use CD command.

% cd
Session 2 :
Ex 11: Change your directory to the directory exercises. Create a file called example1 using the cat command
containing the following text:
water, water everywhere and all the boards did shrink; water, water everywhere, No drop to drink.

Ans:
MV mydirectory exercise
Step-1: cat example1
Step-2: type the text
Step-3: Press ctrl+D for save
Ex 12: Use the man command to obtain further information on the finger command.
Ans: The man command displays information from the reference manuals. It displays complete manual pages that you select
by name, or one-line summaries selected either by keyword (-k), or by the name of an associated file (-f). If no manual
page is located, man prints an error message.
% man command name
% man finger
Finger - display information about local and remote users

Ex 13: List all the processes that are presently running.

Ans: To find out information about the processes running on the system use the ps command.
% ps

Ex 14: List the text files in your current directory.

Ans: Find/ usr type name *.txt print

Ex 15: Make a copy of any text file.

Ans: To copy any text file to another text file use the cp command:
cp file1 file2 is the command which makes a copy of file1 in the current working directory and calls
it file2.
First CD to your current directory:
% cd ~/Student
Then, copy the text file,
% cp /unix/examples/copy.txt.
(Note: Don't forget the dot (.) at the end. Remember, in UNIX, the dot means the current
directory.)
ELSE
% cp file1 file2.

Ex 16: Rename one of your text files in the current directory.

Ans: To rename file in current directory use MV move command:

% mv file.txt filename.txt mv junk.txt newfile

Ex 17: Delete an unneeded copy of a file.

Ans: To delete a file use the rm remove command:

% rm file.txt

Ex 18: Print out any file on paper.

Ans: To print a file in UNIX uses the lpr command:
% lpr filename.txt
Ex 19: Send a message to another user on your UNIX system, and get them to reply.
Ans: The mail command enables the user to send and receive electronic mail messages to and from
users on both the Unix system and remote users.
To send a message to a user on your system, type:
% mail username
The cursor will move to the next line, and you will get a Subject: prompt. You can now type in the
subject of your message, and then press <RETURN>. The cursor will go to the start of the next line
and there will be no prompt. You now type in the text of your message. Terminate each line with
<RETURN>. When you have finished the text of the message, type an end-of-file character (usually
^D), or a full-stop character.
There are several commands you can type while entering mail:
<CTRL/Z> will cancel the message, and leave the text in a file named dead.letter.

^e invokes a text editor to edit your message.

~v invokes a screen editor to edit your message.
~f reads the contents of the message you have just read, into your message text.
~r file reads contents of file into your message text.

Ex 20: Create a small text file and send it to another user.

Ans: To create a text file, use the cat command:
% cat > Student
To send this file to another user user 1:
% mail user1 < Student
Use the re-direction to output stream operation.

Session 3 :
Ex 21: When you receive a message, save it to a file other than your mailbox.
Ans: We can open all received message by
$mail
Then we save a mail message to a file by

$sx
UNIX uses two mailboxes to hold mail messages
system mailbox (/usr/spool/mail/)
user mail box (..../.../mbox)

Ex 22: Send a message to a user on a different computer system.

Ans: Mail mca11 ttyp5
Subject: Hello
How are you?
Then press ctrl+D .
Sending mail to users on other computer systems is simple using mail. Simply type the full address
of the remote user.
% mail Student@ignou.ac.in

Ex 23: Try to move to the home directory of someone else in your group. There are several ways to do this, and
you may find that you are not permitted to enter certain directories. See what files they have, and what the file
permissions are.
Ans: To move to the home directory of someone else in the group:
% cd ~ user1
To list the files in the directory and their permissions:
% ls ldg

Ex 24: Try to copy a file from another users directory to your own.

Ans: @pwd
User/mca11
$cd abhishek
$ cp xyz.txt/user2/mca4

Ex 25: Set permissions on all of your files and directories to those that you want. You may want to give read
permission on some of your files and directories to members of your group.

Ans: $chmod R 777 abc.txt

Ex 26: Create a number of hierarchically related directories and navigate through them using a combination of
absolute pathnames (starting with "/") and relative pathnames.

Ans: - $mkdir/user/mca11/helpme
$cd user/mca11/helpme

Ex 27: Try using wildcards (* and possibly ?).

Ans:
1. This command will display the listing of all files having extension .txt.
$ls *.txt
2. Lists only the files Lit and bit. The file snit was not listed because it has two characters before "it".
ls ?it

Ex 28: Put a listing of the files in your directory into a file called filelist. (Then delete it!)
Ans:

Using the CP command,

% cp ~Student/directory1* filelist
% rm filelist

Ex 29: Create a text file containing a short story, and then use the spell program to check the spelling of the
words in the file.

$cat> story.txt
Type the text
Press ctrl+D to save.

Ans:

$spell story.txt

Ex 30: Redirect the output of the spell program to a file called errors.
Ans: $spell story.txt > error

Session 4 :
Ex 31: Type the command ls -l and examine the format of the output. Pipe the output of the command ls -l to the
word count program WC to obtain a count of the number of files in your directory.
Ans: The WC command is used to print the number of lines, words, and characters in a file.

Syntax: wc [options] filename

To find the number of files in a directory, enter
ls -l | wc c
ls l : For a long listing that shows file protections, size, and date

Ex 32: Use cut to strip away the reference material and leave just the text field.
Ans: Cut command is typically used to extract a certain range of characters from a line, usually

from a file.

Syntax: % cut [-b] [-c] [-f list] [-n] [-d delim] [-s] [file]

command - $cat F 1-3-d

Ex 33: Use tr to strip away any tags that are actually in the text (e.g., attached to the words), so that you are left
with just the words.
Ans: The tr command (translate characters) is one of the true Unix filters. It copies its standard

input to its standard output, while replacing the first character specified on the command line with
the second character specified.
Lets consider the text file to be example1.txt,
$ echo <B></B> this is the tag for bold text
Cat example1.txt | tr <a-z> a-z
Output: B/B this is the tag for bold text

Ex 34: Set a file to be read-only with the chmod (from change mode) command. Interpret the file permissions
displayed by the ls -l command.
Ans: To set the file to be read-only to all,

% chmod a+r file1

To see the permissions of the file, use the ls l command.

Ex 35: Delete one or more directories with the rmdir (from remove directory) command. See what happens if the
directory is not empty. Experiment (carefully!) with the rm -r command to delete a directory and its content.
$rmdir
$rm r
$rm r abc

Ans:

Ex 36: Experiment with redirecting command output (e.g., ls -l >file1). Try ">> instead of >" with an existing
text file as the output.

Ans: $ ls l>> file

This will append the text in existing file.

Ex 37: See whether upper-case versions of any of these commands work as well as the lower-case versions.

Ans: UNIX is *ALWAYS* case-sensitive.

If you want to list your files with the `ls' command, if you enter LS you will be told "command not
found."

Ex 38: Use the who command to see users logged into the system.
$who
Mca1 ttyp7
Mca2 ttyp5
Mca2 ttyp6
Mca3 ttyp7

Ans:

mar20
mar19
mar16
mar11

15:14
11:11
11:10
13:11

Ex 39: Pipe the output of the who command to the sort command.
Ans: -

$who | sort -4

To pipe the output of the who command to the input of the sort command:
%who | sort >file1

Ex 40: Search for your login name in whofile using the grep command.

Ans: . The grep command displays the name of the file containing the matched line if you specify
more than one name in the File parameter.
$who >who file
$grep student whofile
Or
$who |grep student

Session 5 :
Ex 41: Compare two text files with the diff command.
Ans: The diff command is used to display two files and prints the lines that are different.

$diff file1 file2

When you run diff on file1 and file2, the following output is produced:
$ diff file1 file2
3c3
< walnuts
-> grapes

Ex 42: Count lines, words, and characters in a file with the wc command.
Ans: - $wc c for characters
$wc l for lines
$wc w for wordss
Ex 43: Display your current environment variables with the following command: set or env.

Ans:

$set or $env both are same

$set or $env
Output:HOME=/user1/mca22
HUSHLOGIN= FALSE
HZ=100
TFS=
LOG NAME= mca22
MAIL= /user/spool/mail/mca22
MAILCHECK= 600
MF_ADM=odm.cat@unix
Msg-Mail=1
Ms_PROFILE=1
OPTLND=1
PATH=/bin:/usrer1/mca22/bin:
PS1=$
PS2=>
SHELL=/bin/sh
TERM=ansi
TZ=ESTSEDT

Ex 44: Concatenate all files in a directory redirected to /dev/null and redirecting standard error to errorFile?

Ans:

To concatenate files in Unix use the cat command.

% cat *> /dev/null/errorfile
* All files in directory.

Ex 45: Display information on yourself or another user with the finger command.
Ans:

The finger displays the user's login name, real name, terminal name and write status.
Login
Mca1
Mca2
Mca3
Mca4

$finger
name tty
*P20 15:49
*P21 12:22
*P23 14:49
*P26 11:49

idle
22:11
21:11
12:11
22:11

login time Where

192.168.22.3
192.168.2.3
192.168.2.5
192.168.2.2

Ex 46: If you wish, experiment with sending and receiving mail using the pine email program.
Ans: Pine is an easy to use, character based mail client. It supports full screen editing of messages,
binary attachments (such as GIF or ZIP files), and other advanced message system features that
were not possible using older electronic mail clients.
Features of pine:
Full Screen Capabilities
Safety for New Users confirmation of actions.
On-Line Help
Sending Attachments with Your Message MIME encoding
Name Recognition (Address Books)
Message Browsing

Message Printing
Saving Messages
Pine is a menu based screen and you should look at the bottom of the screen where valid
menu commands are shown
Using PINE:
1.
Type pine at the UNIX prompt and you will see the pine screen.
2.
Enter user name and password.
3.
To compose mail, Use the compose command C - COMPOSE MESSAGE to compose a
message. After composing, to send the mail, use Ctrl+X to send your message. Can you
see the choice ^X Send in the menu bar at the bottom of the screen.
4.
To see the mails you have received use the L - LIST FOLDERS command from the main
menu to see your folders and choose the INBOX folder. Use N - NextMsg to read the next
message or P - PrevMsg to read previous message.
5.
To reply use the R - Reply command, and to forward mail use the F - Forward
command.
6.
You can use the D - Delete command to delete your unwanted mails.
7.
If you want to print (or read the message you want to print, then choose the command O
- OTHER CMDS, then choose command % - Print. At the bottom you will see the message
Print message n using "attached-to-ansi" ? , where n is the message number. Answer
it with Y [Yes] . A pop-up print setup screen will appear, and click OK button. Your mail
content will then be printed from your local printer.
8.
You can exit pine by using Q - QUIT command when you are in the main menu.

Ex 47: Delete all the files in the current directory whose name ends in .bak.
Ans: $cat>a.back
Sss
Ctrl+D

$ls l *.back
$rm *.back
Ex 48: Display lines 10 to 14 of any file which contains 25 lines.
Ans:

$tail +10 file name | head -5

$head -10 file1| tail -14 file

Ex 49: Count how many lines contain the word science in a word file science.txt.
Ans: First find the word using the grep command and then pie it using the wc command.
% grep science science.txt | wc l

Ex 50: List the statistics of the largest file (and only the largest file) in the current directory.
Ans:

$ls l| grep n |sort>m1

$cat d f 4|sort m1;tail l

Session 6 :
Ex 51: Kill any process with the help of the PID and run any process at the background.
Ans: $pwd
$kill 22556
$vi abc.txt
$date &
Ex 52: Select a text file and double space the lines.
Ans: Use the SED command to double space the lines in a text file.
% sed filename

Ex 53: List all the users from /etc/passwd in the alphabetically sorted order.

Ans:

$cat /etc/password|sort

Ex 54: Create a file with duplicate records and delete duplicate records for that file..

Ans: $cat b11.txt

Abhishek abhishek abhishek
Ctrl+D to save.
$uniq c b11.txt
Abhishek
$uniq abc.txt>ab1.txt
$Cp ab.txt abc.txt
$cat abc.txt

Ex 55: Use the grep command to search the file example1 for occurrences of the string water.

Ans: $cat>prog.sh

For I in cat example1

Do
Echo $i>>ex1
Done
Ctrl+D
$sh prog.sh
$cat ex1|grep c water
$grep water example1

Ex 56: Write grep commands to do the following activities:

To select the lines from a file that have exactly two characters.

Ans: $grep ^.$ n1

To select the lines from a file that start with the upper case letter.

Ans: $grep [A-Z] ^1

To select the lines from a file that end with a period.

Ans: $grep $n1

To select the lines in a file that has one or more blank spaces.

Ans: $grep n1
To select the lines in a file and direct them to another file which has digits as one of the characters in that
line.

Ans: $grep [0-9] n1>n2

Ex 57: Make a sorted wordlist from the file.
Ans: $tr A-Z a-z < file1|tr cs a-z \02|sort |uniq c>file2
Ex 58: Try to execute the example shell scripts given in this manual.
Ans:

$vi nv
Echo Enter any no.
Read a
Echo Number is 4a

Ex 59: Write a shell script that searches for a single word pattern recursively in the current directory and displays
the no. of times it occurred.
Ans:

$grep r ABC

Ex 60: Write a shell script to implement the DISKCOPY command of DOS.

Ans:

Session 7 :
Ex 61: Write a shell script that accepts a string from the terminal and echo a suitable message if it doesnt have at
least 5 characters including the other symbols.
Ans: $vi abc
Echo Enter the string
Read s
C=`expr $s |wc c`
C=`expr $c -1`
If Test $c ge 5
Then
Echo String is valid
Else
Echo String is invalid
Fi
:wq
Ex 62: Write a shell script to echo the string length of the given string as argument.
Ans: $Vi xyz
Echo enter the String
Read a
C=echo $a |wc c
C=`expr $c -1`
Echo $c
:wq
Ex 63: Write a shell script that accepts two directory names as arguments and deletes those files in the first
directory which are similarly named in the second directly. Note: Contents should also match inside the files.

Ans:

$Vi abc
Echo enter the fist Dir
Read a
Echo Enter the second Dir
Read b
Ls $a >> aa
Ls $b >> bb
For in comm. -1-2 aabb
Do
Q=emp s/usrer/bca/hour/s1/user1/bca1/abhi/$i
Echo $q
If Test $q eq 0
Sun/user1/bca1/hour/$ls
Sun/user1/bca1/abhi/&i
Else
fi
Done
:wq

Ex 64: Write a shell script to display the processes running on the system for every 30 seconds, but only for 3
times.

Ans: Vi process
I=0
While Test $i le 3
Do sleep 5
Ps
i=`expr $i +1`
done

Ex 65: Write a shell script that displays the last modification time of any file.

Ans: Ls l put|cat c -45 -48

Ex 66: Write a shell script to check the spellings of any text document given as an argument.

Ans: Echo enter the file

Read a
Spell $a> error
Cut error

Ex 67: Write a shell script to encrypt any text file.

Ans:
$ crypt -puu2 < file9
This will encrypt the file using the puu2 key.
Or
$ crypt file9
Enter the key: puu2
This will encrypt the file.
Ex 68: Combine the above commands in a shell script so that you have a small program for extracting a wordlist.
Ans:

Ex 69: Write a shell script which reads the contents in a text file and removes all the blank spaces in them and
redirects the output to a file.
Ans:

W=`wc w Test`
Echo No of word $w
C=1
Set cat jay
While test $c le $w
Do
Echo n $i>>jay
C=`expr $c +1`
Done
Cut jay
Or
Vi xyz
For I in cat jay
Do
Echo n 4i
done

Ex 70: Write a shell script that changes the name of the files passed as arguments to lowercase.
Ans:

Echo $i>temp
Tr [:uppr:] [:lowe:] [temp]
Mv /user/mca2/$i/user/mca2/$a

Session 8 :
Ex 71: Write a shell script to translate all the characters to lower case in a given text file.
Ans: Echo enter a text file
Read file
If [1 $file]
Then
Echo 4file not a file
Exit
Fi
Cat $file |tr [A-Z] [a-z]
Ex 72: Write a shell script to combine any three text files into a single file (append them in the order as they
appear in the arguments) and display the word count.
Ans: # //bin/bash
File1=$1
File2=$2
File3=$3 out- output $1
Count=0
If [$# -ne 3]
Then
Echo $(base name $o) file1 file 2file3
Exit1
Fi
If [!=$file]
Then
Echo $file! Not a file
Exit2
Fi
If[! f $file2]
Then
Echo $file2 not file!
Exit 3
Fi
If [1- f $file]
Then
Echo $file3 not a file!
Exit2
Fi
$file1 $file 2$file3?? $out
Count=4(cat $out|wc w)
Echo count words written to out!
Ex 73: Write a shell script that, given a file name as the argument will write the even numbered line to a file with
name evenfile and odd numbered lines to a file called oddfile.

Ans:
Ex 74: Write a shell script which deletes all the even numbered lines in a text file.

Ans:
Ex 75: Write a script called hello which outputs the following:
your username
the time and date
who is logged on
also output a line of asterices (*********) after each section.

Ans:
Ex 76: Put the command hello into your .login file so that the script is executed every time that you log on.

Ans:
Ex 77: Write a script that will count the number of files in each of your subdirectories.

Ans:
Ex 78: Write a shell script like a more command. It asks the user name, the name of the file on command prompt
and displays only the 15 lines of the file at a time on the screen. Further, next 15 lines will be displayed only when
the user presses the enter key / any other key.

Ans:

Ex 79: Write a shell script that counts English language articles (a, an, the) in a given text file.
Ans:

Ex 80: Write the shell script which will replace each occurrence of character c with the characters chr in a string
s. It should also display the number of replacements.
Ans:

Session 9 :
Ex 81: Write the shell program unique, which discards all but one of successive identical lines from standard
input and writes the unique lines to standard output. By default, unique checks the whole line for uniqueness.
For example, assuming the following input:
List 1 List 2 List 2 List 3 List 4 List 4 List 2
unique should produce the following output as follows:
List 1 List 2 List 3 List 4 List 2
Ans:

Ex 82: Rewrite the unique program so that it can optionally accept a file name on the command line and redirect
the output to that file.
Ans:

Ex 83: Write the shell program which produces a report from the output of ls -l in the following form:
Only regular files, directories and symbolic links are printed.
The file type and permissions are removed.
A / character is appended to each directory name and the word DIR is printed at the beginning of the
line.
A @ character is appended to each symbolic link name and the word LINK is printed at the beginning
of the line.
At the end of the listing, the number of directories, symbolic links, regular files and the total size of regular files
should be reported.

Ans:
Ex 84: Write the shell program which removes all the comments from a simple C program stored in your current
directory. You can assume that the C source code contains only syntactically correct comments:
starting with //, ending with a newline
starting with /*, ending with */ (can be multi-line)
nesting of comments is not allowed.
Make sure that C source code is not changed.

Ans:
Ex 85: Write a shell program that outputs all integers up to the command line parameter starting from 1 and also
should output the same numbers in the reverse order.
Ans:

Session 10 :
Ex 86: Write a shell program to concatenate to two strings given as input and display the resultant string along
with its string length.

Ans:
Ex 87: Write a shell program to find the largest integer among the three integers given as arguments.

Ans:
Ex 88: Write a shell program to sort a given file which consists of a list of numbers, in ascending order.
Ans:

Ex 89: Write a shell program to simulate a simple calculator.

Ans:

Ex 90: Write a shell program to count the following in a text file.

Number of vowels in a given text file.
Number of blank spaces.
Number of characters.
Number of symbols.
Number of lines
Ans:

SECTION 2
DBMS Lab
Session 1 : Sub Queries and Joins
Ex 1: Please attempt the following problems for the teacher, class and pay scale relations given in this section.

Ans:
Table Creation:
-- Create table
create table TEACHER
(
T_NO
VARCHAR2(3) not null,
F_NAME
VARCHAR2(50),
L_NAME
VARCHAR2(25),
SALARY
NUMBER,
SUPERVISIOR VARCHAR2(3),
JOININGDATE DATE,
BIRTHDATE DATE,
TITLE
VARCHAR2(3),
INC
NUMBER
)
tablespace SYSTEM
pctfree 10
pctused 40
initrans 1
maxtrans 255
storage
(
initial 64K
minextents 1
maxextents unlimited
);
-- Create/Recreate primary, unique and foreign key constraints
alter table TEACHER
add constraint TEACHER_PK primary key (T_NO)
using index
tablespace SYSTEM
pctfree 10
initrans 2
maxtrans 255
storage
(
initial 64K
minextents 1
maxextents unlimited
);
-- Create table
create table CLASS
(
CLASS_NO VARCHAR2(3) not null,
T_NO
VARCHAR2(3),
ROOM_NO VARCHAR2(3)
)
tablespace SYSTEM
pctfree 10
pctused 40
initrans 1
maxtrans 255
storage
(
initial 64K
minextents 1
maxextents unlimited
);
-- Create/Recreate primary, unique and foreign key constraints
alter table CLASS
add constraint CLASS_PK primary key (CLASS_NO)
using index

tablespace SYSTEM
pctfree 10
initrans 2
maxtrans 255
storage
(
initial 64K
minextents 1
maxextents unlimited
);
alter table CLASS
add constraint CLASS_FK foreign key (T_NO)
references TEACHER (T_NO);
-- Create table
create table PAYSCALE
(
MIN_LIMIT NUMBER,
MAX_LIMIT NUMBER,
GRADE
VARCHAR2(5) not null
)
tablespace SYSTEM
pctfree 10
pctused 40
initrans 1
maxtrans 255
storage
(
initial 64K
minextents 1
maxextents unlimited
);
-- Create/Recreate primary, unique and foreign key constraints
alter table PAYSCALE
add constraint PAYSCALE_PK primary key (GRADE)
using index
tablespace SYSTEM
pctfree 10
initrans 2
maxtrans 255
storage
(
initial 64K
minextents 1
maxextents unlimited
);
Table: Teacher
t_no, f_name, l_name, salary, supervisor, joiningdate, birthdate, title
Table: Class
class_no, t_no, room_no
Table: Payscale
min_limit, max_limit, grade

(a) Display the name of the teacher(s) who is (are) the youngest among all the teachers.
Ans: SELECT f_name, l_name
FROM teacher
WHERE birthdate=(SELECT MIN(birthdate) FROM teacher);
(b) Display details of all the teachers who have the same job title as that of Jaideep
Ans: SELECT * FROM teacher
WHERE title = (SELECT title FROM teacher WHERE LOWER(f_name)=jaideep);
(c) Display the list of all the teachers who have joined after 10-Jul-95 and whose salary is equal to that of any of
the teachers who joined before 10-Jul-95.
Ans:

Select * from teacher

where join_date > 10-jul-1995 and salary = any
(select salary from teacher where joining date < 10-jul-1995);

(d) Use a correlated query to determine the teachers who are not class teachers.

Ans: select * from teacher

where title not in ('class teacher');

(e) Identify all those teachers who are in grade B.

Ans: select distinct *from teacher,payscale
where grade='B'
(f) Display the names and numbers of all teachers who are class teachers and are in grade C.
Ans: select t_no,f_name
from teacher t, payscale p
where p.grade = 'C' AND t.salary = (select salary from teacher * where salary BETWEEN
'10000' AND '17999')
(g) Display the names of all teachers who are supervisors.
Ans: select f_name ||' '|| l_name as Name
from teacher
where title in ('supervisor');
(h) Display the teacher id and salaries of all those teachers who are in grade A or C and who have at least two
Ls in their names.
Ans: select t_no as Teacher_Number, salary
from teacher
where (salary between 10000 and 15000 or salary between 7000 and 10000) and f_name
like %l%l%;

(i) Display details of all those teachers who are class teachers of classes 1 to 5.
Ans: Select t.t_no, t.f_name, t.l_name, t.salary, t.supervisor, t.joiningdate, t.birthdate, t.title
From teacher t, class c
where c.T_NO = t.T_NO and c.CLASS_NO between '1' and '5'
(j) Display the names of all teachers along with their dates of birth whose birthday is in the current month.
Ans: select F_name,L_name
from teacher
where to_char (birthdate,'MON') = (select to_char(sysdate,'MON') from dual);
Ex 2: In an Open University a students data is to be maintained using relations. The university maintains
data of all the students, their batches, Regional Centres and study centre details. Each batch of students
has one or more representative students. The batches are taught by same or different faculty.
(a) Design and implement the suitable relations for the University. Make and state suitable assumptions.

Ans: 1. CREATE table STUDENT (

STDID VARCHAR2(10) PRIMARY KEY,
NAME VARCHAR2(20),
ADDRESS VARCHAR2(40),
COURSEID VARCHAR2(10),
BATCHID VARCHAR2(10),
CONSTRAINTS STUDENT_FK FOREIGN KEY(COURSEID) REFERENCES COURSE(COURSEID));
2. CREATE TABLE BATCH (
BATCHID VARCHAR2(10),
RCID VARCHAR2(10),
SDYID VARCHAR2(10),
COURSEID VARCHAR2(10),
REPSTDID VARCHAR2(10),
CONSTRAINT BATCH_FK FOREIGN KEY(RCID) REFERENCES REGCENT(RCID),
FOREIGN KEY(SDYID) REFERENCES SDYCENT(SDYID),
FOREIGN KEY(COURSEID) REFERENCES COURSE(COURSEID),
* FOREIGN KEY(REPSTDID) REFERENCES STUDENT(STDID));

3. ALTER TABLE BATCH ADD CONSTRAINT BATCH_PK PRIMARY KEY(BATCHID);

4.

CREATE TABLE TEACHERS (

TCHID VARCHAR2(10) primary key,
TNAME VARCHAR2(20),
COURSEID VARCHAR2(10),
BATCHID VARCHAR2(10),
CONSTRAINTS TEACHER_FK FOREIGN KEY(COURSEID) REFERENCES OURSE(COURSEID),
FOREIGN KEY(BATCHID) REFERENCES BATCH(BATCHID));

The following tables were created and the data inserted as under.
SQL> SELECT * FROM STUDENT;
STDID

NAME

ADDRESS

COURSEID BATCHID

---------- -------------------STD001 SANZAYA APTEL

STD002 RITA NAYAK
STD003 SRIKANTA PRADHAN
STD004 MIRA AGRAWAL
STD005 NAMITA SAWANT
STD006 SANDEEP SWAIN
STD007 KALICHARAN MURMU
STD008 MAKHUNU SINGH
STD009 KAMALA PRADHAN
STD010 SEKHAR SUMAN
10 rows selected.

---------------------------NILADRI VIHAR
NILADRI VIHAR
SAHID NAGAR
KALPANA SQURE
BILAS PUR
MANCHESWAR
SAILESHRI VIHAR
CHENNAI
MUMBAI
DELHI

-------------M001
M001
MB001
MB001
BB001
BB001
CO001
CO001
SC001
SC001

-------------B001
B001
B002
B002
B003
B003
B004
B004
B004
B005

SQL> SELECT * FROM COURSE;

COURSEID COURSENAME COURSEFEE
----------------------------------------------------------M001
MCA
10000
MB01
MBA
15000
BB01
BBA
8000
AR01
ARTS
5000
CO01
COMMERCE
7000
SC01
SCIENCE
6000
6 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT * FROM TEACHERS;
TCHID
TNAME
BATCHID
--------------------------------------------------------------------TCH001 SUMIT SEHGAL
B001
TCH002 ABDUL KALAM
B002
TCH003 BASANTA PATEL
B003
TCH004 SUMANTA NAYAK
B004
TCH005 MANJU MISHRA
B005
SQL> SELECT * FROM SDYCENT;
SDYID
SDYNAME SDYADDR
RCID
---------- ---------- ------------------------------ --------------------------------SDY001 KIIT
PATIA
RC001
SDY002 SCBCOL
PURI
RC001
SDY003 GMCOL
SAMBALPUR
RC001
SDY004 KAMALACOL
A V NAGAR
RC002
SDY005 STEPHENCOL
INSTITUTIONAL AREA
RC002
SQL> SELECT * FROM REGCENT;
RCID
RCNAME
RCADDR
---------- ---------- ------------------------------------------------RC001
BBSR
NEAR FORTUNE TOWER
RC002
NDLS
MAIDAN GARHI
RC003
MUMBAI
SANTACRUZ ROAD
RC004
CHENNAI
RAMESWARAM ROAD
RC005
KOLKATA
SALTLAKE CITY

SQL> SELECT * FROM BATCH;

BATCHID
RCID
SDYID
COURSEID REPSTDID
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -----------------------------------B001
RC001
SDY001 M001
STD002
B002
RC001
SDY001 MB01
STD003
B003
RC002
SDY003 BB01
STD005
B004
RC004
SDY004 SC01
STD007
B005
RC005
SDY005 CO01
STD009

Ex.2 (b) Write at least 15 queries (they must include at least one query of each type given in this section 2.2)
for the database. Implement these queries using SQL. Also explain the purpose of each query.

Ans:
I.

Display the details of study centre where a student named Sanzaya reads;

SQL>

SELECT * FROM SDYCENT WHERE

SDYID=(SELECT SDYID FROM BATCH
WHERE BATCHID=(SELECT BATCHID FROM STUDENT
WHERE UPPER(NAME) LIKE 'SANZAYA%'));

II. Display the course fee where makhunu singh is admitted.

SQL>

SELECT COURSEFEE FROM COURSE WHERE

COURSEID=(SELECT COURSEID FROM BATCH WHERE

BATCHID=(SELECT BATCHID FROM STUDENT WHERE

UPPER(NAME)='MAKHUNU SINGH'));

III. Display the list of all teachers who take classes for batch B004
SQL>

SELECT TNAME FROM TEACHERS WHERE

BATCHID='B004';

IV. Display the name of teachers who were working in regional centre BBSR
SQL>

SELECT TNAME FROM TEACHERS WHERE

BATCHID IN(SELECT BATCHID FROM BATCH WHERE
RCID=(SELECT RCID FROM REGCENT WHERE RCNAME='BBSR'));

V. Display the name of students who are representative student.

SQL>

SELECT NAME FROM STUDENT WHERE STDID IN

(SELECT REPSTDID FROM BATCH);

VI. Display the name of teachers who teach in delhi and have atleast two a in their name.
SELECT TNAME FROM TEACHERS WHERE
UPPER(TNAME) LIKE '%A%A%'
AND
BATCHID IN(SELECT BATCHID FROM BATCH WHERE
RCID=(SELECT RCID FROM REGCENT WHERE
UPPER(RCNAME)='NDLS'));

VII. Display the name of student whose teachers name starts with S.
SELECT NAME FROM STUDENT WHERE
BATCHID IN (SELECT BATCHID FROM BATCH WHERE
BATCHID IN (SELECT BATCHID FROM TEACHERS WHERE
UPPER(TNAME) LIKE 'S%'));

VIII. Display the name of the teachers with the batch details.
SELECT TNAME,B.BATCHID,RCID,SDYID,COURSEID,REPSTDID
* FROM TEACHERS T,BATCH B WHERE B.BATCHID=T.BATCHID

IX. Display the name of students along with course details.

SELECT NAME,C.COURSEID,COURSENAME,COURSEFEE FROM STUDENT S, COURSE C,
BATCH B WHERE
S.BATCHID=B.BATCHID
AND
* B.COURSEID=C.COURSEID;

X. Display the teachers name along with the students they teach.
SQL>

SELECT TNAME,NAME FROM TEACHERS T,STUDENT S

WHERE T.BATCHID=S.BATCHID;

XI. Display course and study centers that offer them.

SELECT COURSENAME,SDYNAME FROM COURSE C,SDYCENT S,BATCH B
WHERE
B.SDYID=S.SDYID
AND
* B.COURSEID=C.COURSEID;

XII. Display students name who read under teacher whose last name is sehgal.
SELECT NAME FROM STUDENT WHERE BATCHID IN(
SELECT BATCHID FROM TEACHERS WHERE
* UPPER(TNAME) LIKE '%SEHGAL%');

XIII. Display students and related regional centres.

SQL>

SELECT NAME, RCNAME FROM STUDENT S,REGCENT R,BATCH B

WHERE
R.RCID=B.RCID
AND
S.BATCHID=B.BATCHID;

XIV. Display STUDENTID of students and techersid.

SQL>

SELECT STDID,TCHID FROM STUDENT S, TEACHERS T

WHERE S.BATCHID=T.BATCHID;

XV. Display student, teacher and rc.

SQL>

SELECT NAME,TNAME,RCNAME FROM STUDENT S,TEACHERS T,REGCENT R,BATCH B

WHERE
S.BATCHID=T.BATCHID
AND
T.BATCHID=B.BATCHID
AND
B.RCID=R.RCID;

Ex 3: Design a suitable database system for a bank along with 20 possible queries to the database (the
queries should be such that their solution involves sub queries or joins or both). Implement the database
and the queries in a commercial DBMS using SQL.

Ans: Bank database :

create table acco_master (accno number(10) primary key,name * varchar2(10),balance number(10))
SQL>
insert into acco_master values(&accno,'&name',&balance)
Enter value for accno:111
Enter value for name:faraz
Enter value for balance:200000
SQL>
create table acco_trans(accno number(10),trans_date date,deb_cre
varchar2(10),check(deb_cre IN('debit','credit')),amount number(10), process varchar2(10)
check(process IN('yes','no')) foreign key (accno)references acco_master);
SQL> insert into acco_trans values(&accno,'sysdate,'&deb_cre',&amount, '&process');
Enter value for accno:111
Enter value for deb_cre:debit
Enter value for amount:1000
Enter value for process:yes

Session 2 : Creating Views, Indexes and Queries on Them

Ex 1 : Please attempt the following problems for the teacher, class and payscale relations given in this section.
(a) Create a view named supervisor_details that stores the names and numbers of all the supervisors.

Ans: create view supervisor_detail as

select f_name ||' '|| l_name as name from teacher where title='supervisor';
select * from supervisor_detail
(b) Create a non-unique index on the foreign key column of the class table.

Ans:

CREATE INDEX SCOTT.class_index ON SCOTT.CLASS

(CLASS_NO)
LOGGING
NOPARALLEL;

(c) Modify the view created in (a) and add details like salary, job title, joining date, birth date etc. of all
supervisors.

Ans:

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW SCOTT.SUPERVISOR_DETAIL

(NAME,salary,jobtitle,birthdate)
AS
SELECT f_name || ' ' || l_name AS NAME ,salary as salary ,title as jobtitle , birthdate as birthdate
FROM teacher
WHERE title = 'supervisor';

(d) Using the view created in (c) display details of all supervisors who have worked for more than 15 years.

Ans: select * from supervisor_detail where to_char(sysdate,'yyyy')- to_char(joiningdate,'yyyy') >=15

(e) Create a view that stores the details of all the teachers who are TGT and earning more than Rs.12000/-.

Ans: CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW SCOTT.TECHER_DETAIL

AS
SELECT * FROM teacher
WHERE title = 'TGT' and salary>12000 ;

(f) Drop the view created in (e).

Ans: drop view SCOTT.TECHER_DETAIL
(g) Create a non-unique index on the names of teachers in the teachers table.

Ans: create index t_name_index on teacher(f_name)

(h) Drop the index created in (b).

Ans: drop index CLASS_INDEX

(i) Create a view named teacher_info that only allows users to view the teacher id, name, salary and grade
of the teachers. It should not allow any user to change/update any information.
Ans: create view teacher_info as
select t_no, f_name ||' '|| l_name as Name, salary from teacher;

View created.
SQL> select * from teacher_info;

Granting permissions
SQL> grant select

on teacher_info
to system;
Grant succeeded.
(j) Create a view that displays details of all teachers who are in grade B and are more than 40 years old.
Ans:
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW SCOTT.TECHER_DETAIL1
AS
SELECT t_no ,f_name||' '||l_name as name,title,salary,
trunc(months_between(sysdate,birthdate)/12,0) age , grade from teacher, payscale
WHERE salary between min_limit and max_limit ;
select * from TECHER_DETAIL1 where age>40
Ex 2 : Design suitable views for the University database system (Exercise 1, question 2). For example, you
can create a view for the faculty giving him/her details of his/her students. Create at least 5 suitable queries
on each of the views created by you. Also create indexes for the University database system. For example,
you can create an index on student name, thus, allowing faster access to student information in the order of
student names. You must explain how the indexes created by you would enhance the performance of the
database system. Implement the above in a commercial DBMS using SQL.

Ans:
Ex 3 : Design suitable views and indexes for the Bank database system (Exercise 1, question 3). Create at
least 5 suitable queries on each of the views. Explain how the indexes created by you would enhance the
performance of the database system. Implement the above in a commercial DBMS using SQL.

Ans:
Session 3 : PL/SQL Control Loops and Procedures
Ex 1: Please perform the following using the following relations:
Teacher(t_no, f_name, l_name, salary, supervisor, joiningdate, birthdate, title)
Class(class_no, t_no, room_no)
Payscale(Min_limit, Max_limit, grade)
(a) Calculate the bonus amount to be given to a teacher depending on the following conditions:
I. if salary > 10000 then bonus is 10% of the salary.
II. if salary is between 10000 and 20000 then bonus is 20% of the salary.
III. if salary is between 20000 and 25000 then bonus is 25% of the salary.
IV. if salary exceeds 25000 then bonus is 30% of the salary.
Ans:
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE Calculate_Bonus(t_no in int) IS
Vbonus int;
Vtno int :=0;
Vsal int :=0;
BEGIN
Vbonus :=0;
Vtno :=t_no;
select salary into Vsal from teacher1 where t_no=Vtno;
if(Vsal<10000) then
Vbonus :=Vsal*(10/100);
elsif(Vsal between 10000 and 20000) then
Vbonus :=Vsal*(20/100);
elsif(Vsal between 20000 and 25000) then
Vbonus :=Vsal*(25/100);
elsif(Vsal >25000) then
Vbonus :=Vsal*(30/100);
end if;
dbms_output.put_line(Vbonus);
-- bonus :=Vbonus;
END Calculate_Bonus;
(b) Using a simple LOOP structure, list the first 10 records of the teachers table.
Ans: declare
fetchten teacher%rowtype;
cnt number :=0;
cursor curr
is
select * from teacher;
begin
open curr;
loop
exit when curr%notfound or cnt=10;
fetch curr into fetchten;

dbms_output.put_line(fetchten.t_no||' '||fetchten.f_name||' '||fetchten.l_name);

cnt :=cnt+1;
end loop;
close curr;
end;
(c) Create a procedure that selects all teachers who get a salary of Rs.20, 000 and if less than 5 teachers are
getting Rs.20, 000 then give an increment of 5%.
Ans:
declare
fetchten teacher%rowtype;
cnt number :=0;
cursor curr
is
select * from teacher;
begin
open curr;
loop
exit when curr%notfound ;
fetch curr into fetchten;
if fetchten.salary>20000 then
dbms_output.put_line(fetchten.t_no||' '||fetchten.f_name||' '||fetchten.l_name);
else
cnt :=cnt+1;
end if;
end loop;
if cnt<5 then
update teacher set salary=salary*1.05 where salary<20000;
dbms_output.put_line('Updated salary');
end if;
close curr;
end;
(d) Create a procedure that finds whether a teacher given by user exists or not and if not then display
teacher id not exists.

Ans:

create or replace procedure findteacher(teach in varchar2)

is
c_t_no teacher.t_no%type;
cnt number :=0;
cursor curr is
select t_no from teacher where f_name=teach;
begin
open curr;
fetch curr into c_t_no;
if curr%notfound then
dbms_output.put_line('The teacher you enquired does not exist');
else
dbms_output.put_line('The teachers id you enquired is '||c_t_no);
end if;
close curr;
end;

(e) Using FOR loop, display name and id of all those teachers who are more than 58 years old.

Ans:

create or replace procedure ShowAboveF8

is
C_F_NAME Teacher.F_NAME%Type;
C_L_NAME Teacher.L_NAME%Type;
begin
select F_NAME,L_NAME into C_F_NAME,C_L_NAME from teacher where
months_between(sysdate,birthdat DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(C_F_NAME||'
'||C_L_NAME);
* end;

(f) Using while loop, display details of all those teachers who are in grade A.

Ans:
(g) Create a procedure that displays the names of all those teachers whose supervisor is Suman.

Ans:

create or replace procedure StaffUnder(superv in varchar2)

is
temphold teacher%rowtype;
cursor curr is
select * from teacher where supervisor=superv;

begin
open curr;
loop
fetch curr into temphold;
exit when curr%notfound;
dbms_output.put_line(temphold.F_name);
end loop;
close curr;
end;
(h) Calculate the tax to be paid by all teachers depending on following conditions:
I. if annual salary > 1,00,000 then no tax.
II. if annual salary is between 1,00,001 and 1,50,000 then tax is 20% of the annual salary.
III. if annual salary is between 1,50,001 and 2,50,000 then tax is 30% of the annual salary.
IV. if salary exceeds 2,50,000 then tax is 40% of the annual salary.
Ans: create or replace procedure TaxCalc
is
t_F_Name teacher.F_Name%type;
t_Salary teacher.Salary%type;
tax teacher.Salary%type;
cursor curr is
select F_name,Salary*12 from teacher;
begin
open curr;
loop
fetch Curr into t_F_name,t_Salary ;
exit when curr%notfound;
if t_Salary<100000 then
tax:=0;
elsif t_Salary<150000 then
tax:=(t_Salary-100000)*0.20;
elsif t_Salary<250000 then
tax:=(t_Salary-150000)*0.30+50000*0.20;
else
tax:=(t_Salary-250000)*0.40+100000*0.30+50000*0.20;
end if;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(t_F_NAME||' OWES '||tax||' as Tax ');
end loop;
close curr;
end;
(i) Create a procedure that finds the names of all teachers with the job title PRT and if the number of
teachers returned is more than 10 than change the job title to TGT for the top 3 PRT teachers based on
their hiredate.
Ans: CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE CheckTGTExceed IS
Vcount int ;
Vmaxdate date ;
BEGIN
loop
select count(*) into Vcount from teacher1 where title='TGT' ;
select max(joiningdate) into Vmaxdate from teacher1 where title='TGT';
if(Vcount>2) then
update teacher1 set title='PRT' where joiningdate=Vmaxdate and title='TGT';
else
exit;
end if;
end loop;
END CheckTGTExceed;
Ex 2: Identify the need of procedures for the University database system; for example, you can create a
procedure that awards 2% grace marks for those students who have got 48% marks. Design at least 5 such
procedures. Implement these procedures using an embedded SQL.

Ans:

Ex 3: Implement at least five procedures for the Bank Database system using embedded SQL.

Ans: SQL>set serveroutput on

SQL>declare
cursor c_bank is select * from acco_trans;
v_bank c_bank%rowtype;
balance number(5);
begin

open c_bank;
loop
fetch c_bank into v_bank;
exit when c_bank%notfound;
if v_bank.process='no' then
update acco_trans set process='yes' where
accno=v_bank.accno;
if v_bank .deb_cre='credit' then
update acco_master set balance=balance+v_bank.amount
where v_bank.accno=acco_master.accno;
elsif v_bank.deb_cre='debit' then
update acco_master set balance=balance-v_bank.amount
where v_bank.accno=acco_master.accno;
elsif balance<=0 then
dbms_output.put_line('Transaction not possible');
end if;
end if;
end loop;
close c_bank;
end;
SQL>select * from acco_trans;
AccNo Trans_Date
Deb_Cre
Amt Pro
---------- -------------- ------------ --------- -------------1012
12-Jan-08 debit
5000 yes
1024
14-Feb-08 credit
100
yes
1987
04-Dec-07 credit
1000
yes
2345
17-Mar-08 credit
20000 yes
Cursor for BANK DATABASE
SQL > create table depositor (accno primary key , cname char(10))
Table created.
SQL > create table borrower (loanno number , cname char(10))
Table created.
SQL > create table loan( loanno number , brname char(10),amt number)
Table created.
SQL > create table acct-t( acctno number , bal number, brname char(10), foreign key (acctno)
references depositor (acctno)
Table created.
SQL > insert into depositor values (&accno , &cname );
Enter value for accno
: 101
Enter the value for cname : Alan
SQL > insert into acct-t values( &acctno , &bal , '&brname ');
Enter value for accno
: 101
Enter the value for bal
: 20000
Enter the value for brname : tvm
SQL > select * from depositor;
ACCNO
CNAME
101
Alan
102
Ann
103
Ben
SQL > select * from acct-t;
ACCNO
BAL
BRNAME
------------- ------------------- ---------------101
20000
tvm
102
10500
ekm
103
5000
tcr
SQL > create or replace trigger
declare
c varchar2 (20)
begin
if (:new.bal < :old.bal) then
insert into loan values (:new.accno, :new.brname , :old.bal-:new.bal);
select cname into c from depositor where accno = new.accno;
insert into borrower values (:new.accno,c);
endif;
end;
Trigger created.
SQL > update acct-t set bal = bal-5000 where acctno=101
1 row updated.
SQL >select * from borrower;
LOANNO
CNAME
---------------------------------

101
Alan
SQL >select * from loan;
LOANNO
BR NAME
101
tvm

AMT
15000

Session 4 : Cursors
Ex 1: Please perform the following using the following relations:
Teacher(t_no, f_name, l_name, salary, supervisor, joiningdate, birthdate, title)
Class(class_no, t_no, room_no)
Payscale(Min_limit, Max_limit, grade)
(a) Create a host language block to declare a cursor for displaying teacher numbers and their names for all
teachers having title PGT.
Ans: ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE E4a IS
vno int ;
Vname varchar2(30);
Vrec varchar2(100);
cursor c1 is select T_NO,F_NAME from teacher where TITLE='TGT';
BEGIN
--vno :=0;
--Vname :='';
Vrec :='';
open c1;
loop
exit when c1%notfound;
fetch c1 into vno,Vname;
Vrec :=vno ||' '|| Vname;
dbms_output.put_line(Vrec);
end loop;
close c1;
END E4a * ;
Procedure created.
SQL> exec e4a
6 Jatin
6 BBB
6 BBB
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
(b) Create a host language block using a cursor to calculate bonus for teachers as 5% of their salary.
Display on screen the teacher details along with the bonus given.
Ans: declare
vno int ;
Vname varchar2(30);
bonus int ;
cursor c1 is select F_NAME,salary from teacher;
begin
vno :=0;
Vname :='';
open c1;
dbms_output.put_line('Name Bonus');
dbms_output.put_line('-------------');
loop
exit when c1%notfound;
fetch c1 into Vname,vno;
bonus :=vno*(5/100);
-- dbms_output.put_line(vno||Vname);
dbms_output.put_line(Vname||', bonus: '||bonus);
end loop;
close c1;
* end;
(c) Write a host language block to delete all the rows from the teacher table where the salary is less than
Rs.5000.
Ans:
DECLARE
c_t_no teacher.t_no%TYPE;
c_f_name teacher.f_name%TYPE;
c_l_name teacher.l_name%TYPE;
c_salary teacher.salary%TYPE;
CURSOR c1 IS

SELECT t_no,f_name, l_name, salary

FROM teacher;
BEGIN
OPEN c1;
LOOP
FETCH c1 INTO c_t_no, c_f_name, c_l_name, c_salary ;
EXIT WHEN NOT c1%FOUND;
UPDATE teacher SET salary = salary * 1.10 WHERE salary < 5000;
END LOOP;
CLOSE c1;
END;
(d) Write a host language code to insert the supervisor information from teacher table to another table
called supervisor. The new table should have only those records where the job title is supervisor.

Ans:
DECLARE
CURSOR c2 IS
SELECT t_no,f_name, l_name, salary
FROM teacher ;
teacher_rec c2%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
OPEN c2;
FOR teacher_rec IN c2
LOOP
I F teacher_rec.salary > 20000
Teacher_rec.title = SUPERVISOR;
ENDIF;
END LOOP;
CLOSE c2;
END;
(e) Write a block in host language that deletes all the rows from teacher table if the teacher was hired for
more than 10 years.

Ans:

declare
vno int ;
Vname varchar2(30);
bonus int ;
cursor c1 is select T_NO,F_NAME from teacher
where trunc(months_between(sysdate,JOININGDATE) /12,0)>10;
begin
vno :=0;
Vname :='';
open c1;
loop
exit when c1%notfound;
fetch c1 into vno,Vname;
delete from teacher where T_NO =vno;
dbms_output.put_line('Delete'||vno);
end loop;
close c1;
end;

(f) Write a block in host language using cursor that displays the names of all teachers who will attain the
age of 60 years in the current year.

Ans:

declare
vno int ;
Vname varchar2(30);
bonus int ;
cursor c1 is select T_NO,F_NAME from teacher
where runc(months_between(sysdate,BIRTHDATE)/12,0)>45;
begin
vno :=0;
Vname :='';
open c1;
loop
exit when c1%notfound;
fetch c1 into vno,Vname;
-- delete from teacher1 where T_NO =vno;
dbms_output.put_line('name :'||Vname);
end loop;

close c1;
end;
(g) Write a block in host language using cursors that display teacher details along with the tax to be paid by
that teacher. The tax is calculated depending on following conditions:
I. if annual salary 1,00,000 then no tax.
II. if annual salary is between 1,00,001 and 1,50,000 then tax is 20% of the annual salary.
III. if annual salary is between 1,50,001 and 2,50,000 then tax is 30% of the annual salary.
IV. if salary exceeds 2,50,000 then tax is 40% of the annual salary.

Ans:
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE E4g(tid in int) IS
Vid int ;
Vmsal int ;
Vysal int;
tax int ;
Vtsal int ;
cursor c1 is select salary from teacher where t_no=tid;
BEGIN
open c1 ;
loop
exit when c1%notfound;
fetch c1 into Vtsal;
Vysal :=Vtsal*12;
if(Vysal<100000) then
dbms_output.put_line('no tax');
elsif(Vysal between 100001 and 150000) then
tax := Vysal*(20/100);
elsif(Vysal between 150001 and 250000) then
tax := Vysal*(30/100);
elsif(Vysal>250000) then
tax := Vysal*(40/100);
end if;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(tax);
close c1;
END E4g;
(h) Write a block in host language that displays the details of all those teachers who have reached
maximum limit of their grade.

Ans:
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE E4h IS
vno int ;
Vfname varchar2(30);
Vlname varchar2(30);
Vsalary int;
Vsup varchar2(30);
Vjdate date;
Vbdate date ;
Vtitle varchar2(30);
cursor c1 is select
T_NO,F_NAME,L_NAME,SALARY,SUPERVISOR,JOININGDATE,BIRTHDATE,TITLE from
teacher1,payscale WHERE salary= max_limit ;
BEGIN
open c1;
loop
exit when c1%notfound;
fetch c1 into vno,Vfname,Vlname,Vsalary,Vsup,Vjdate,Vbdate,Vtitle;
dbms_output.put_line('T_no'||vno||' '
||Vfname||Vlname||Vsalary||Vsup||Vjdate||Vbdate||Vtitle);
end loop;
close c1;
END E4h;
----------------------------or--------------------------SELECT distinct( grade), max(salary),title
from teacher1,payscale
WHERE salary= max_limit
group by salary,title,grade
Ex 2: Write at least four embedded SQL blocks having cursors for the University database system; for
example, you can create a cursor to update the examination marks of a student that are given in a list to the
students database. Implement these procedures using an embedded SQL.

Ans:
Ex 3: Implement at least five embedded SQL blocks having cursors for the Bank Database system.

Ans:
Session 5 : Error Handling And Transaction Management
Ex 1: Write an embedded SQL block along with exceptions to select the name of the teacher with a given
salary. If more than one row is returned than display more than one row retrieved. If no row is returned
then display no teacher with this salary.
Ans: CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE E5a(tid in int) IS
Vsal int;
Vfname varchar2(30);
Vrc int ;
BEGIN
select f_name, salary,count(*)as sasa into Vfname,Vsal,Vrc from teacher where t_no=tid group
by f_name,salary;
if(Vrc>=1) then
dbms_output.put_line('recoed found');
else
dbms_output.put_line('recoed not found');
end if;
EXCEPTION
when no_data_found then
raise_application_error(-20100,'not tid found enter the valid teacher id ') ;
dbms_output.put_line('envalid teacher id ');
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
NULL;
WHEN OTHERS THEN
Consider logging the error and then re-raise
RAISE;
END E5a;
Ex 2: Create a program that updates a record into the teacher table. Trap and handle the exception if the
teacher id is not available in the teacher table.
Ans: create or replace procedure UpdateSal(TeacherName in VARCHAR2)
is
cnt Number:=0;
tF_name teacher.F_Name%Type;
NoTeacherFound Exception;
Cursor curr
is
select salary from teacher where f_name=TeacherName;
BEGIN
open curr;
loop
fetch curr into tF_Name;
exit when curr%notfound;
cnt:=cnt+1;
end loop;
close curr;
if cnt<1 then
RAISE NoTeacherFound;
else
update teacher set salary=1.05*salary where F_Name=TeacherName;
end if;
EXCEPTION
When NoTeacherFound then
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR('-20003','No Teacher with this Name');
end;
Ex 3: Write a program with exceptions that displays the details of all those teachers who have reached
maximum limit of their grade. If no row is retrieved then raise the exception no teacher reached max limit
of grade.

Ans:
Ex 4: Insert at least 5 new rows in the teacher table and then try to rollback last 3 rows inserted to the
table. (Here, you are required to use save points).

Ans:

Ex 5: Write a program with exceptions that displays the names of all teachers who will attain the age of 60
years in the current year. If no row is retrieved than display suitable exception.

Ans:

Ex 6: Write a PL/SQL block that displays all the rows from teacher table if the teacher was hired for
more than 10 years and still a PRT. If no result than display suitable message.

Ans:
Ex 7: In all the embedded SQL program segments that you have created so far for the University and
Bank database system, create suitable error handling features.

Ans:

Ex 8: Experiment with DDL and DML commands along with COMMIT and ROLLBACK for the
Teacher, University and Banking databases.

Ans:
Session 6 : Triggers And Functions
Ex 1: Write a trigger that is fired before the DML statements execution on the TEACHER table. The
trigger checks the school timings based on SYSDATE. Beyond the School working hours the trigger raises
an exception, which does not allow any work to be happened.

Ans:
create or replace trigger Q1
before insert or update or delete on teacher
for each row
when (to_char (SYSDATE,'HH24') between 9 and 23)
begin
dbms_output.put_line('Cant Do any job outside school timings');
end;
Ex 2: Write a trigger that is fired before an UPDATE statement is executed for the teacher table. The
trigger should write the name of teacher, user name and system date in an already created table called
UPDATE_TABLE.

Ans:
CREATE TABLE UPDATE_TABLE( TEACHER_NAME VARCHAR2(20),USER_NAME VARCHAR2(20)
DEFAULT 'STUDENT', SYS_DATE DATE);
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER :
BEFORE UPDATE ON TEACHER
FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
BEGIN
INSERT INTO UPDATE_TABLE VALUES(:OLD.F_NAME,USER,SYSDATE);
END;
RESULTANT TABLE:
Jaideep

ANONYMOUS

07-JAN-08

Parag

ANONYMOUS

07-JAN-08

ON EXECUTING:
UPDATE TEACHER SET F_NAME=A WHERE F_NAME=Parag;
UPDATE TEACHER SET L_NAME=A WHERE L_NAME=Patel;

Ex 3: Write a trigger that is fired before any row is inserted in the teacher table.

Ans:
BEFORE UPDATE ON TEACHER
BEGIN
IF UPDATING THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('YOU ARE GOING TO UPDATE THE TEACHER TABLE');
END IF;
END;

Ex 4: Write a function and pass a job title to it. If the TEACHER table does not contain any row
corresponding to that title then return false otherwise true.

Ans:

create or replace function chk_fuct(f_title in varchar(20))

is
ff_name varchar(20);
cnt int;
begin
select f_name, count(*) into ff_name,cnt from teacher
where title=f_title;
if (cnt>=1) then
return 'Sucess';
else
return 'Not Sucess';
end if;
end chk_fuct;

Ex 5: Write a trigger that verifies the joining date when a new row is inserted in the teacher table.
Joining date should be greater or equal to current date.

Ans:

ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
create trigger e6_5
after insert on teacher
for each row
Declare
jdate teacher.joiningdate%TYPE;
cdate date;
begin
jdate:=new.joiningdate;
cdate:=sysdate;
if jdate>=cdate then
dbms_output.put_line('Joining date is fine');
commit;
else
rollback;
end if;
end;

Ex 6: Write a function that gets the teacher id as parameter and returns the class number associated with
that teacher. If the teacher is not a class teacher then give suitable message.

Ans:

DECLARE
C_id teacher.t_no%TYPE;
C_f_name teacher.f_name%TYPE;
want_id NUMBER := 110;
BEGIN
SELECT t_no, f_name INTO c_t_no, c_f_name from teacher
WHERE t_no = want_id;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUTLINE ( teacher : || c_t_no || ||c_f_name)
EXCEPTION
WHEN INVALID_NUMBER THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUTLINE(want_id || not a valid teacher id);
END;
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER new_teacher _id
AFTER INSERT ON teacher
FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
o_t_no teacher.t_no%TYPE;
o_joiningdate teacher.joiningdate%TYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT t_no_sequence.nextval
INTO o_t_no
FROM dual;
:NEW.t_no := o_t_no;
:NEW.joiningdate := SYSDATE;
END;

Ex 7: Write a function and pass a teacher id to it. If the TEACHER table does not contain that id then
return false otherwise true.

Ans:

Ex 8: Write a function that takes teacher id as parameter and returns back the name and joining date of
the teacher.

Ans:

Ex 9: Write appropriate triggers and functions for the University and Bank database systems.

Ans:

Create or replace trigger e6_9

After insert on teacher on univ
For each row
begin
Dbms_output.put_line(data inserted sucessfully);
end

Session 7 : Creating Object Types / Tables

Ex 1: Assuming that in the teacher relation an attribute of object type called dependent is added. Make
dependent a type that may consist of only one dependent. Add few records in the tables and output them
using a query on teacher name. Find if you can search on a dependent name.
Ans: SQL> create type dependent as object
(
name varchar(20)
);
Type created.
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
create table teacher(
t_no int,
f_name varchar(30),
l_name varchar(30),
salary int,
supervisor varchar(50),
joiningdate date,
birthdate date,
title varchar(50)
d_name dependent
*

Table created.
SQL> Insert into teacher values(
(10101, MP, Joshi, 30000, Mohan, 10-dec-08, 10-feb-07, TGT,
Dependent(sita)
);
1 row created.
Ex 2: Create at least two object types in both the University and Bank database systems. Use these object
types in few relations and enter some data into these relations. Query these databases.

Ans:
SQL>

ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
create type type4univ as object
(
name varchar(20),
phone number(10)
* );
Type created.

SQL> create type type4bank as object

(
branch varchar(20),
manager varchar(20)
);
Type created.
Session 8 : Nested Tables
Ex 1: Add a nested table in the teacher relation. Do some queries using nested tables?

Ans:

CREATE TABLE student_credits

(rollno NUMBER(5), s_name VARCHAR2(25), subject_credits NEW_TYPE)
NESTED TABLE subject_credits STORE AS new_type_table;
INSERT INTO student_credits
VALUES (100, suman , new_table ( new_type (english , 30), new_table ( new_type(hindi, 35)));
SELECT s.credit_hours FROM
THE (SELECT subjects_credit FROM student_credits WHERE s_name = suman) s
WHERE s.subject_name = english;
Ex 2: Create at least two nested tables for both the University and Bank database systems. Use these tables
and enter some data into these relations. Query these databases.

Ans:
CREATE TYPE address_t AS OBJECT (
street VARCHAR2(30),
city VARCHAR2(20),
state CHAR(2),
zip CHAR(5) );
/
CREATE TYPE address_tab IS TABLE OF address_t;
/
CREATE TABLE customers (
custid NUMBER,
address address_tab )
NESTED TABLE address STORE AS customer_addresses;
INSERT INTO customers VALUES (1,
address_tab(
address_t('101 First', 'Redwood Shores', 'CA', '94065'),
address_t('123 Maple', 'Mill Valley', 'CA', '90952')
) );

Session 9 : Storing Blobs

Ex 1: Identify the use of large object types in the teachers table. Do some queries using these objects.

Ans:
CREATE TABLE message (
msg_id NUMBER(8) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
email_add
VARCHAR(200),
name
VARCHAR (200),
message
CLOB,
posting_time DATE,
sort_key
VARCHAR (600));
DECLARE
Image10
BLOB;
image_number INTEGER := 101;
BEGIN
SELECT item_blob INTO image10 FROM lob_table10
WHERE key_value = image_number;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Image size is:'||DBMS_LOB.GETLENGTH(image10));
END;

Ex 2: Create at least two large objects for both the University and Bank database systems. Enter some data
into these relations. Query these databases.

Ans:
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
declare
image10 blob;
image_no integer:=101;
begin
select item_blob into image10 from universities
where t_no=Image_no;
dbms_output.put_line('Image size is:'||dbms_lob.getLength(image10);
end;
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
declare
image11 blob;
image_num integer:=01;
begin
select item_blob into image11 from Bank
where b_no=Image_num;

dbms_output.put_line('Image size is:'||dbms_lob.getLength(image11);

end;
Session 10 : User Management and Object Privileges
Ex 1: Create a user account class and give privileges related to table/view creation, deletion, updating
and dropping.

Ans:
CREATE USER class
IDENTIFIED BY pass;
GRANT CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, CREATE VIEW, DROP VIEW
TO class;
Ex 2: Create a student account and give permission to this account for only viewing the information on the
relation Class (class_no, t_no, room_no).

Ans:
DENY UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT ON employee TO student
GO
CREATE USER student
@Eclass_no int,
@St_no money,
@room_no int
GRANT EXECUTE ON student TO Class
GO

Ex 3: Create at least 3 to 4 different types of users for each of the database systems:
University and Bank. Design suitable access privileges for the users. Grant these permissions to the users.

Ans:
SQL> create user Murali identified by mpjoshi;
User created.
SQL> create user biku identified by deepak;
User created.
SQL> create user samir identified by rajak;
User created.
SQL> create user prashant identified by jain;
User created.
Creating access privileges:
t select, insert, update to Murali
grant options;
Grant succeeded.
t select, insert, update to biku
grant options;
Grant succeeded.
t select, insert, update to samir
grant options;
Grant succeeded.
t select, insert, update to prashant
grant options;
Grant succeeded.
Ex 4: Consider when you have a large number of students and teachers in the University databases that
have different access rights. Is there any mechanism in DBMS that allows defining an account type to some
specific role? If yes, then define such types for the University database system.

Ans:

Ex 5: Define different types of users for the Bank database and provide them suitable access rights.

Ans:
User Creation:
create user Manager identified by mgr1;
User created.
create user cashier identified by cash1;
User created.
create user clerk identified by clrk1;

User created.
create user General_manager identified by gm;
User created.
User rights assignments:
grant create table, update table,
drop table, create view, update view,
drop view to General_manager;
Grant succeeded.
grant create table, update table,
drop table, create view, update view,
drop view to Manager;
Grant succeeded.
grant update table,
create view, update view, to class;
Grant succeeded.
grant , update table,
drop table, , update view,to Clerk;
Grant succeeded.