1.2 find the independent nonlinearity, as defined in figure 1.4(b), for the
following set of inputs and outputs from a nearly linear system. Instrument was
designed for an output equal to twice the input. Full scale is 20.
Encontre a no-linearidade Independentes, conforme definido na figura 1.4 (b),
para o seguinte conjunto de entradas e sadas de um sistema quase linear.
Instrumento foi concebido para uma sada igual a duas vezes a entrada. Escala
completa 20.
1.2 - find the correlation coefficient r for the set of five inputs and outputs given
in problem 1.
Encontrar o coeficiente de correlao r para o conjunto de cinco entradas e
sadas de dados em um problema.A
CAPITULO 2
2.2 the practical limitation for wire spacing in potentiometer construction is
between 20 and 40 turns/mm. Find the resolution limitation for a translational
and rotational potentiometer. Propose a way to increase the resolution of a
rotational potentiometer.
a limitao prtica para o espaamento de arame na construo potencimetro
entre 20 e 40 voltas / mm. Encontre a limitao de resoluo para um
potencimetro de translao e rotao. Propor uma forma de aumentar a
resoluo de um potencimetro de rotao.
2.4 The electromotive force E for a thermocouple is given by (2.21). Calculate
and plot E for conditions in which the reference source is at 0C and
temperature varies from 0 CV to 50 C. The thermocouple material os copper
constantan with a=38,7mV/C and b=0,082mV/C2. How significant is the
second term in your calculations? Note that these calculated curves are not
exactly satisfied in the practical situation. Thus an experimental calibration must
be measured over the range of interest.
CAPITULO 4
4.1 what are the four main factors involved in the movement of ions across
the cell membrane in the steady-state condition?
Quais so os quatro principais fatores envolvidos no movimento de ons
atravs da membrana celular na condio de estado estacionrio?
4.2 Assume that life on Mars requires an anterior cell potential of +100mV and
that the extracellular cancentrations of the three major species are as given in
Example 4.1. Choose one species that has the permeability coefficient given,
and assume the other two permeabilities are zero. Design the cell by calculating
the concentration of the chosen species.
Assume-se que a vida em Marte requer um potencial celular de 100 mV
anterior e que as concentraes extracelulares de as trs espcies principais
esto indicados no Exemplo 4.1. Escolha uma espcie que tem o coeficiente de
permeabilidade dada, e assumir os outros dois permeabilidades so zero.
Desenhar a clula atravs do clculo da concentrao das espcies
escolhidas.
4.3 An excitable cell is impaled by a micropipette, and a second extracellular
electrode is placed close by at the outer-membrane suface. Brief pulses of
current are then passed between these electrodes, which may cause it to
conduct an action potential. Explain how the polarity of the stimulating pair
influences the membrane potential, and subsequently the activity, of the
excitable cell.
Uma clula excitvel empalado por uma micropipeta, e um segundo elctrodo
extracelular colocado perto na superfcie da membrana externa de uma.
Breves pulsos de corrente so ento passadas entre esses eletrodos, que o
podero levar a realizar um potencial de ao. Explicar como a polaridade do
par estimulante influencia o potencial de membrana, e, subsequentemente, a
actividade, da clula excitvel.
4.8 An excised, active nerve trunk serves as a bioelectricsource located on
the axis of a circular cylindrical volume conductor. Field potentials are recorded
at various radial distances from the nerve trunk from an appropriate electrode
4.15 Draw a typical lead II electrocardiogram and label all waves (P, QRS, T)
and intervals. Explain what is happening electrically within the heart during each
wave or interval.
Desenhe um tpico eletrocardiograma II e rotular todas as ondas (P, QRS, T) e
intervalos. Explique o que est acontecendo eletricamente dentro do corao
durante cada onda ou intervalo.
4.17 Why is it necessary for the ventricular action potential to have a relatively
long absolute refractory period?
Por que necessrio que o potencial de ao ventricular para ter um perodo
refratrio absoluto relativamente longo?
4.19 Explain the components of the ERG in terms of retinal cell activity.
Explicar os componentes do ERG em termos de atividade das clulas da retina.
4.24 Discuss in general terms the design of a spectrum analyzed for
automatic analynhsis of EEG waves.
Discutir em termos gerais a criao de um analisador de espectro para a
anlise automtica das ondas do EEG.