PREPARED BY :

NORAZLINA BINTI AHMAD SARAI

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Drill bits are cutting tools used to create

cylindrical holes. Bits are held in a tool called
a drill, which rotates them and provides
torque and axial force to create the hole.
Specialized bits are also available for
non cylindrical shaped holes.

DRILL - A rotary end cutting tool having one

or more cutting lips and having one or more
helical or straight flutes for the passage of
chips and the admission of a cutting fluid.
AXIS - The imaginary straight line which
forms the longitudinal center line of the drill.
BODY - The portion of the drill extending
from the shank or neck to the outer corners
of the cutting lips.

BODY DIAMETER CLEARANCE - That portion of

the land that has been cut away so it will not
rub against the walls of the hole.
CHISEL EDGE - The edge at the end of the web
that connects the cutting lips.
CHISEL EDGE ANGLE - The angle included
between the chisel edge and the cutting lip, as
viewed from the end of the drill.
CLEARANCE DIAMETER - The diameter over the
cut away portion of the drill lands.

DRILL DIAMETER - The diameter over the margins

of the drill measured at the point.
FLUTES - Helical or straight grooves cut or formed
in the body of the drill to provide cutting lips, to
permit removal of chips, and to allow cutting fluid
to reach the cutting lips.
FLUTE LENGTH - The length from the outer corners
of the cutting lips to the extreme back end of the
flutes. It includes the sweep of the tool used to
generate the flutes and, therefore, does not
indicate the usable length of the flutes.

HELIX ANGLE - The angle made by the leading edge

of the land with a plane containing the axis of the drill.

LAND - The peripheral portion of the body between

adjacent flutes.

LAND WIDTH - The distance in a transverse plane

between the leading edge and the heel of the land
measured at a right angle to the leading edge.

LIPS - The cutting edges of a two flute drill extending

from the chisel edqe to the periphery. (CORE DRILLS)
- The cutting edges extending from the bottom of the
chamfer to the periphery.

LIP RELIEF ANGLE - The axial relief angle at the outer

corner of the lip. It is measured by projection into a
plane tangent to the periphery at the outer corner of
the lip.
MARGIN - The cylindrical portion of the land which
is not cut away to provide clearance
NECK - The section of reduced diameter between
the body and the shank of a drill.
OVERALL LENGTH - The length from the extreme
end of the shank to the outer corners of the cutting
lips. It does not include the conical shank end often
used on straight shank drills, nor does it include the
conical cutting point used on both straight and taper
shank drills.

PERIPHERAL RAKE ANGLE - The angle between the

leading edge of the land and an axial plane at the
drill point.
POINT - The cutting end of a drill, made up of the
ends of the lands and the web. In form it
resembles a cone, but departs from a true cone to
furnish clearance behind the cutting lips.
POINT ANGLE - The angle included between the
lips projected upon a plane parallel to the drill
axis and parallel to the cutting lips.
SHANK - The part of the drill by which it is held
and driven.

TANG - The flattened end of a taper shank,

intended to fit into a driving slot in a socket.
TANG DRIVE - Two opposite parallel driving flats
on the extreme end of a straight shank.
WEB -The central portion of the body that joins
the lands. The extreme end of the web forms the
chisel edge on a two-flute drill.
WEB THICKNESS - The thickness of the web at the
point unless another specific location is indicated.
WEB THINNING - The operation of reducing the
web thickness at the point to reduce drilling
thrust.

The speed of a drill is usually measured in terms of the

rate at which the outside or periphery of the tool moves
in relation to the work being drilled.
The common term for this is Revolutions Per Minute or
rpm.
The most economical speed for operating a drill will
depend on many variables, some of which are:
1. Composition and hardness of material
2. Depth of hole
3. Efficiency of cutting fluid
4. Type and condition of drilling machine
5. Quality of holes desired
6. Difficulty of set-up

Most drill troubles arise from inaccurate pointing.

Correct drill pointing will to a great extent
eliminate drill breakage and inaccurate holes.
Drill pointing should be varied depending upon
the materials to be drilled, but for general use,
drills leave the factory sharpened to a 59 point
angle (118 included angle), 9 - 15 clearance
angle and with a chisel edge angle of 120 to
135.

CUTTING LIPS
The cutting lips must be of equal length. Even
though the point angle is equal on both sides, if the
cutting lips are not equal in length the chisel edge
will not be centered, and the drill will cut oversize.
A scale should be used to check the lengths of the
cutting lips.

LIP CLEARANCE
Sufficient clearance behind the cutting lips must be
provided so that the cutting edges can enter the
work. Usually 9 to 15 lip clearance is sufficient for
average work if the point is ground with the proper
angle and the proper clearance, but without the
proper contour back of the cutting edges, the cutting
lip will be weakened.

RIGHT
Correctly ground lips
have the same angle to
the axis of the drill and
are of equal length. An
accurate hole will be
produced with this point.

WRONG
Unequal lip lengths
produce oversize holes.
Unequal lip angles place
most of the cutting on
one lip and point dulls
faster.

RIGHT
A point with proper lip
clearance permits the drill
to cut freely. The cutting
lip is sufficiently supported
to prevent excessive
dulling or chipping.

WRONG
Too much clearance (over
15) will cause cutting lips
to break down. Insufficient
clearance (under 9)
requires excess feed
pressure, causes drill to
split up.

Drilling
A drill bit enters the
workpiece axially and cuts a
blind hole or a through hole
with a diameter equal to that of
the tool. A drill bit is a multipoint tool and typically has a
pointed end.
A twist drill is the most
commonly used, but other
types of drill bits, such as a
centre drill, spot drill, or tap
drill can be used to start a hole
that will be completed by
another operation.

Reaming
A reamer enters the
workpiece axially and
enlarges an existing hole
to the diameter of the
tool. A reamer is a multipoint tool that has many
flutes, which may be
straight or in a helix.
Reaming removes a
minimal amount of
material and is often
performed after drilling to
obtain both a more
accurate diameter and a
smoother internal finish.

Tapping
A tap enters the workpiece
axially and cuts internal
threads into an existing hole.
The existing hole is typically
drilled by the required tap
drill size that will
accommodate the desired
tap.
The tap is selected based
on the major diameter and
pitch of the threaded hole.
Threads may be cut to a
specified depth inside the
hole (bottom tap) or the
complete depth of a through
hole (through tap).

Boring
A boring tool enters the
workpiece axially and cuts
along the internal surface of
an existing hole to enlarge
the diameter or obtain more
precise dimensions.

The boring tool is a singlepoint cutting tool, which

can be set to cut the
desired diameter by using
an adjustable boring head.

Counterboring
A counterbore tool enters the
workpiece axially and enlarges
the top portion of an existing
hole to the diameter of the
tool. Counterboring is often
performed after drilling to
provide space for the head of a
fastener, such as a bolt, to sit
flush with the workpiece
surface. The counterboring tool
has a pilot on the end to guide
it straight into the existing
hole.

Countersinking
A countersink tool enters the
workpiece axially and enlarges the
top portion of an existing hole to a
cone-shaped opening.

Countersinking is often performed

after drilling to provide space for
the head of a fastener, such as a
screw, to sit flush with the
workpiece surface. Common
included angles for a countersink
include 60, 82, 90, 100, 118, and
120 degrees.

Many different materials are used for or on drill

bits, depending on the required application
Steels
Low carbon steel bits are used only in wood, as
they do not hold an edge well and require
frequent sharpening
High carbon steel are an improvement on lowcarbon steel due to the hardening and
tempering capabilities of the material. These
bits can be used on wood or metal, but lose
their temper, resulting in a soft cutting edge,
if overheated.

High speed steel(HSS) is a form of tool steel; HSS

bits are much more resistant to heat. They can
be used to drill metal and most other materials
at greater cutting speeds than carbon steel bits,
and have largely replaced carbon steels in
commercial applications.
Cobalt steel alloys are variations on high speed
steel which contain more cobalt. Their main
advantage is that they hold their hardness at
much higher temperatures, so they are used to
drill stainless steel and other hard materials. The
main disadvantage of cobalt steels is that they
are more brittle than standard HSS.