Name:

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EXAM 3, Thursday, April 9, 2015

NW 407/507: CHARACTERIZATION METHODS IN NONWOVENS
Instructions: This exam is closed book and closed notes. Read each question carefully. Units are
important, so be sure to include them (where appropriate) in your answers. Show your calculations.
Problem 1 (30 pts): (van Wyk Compression Model)

Initial Assembly

The van Wyk Model assumes that changes occur only in the - direction
(thickness) during the compression of a nonwoven assembly. Meanwhile, the
length and width (- and - directions) of the structure remain constant.
1. (10 pts) With the strain defined as =

(0 )
0

and the final packing density

defined as = , show that the strain can also be defined as =

0
0
=
= 1 = 1 =
1=
0
0
0

Stressed Assembly

2. (10 pts) What is the relationship, per van Wyk Model, between the compression stress or
pressure and both the initial and final packing densities?

= = (0 )3

3. (10 pts) Explain why the experimental and the model curves are on
either side of = 1 as shown on the graph above.
The packing density, , cannot realistically be more than 1 when the
total volume of fiber is that of the structure..

= ;

= 2 ;

; =

;=
2

; = , = [1 +2] ; = 2 [

21

1 +2

p1 of 3

Name:
By signing, I am signifying that I have neither received nor given help on any portion of this test.
Problem 2 (40 pts): (Sound Wave Analysis)
A sinusoidal sound wave with an intensity of 0.01W.m-2 and a frequency of 7.5 kHz travels in air at
a speed of 375 m.s-1. Air density is 1.12 kg.m-3.
1. (10 pts) Find the wave length of such sound.
= =

375
=
= 0.05 = 5

7.5 103

2. (5 pts) Find the distance between two points with a phase difference of 45.
2
45 360

=
= 0.05
= 0.0063
2
2

3. (10 pts) What is the maximum particle displacement subjected to such sound?
=

2
2 0.01
=
= 0.146 6 = 0.146
2

1.12 375 (2 7.5 103 )2

4. (15 pts) A particle displacement when subjected to such sound is in the form of:
= 1 (2 3 )
Find the values and units of all 3 constants.
= ( )

1 =___0.146__( )

2 =__375__(m.s-1)

3 =_2 7500 = 47,123( )

5. (10 pts) Calculate the impedance of air described in this exercise.

= = 1.12 375 = 420 . /

= ;

= 2 ;

; =

;=
2

; = , = [1 +2] ; = 2 [

21

1 +2

p2 of 3

Name:
By signing, I am signifying that I have neither received nor given help on any portion of this test.
Problem 3 (30 pts): (Sound Interaction with Media)
The vibrating air described in Problem 2 is propagating into a plane of water under which the
density is 1,000 kg.m-3 and the speed is 1480 m.s-1.
1. (5 pts) Describe what happened to incidental signal and its
Incidental
frequency when it reaches the plane of water.
Wave
Frequency assumed to remain unchanged for the signal portions.
Part of the signal is reflected back into air and another component is
absorbed by Water.

Air

Water

2. (10 pts) Calculate the signal component that remains in the air.

= 0.42 . and = 1000 1480 = 1480 . /

2
0.420 1480 2
=[
] =[
] = 0.9989 99.89%

+
0.420 + 1480

3. (10 pts) Calculate the signal component that is contained by the water.

2 2 1480 2 0.42 2
=
[
] =
[
] = .0011 = 1 0.9989 = 0.11%

+
. 42 0.42 + 1480
4. (5 pts) The incidental sound wave described in Problem 2 can be assessed in terms of its dB Level
according to:

dB = 10
0
a. What is 0 and why are sounds identified in terms of their dB level and not their pressure or
intensities?

0 = 1012 2 : Intensity of faintest sound detected by human

Human response to sound varies logarithmically rather than linearly.

b.

Calculate the dB level of such sound before it reaches the water plane. Based on its dB level,
what might have caused such sound?
102
dB = 10 12 = 100
10
Most loud machinery and regular sustained exposure may cause permanent damage

= ;

= 2 ;

; =

;=
2

; = , = [1 +2] ; = 2 [

21

1 +2

p3 of 3