BA201 Engineering Mathematic Unit 03 - Appofdiff

TOPIC 3
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
TOPIC 3 : APPLICATION OF THE

DIFFERENTIATION
3.1
UNDERSTAND THE APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
The differentiation is the subfield of Calculus and there is various Application of

Differentiation applied in real world. The differentiation is very important part of
Mathematics as it is used in many scientific fields. Differentiation can be defined as the
process of finding the Derivatives of the Functions. The examples of what can we find using
differentiation are the gradient of a curve, the stationary point of a curve, the maximum or
minimum value of an area and etc.
3.1.1 USE DIFFERENTIATION TO FIND THE GRADIENT OF A CURVE
Basically, gradient is another word for "slope". The higher the gradient of a graph at a point,
the steeper the line is at that point. A negative gradient means that the line slopes
downwards.
Figure 3.1
To find the gradient of a curve, we must draw an accurate sketch of the curve. At the point
where we need to know the gradient, draw a tangent to the curve. A tangent is a straight
line which touches the curve at one point only. We then find the gradient of this tangent.
PREPARED BY NIK AKHTAR NASUHA /WONG TUCK SUNG
TOPIC 3
Example 3.1 :
a)
Find the equation of the tangent of y = 4x2 - 12x + 10 at the point where x = 4.
Solution:
Given that y = 4x2 12 x + 10.
Differentiating y with respect to x,
26
dy
= 8x 12.
dx
dy
Substituting x = 4 into
,
dx
dy
We get
= 20
.
dx
Tangent
10
Figure 3.2
b) Find the gradient of each of the following curves at the point given.
(Lets try this question in class)
i)
at the point (5, 4) [Ans : 10]
(
)
ii)
at the point (5,0) [Ans : 45]
y= 4x2 12 x + 10
TOPIC 3
c) Given that the curve with equation

has gradient 2 at the point (3, -1). a
and b are constants. Find the value of a and b. (Lets try this question in class)
[Ans :
3.1.2 Find turning point/stationary point
For a function: y = f(x), a stationary point is a point on the function graph where the gradient
of the function is zero.If the gradient of the function changes sign at the stationary point,
then it is called a turning point, which can be a local maximum or local minimum:
(turning point)
(turning point)
Figure 3.3
TOPIC 3
Example 3.2
2
1) Given that y x 3x 7 , find the stationary point/ turning point of this curve.
Solution :
y x 2 3x 7
dy
2x 3
dx
at turning stationary/turning point, gradient is zero. Means :
2x 3 0
2x 3
3
x
2
Substitute x=3/2 into equation y :
2
3
3
y 3 7
2
2
9 9
so, turning point occured at
y 7
4 2
19
y
4
2)Find the stationary point on the curve

[Ans : (0,0) and (-2,-8)]
3 19
,
2 4
. (Lets try this question in class)
TOPIC 3
3.1.3 Determine maximum, minimum and point of inflection

1) We use the first derivative to know the coordinate of the stationary / turning points.
2) Then, we use the second derivative,
to determine whether the turning points is
maximum, minimum or point of inflection. The way to ensure that a stationary point
is the point of inflexion is that
dy
d2y
= 0 and
= 0.
dx
dx 2
Figure 3.4
f(x) = 0
f(x) > 0
f(x) < 0
f(x) < 0
f(x) > 0
f(x) = 0
f (x) > 0
f (x) < 0
b) Minimum point
a) Maximum point
c) Points of inflexion
f(x) < 0
Point of
inflection
f(x) > 0
f(x) < 0
f (x) = 0
Figure 3.5
f(x) > 0
TOPIC 3
Example 3.3:
Find the coordinates of the stationary points on each of the following curves and state their
nature (i.e. whether they are maxima, minima or points of inflection). Then, sketch the
curve.
a)
Solution :
1) Find the first derivative :
2) The turning point happen when the gradient is zero, so find the coordinate x when
3) Substitute the value of x into equation y to find the coordinate y.

( )
So, the coordinate of turning point : (

4) Use the second derivative,
)
to determine the nature of the point.
5) Find the Intersection point at x-axis (y=0) [only for quadatric equation]
)(
)
(
)(
6) Intersection point at y-axis (x=0) [only for quadatric equation]

( )
( )
(
)
y
7) Sketch the graph

4
-2
-8
(1, -9)
TOPIC 3
b)
c)
TOPIC 3
d)
e)
TOPIC 3
Example 3.4
a) Find the stationary point on the curve y = 2x3 - 5 and determine whether it is a
minimum, maximum or point of inflexion.
Solution:
y = 2x3 - 5
Therefore,
dy
= 6x2.
dx
For a stationary point,
dy
=0
dx
Therefore, 6x2 = 0
x = 0.
When x = 0 , y = 2 ( 0 ) 3 - 5 = -5.
Therefore, the stationary point is ( 0 , -5 ).
dy
d2y
Differentiating
with respect to x,
= 12x
dx
dx 2
d2y
When x = 0 ,
=0
dx 2
Therefore, the point ( 0 , -5 ) is a point of inflexion.

b) Find the point of inflection on the curve of y = f(x) = 2x3 6x2 + 6x 5.
TOPIC 3
3.2 Rate of change
A lot of physical quantities that exist in our daily lives change with respect to time. For
example, an electrical engineer may need to know the change of current in an electrical
circuit with respect to time. A building contractor may need to know the change of
expansion of concrete mix with respect to time in the building of a bridge. We call these
changes with respect to time, the rate of change. For the electrical engineer, we say he is
interested in the rate of change of current. For the building contractor, he is interested in
the rate of change of expansion of concrete mix.
In differentiation, we write
dI
or I (t ) to the rate of change of current, where I is the
dt
current and t the time. Similarly,
dE
or E ' (t ) represents the rate of change of expansion
dt
of concrete mix, where E is the expansion of concrete mix.
Example 3.5
a) If the radius of a circle increases at a rate of
1
cms-1, find the rate of change of area
5
of the circle when its radius is 10 cm.
Solution:
Let
Therefore,
r = radius,
A = area of circle
A = r2
dA
= 2 r
dr
10
TOPIC 3
dr 1
= cms-1
dt 5
dr
dA dA
The rate of change of area,

=
dr
dt
dt
1
= 2r
5
Given that
=
When r = 10,
2 r
5
dA
2 (10)
=
dt
5
dA
= 4 cm2 s-1
dt
b) If f ( t ) = t 3 4t + 8, what is the rate of change of f(t) when t = 3 and t = 5 ?

Solution:
Given that f(t) = t 3 4t + 8. The rate of change of f(t) is f (t). Then,
f (t) = 3t2 4
When t = 3 ,
f (t) = 3 (3)2 4 = 23.
When t = 5,
f (5) = 3 ( 5 )2 = 71.
c) Air is being pumped into a spherical balloon such that its radius increases at a rate of
0 .75 cm/s. Find the rate of change of its volume when the radius is 5 cm.
Solution :
The volume ( V) of a sphere with radius r is
Differentiating with respect to t, you find that
11
TOPIC 3
The rate of change of the radius dr/dt =0 .75 cm/s because the radius is increasing with
respect to time.
At r = 5 cm, you find that
dV
4 (5cm) 2 (0.75cm / s)
dt
75cm 3 / s
hence, the volume is increasing at a rate of 75 cm3/s .

d) A metallic cube expands in such a way that all its sides change at a rate of 2 cms-1.
Find the rate of change of its surface area when its volume is 125cm 3.
2 -1
[120 cm s ]
e) The radius of a circle increases at a rate of 0.5 ms-1. Find the rate of change of its
area when its circumference is 12 m long.[ 6 m2 s-1]
12
TOPIC 3
f) Sand is poured on a flat floor at a rate of 4 cm3 per second. The accumulating sand
forms a circular cone with its height always at
change of radius when its radius is 4 cm. [
3
of its radius. Find the rate of
4
1
cm s-1]
3
13
TOPIC 3
3.3 Solve Optimization Problems
Many application problems in calculus involve functions for which you want to find
maximum or minimum values. The restrictions stated or implied for such functions will
determine the domain from which you must work. The function, together with its domain,
will suggest which technique is appropriate to use in determining a maximum or minimum
value.
GUIDELINES FOR SOLVING MAX./MIN. PROBLEMS

Steps in solving problems on maxima and minima :
1) Express the quantity that has to be maximized or minimized in terms of only one
variable based on the given information.
Let V (volune) be the quantity that has to be maximized or minimized. Thus, express
V in terms of only one variable, let it be x.
2) Find and solve the equation
to determine the value of x.
3) Find
. Substitute the value of x that is found into
. If the value negative, value
V is maximum. If the value positive, value V is minimum.

4) Calculate the maximum or minimum value of V by substituting the value of x into V.
Example 3.6
a) A rectangle has a perimeter of 100m. Find the length and the width of the rectangle
so that ractangle has a maximum area.[x=25, y=25]
14
TOPIC 3
b) The variables x and y are related by the equation

value of L for which
Find the maximum
c) A box has the shape of a cuboid. Its height is y m. It has a square base of side x m. If
the volume of the box is 64 , find the value of x and y such that the total surface
area of the box is a minimum.
15
TOPIC 3
d) An open rectangular box with square base is to be made from 48 cm 2 of material.

What dimensions will result in a box with the largest possible volume ?
Solution :
Let variable x be the length of one edge of the square base and variable y the height of the
box.
The total surface area of the box is given to be

48 = (area of base) + 4 (area of one side) = x2 + 4 (xy) ,
so that
4xy = 48 - x2
or
.
We wish to MAXIMIZE the total VOLUME of the box
16
TOPIC 3
V = (length) (width) (height) = (x) (x) (y) = x2 y .

However, before we differentiate the right-hand side, we will write it as a function of x only.
Substitute for y getting
V = x2 y
= 12x - (1/4)x3 .
Now differentiate this equation, getting
V' = 12 - (1/4)3x2
= 12 - (3/4)x2
= (3/4)(16 - x2 )
= (3/4)(4 - x)(4 + x)
=0
for
x=4 or x=-4 .
But
since variable x measures a distance and x > 0 .
If
x=4 cm. and y=2 cm
then V = 32 cm3 is the largest possible volume of the box.
e) A container in the shape of a right circular cylinder with no top has surface area 3
cm2 What height h and base radius r will maximize the volume of the cylinder ?
Solution :
Let variable r be the radius of the circular base and variable h the height of the cylinder.
17
TOPIC 3
The total surface area of the cylinder is given to be

(area of base) + (area of the curved side)
,
so that
or
.
We wish to MAXIMIZE the total VOLUME of the cylinder
V = (area of base) (height)
However, before we differentiate the right-hand side, we will write it as a function of r only.
Substitute for h getting
.
Now differentiate this equation, getting
18
TOPIC 3
=0
for
r=1 or r=-1 .
But
since variable r measures a distance and r > 0 .
If
r=1 cm and h=1cm
then
cm3
is the largest possible volume of the cylinder.
3.4 DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION

Lets consider an object that moves along a straight line from a fixed point O.
After t seconds, let s represents its displacement from O. As s is dependent on t, we say
that s is a function of t. Hence,
Displacement, s = f (t)
Similarly, if v represents its velocity and a represents its acceleration,
Velocity, v =
ds
,
dt
Acceleration, a
dv
.
dt
Therefore,
ds
and
dt
dv
.
dt
d ds
dv
d2 s
a=
=
=
.

dt dt
dt
dt
a=
19
TOPIC 3
Example 3.7
1) An object P moves along a straight line such that its displacement, s meter, from the
fixed point O after t seconds is given as s = 8t2 t3. Find
a. the distance traveled by P in the third second.
b. the velocity of P after 1 second.
c. the acceleration of P after 2 seconds.
Solution:
a.
s = 8t2 t3
at t = 3 ,
at t = 2 ,
S3 = 8 ( 3 )2 - ( 3 )3 = 8 (9) - 27 = 45 m
S2 = 8 ( 2 )2 - ( 2 )3 = 8 (4) - 8 = 24 m
Therefore, the distance traveled by P in the third second
b.
c.
= S 3 S2
= 45 24
= 21 m .
ds
The velocity, v = dt = 16 t 3t2 .
When t = 1,
v = 16 (1) 3 (1)2 = 16 3 = 13ms-1
The acceleration, a =
dv
= 16 6t .
dt
When t = 2,
a = 16 6(2) = 16 12 = 4ms-2
2) A police patrol car is chasing a robber along the straight highway in Kuantan. The
displacement s meter, t seconds after passing through Kuantan is given as s = t3 - 6t
+ 5t. Find
a. the velocity of the car when it returns to Kuantan.
b. the velocity of the car when its acceleration is zero.
Solution:
20
TOPIC 3
a.
When the car is back in Kuantan, s = 0. Hence,

t3 6t2 + 5 t = 0
t ( t2 6t + 5 ) = 0
t (t 1 ) ( t 5 ) = 0
Therefore, t = 0 , 1 or 5 s.
ds
= 3 t2 12t + 5
dt
v = 3 (0)2 12 (0) + 5 = 5 ms-1
v = 3 (1)2 12 (1) + 5 = -4 ms-1
v = 3 (5)2 12 (5) + 5 = 20 ms-1
The velocity, v =
When t = 0,
When t = 1,
When t = 5,
When the car first passes through Kuantan, v = 5 ms-1 .

The velocity of the car when it returns to Kuantan -4 ms-1 and 20 ms-1.
b.
The acceleration, a =
dv
= 6 t 12.
dt
When a = 0 ,
6 t 12 = 0
6t =12
12
t=
= 2s
6
Hence, the velocity then is
v = 3 (2)2 12(2) + 5
= 12 24 + 5
= -7 ms-1.
3) A particle moves in a straight line from fixed point O such that its displacement,
s meter, t seconds after passing O is given by
a. Find the initial velocity.
b. Find the acceleration when the velocity is 6 m/s.
c. What is the displacement and velocity of the particle at 2 seconds.
a.
The initial velocity occurs when
21
TOPIC 3
( )+ ( )
= 30 m/s
b.
24
(
)(
)
( )
When,
( )
When,
c.
When
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
4) A particle moves along a straight line. Its displacement, meter from point
second after passing through point is given by
. Calculate :
a. the distance of the particle at the fourth seconds,
b. the displacement of the particle when its stop at moment,
c. the acceleration of the particle at
.
Solution :
a.
22
TOPIC 3
b.
)
and
when t = 0s ,
when t = 6s ,
( )
( )
( )
( )
c.
When
( )
5) A particle moves on a straight line according to

in meter and time, t
in seconds after passing through the fixed point O.
a. Find the total distance of the particle in the first 4 seconds.
b. Find the distance at the time t=2s.
c. Find the displacement travelled by the particle in the third seconds.
d. Find the velocity of the particle when t=3s.
e. Find the acceleration when t=2s.
23
TOPIC 3
24
TOPIC 3
Activity 3(a)
1. Find the stationary points on the following curves and determine whether these
points are minimum, maximum or point of inflexion.
a. y = 2x - x2
b. y = 4x3 - 3x4
c. y = 2x ( x - 1 )2
( x 2) 2
x
3
e. y = x - 3x2 + 2
f. y = x3 - 9x2 + 24x - 6
d. y
2. Find the minimum and maximum point of these functions and sketch their graphs.
a. y = x2 x 6
b. y = -x2 + 3
25
TOPIC 3
Feedback for Activity 3(a)

1.
a.
( 1, 1 ) maximum point.
b.
( 1 , 1 ) maximum point, ( 0 , 0 ) point of inflexion.
c.
( 1 , 0 ) minimum, (1/3 , - 4/9 ) maximum.
d.
( 2 , 0 ) minimum, ( -2 , -8 ) maximum.
e.
( 0 , 2 ) maximum, ( 2 , -2 ) minimum.
f.
( 2 , 14 ) maximum, ( 4 , 10 ) minimum.
1 25
2. a. minimum point at ( , )
2 4
.
b. maximum point at ( 0 , 3 )
y
(0 , 3)
-x
1 25
( , )
2
4
26
TOPIC 3
Activity 3(b)
1.
An object moving along a straight line travels s meter, t seconds after passing
point O. Find its velocity and acceleration after 2 seconds.
a.
b.
c.
s = t3
s = 3t2 + t + 1
s = 3t4 4t3
2.
An object moving along a straight line travels s meter, t seconds after passing
point O is given as s = t 3 3 t2. find its velocity when its acceleration is
.
3.
A car starts from a stationary position and moves s meter along a straight line
after t seconds. Given that s = t2 ( t + 2 ), find
a. its acceleration, a, after 4 seconds.
b. the time, t , when its velocity is 39 ms-1.
c. the distance traveled during the fourth second.
4.
A car is traveling along a straight highway in Ipoh. The displacement s meter,

t seconds after passing through Ipoh is given as s = 27 t t3. Find
a. the value of s when the car stops momentarily.
b. its velocity, v, when the car is passing through Ipoh again.
27
TOPIC 3
Feedback for Activity 3(b)

12ms-1, 12 ms-2
13ms-1, 6 ms-2
48 ms-1
1.
a.
b.
c.
2.
24ms-1
3.
a.
b.
c.
28 ms-2
3s
51 m.
4.
a.
b.
54
-54ms-1
28
TOPIC 3
Activity 3(c)
1) The demand equation of a good is
, where Q is the level of output.
Given that the total revenue is T=PQ. Find the level of output that maximizes total
revenue. Calculate the maximum total revenue.
2) The demand equation of a good is (
) , where Q is the level of output.
Given that the total revenue is T=PQ. Find the level of output that maximizes total
revenue. Calculate the maximum total revenue.
3) A firms output function is given by
, where L denotes the number
of workers. Find the size of the workforce that maximizes output. Calculte the
maximum output.
4) A firms output function is given by
, where L denotes the number of
workers. Find the size of the workforce that maximizes output. Calculte the
maximum output.
5) The sum of two positive numbers is 50. Find the numbers if the sum of their squares
is a minimum.
6) An open water tank with square base has a volume of
. Given that the square
base has sides of length x metres. Show that the surface area of the tank, A, is given
by
. Find the minimum surface area of the tank and the corresponding
value of x.
7) A closed container is in the shape of a cuboid with a base length twice its width, is to
be made with 48m2 of thin metal sheet. Show that the volume of the cuboid is given
by
where x is the width of the base. Hence, find the maximum
volume of the cuboid.
29
TOPIC 3
Feedback for Activity 3(c)

1.
Q = 10 ; T = 200
2.
Q = 166.7 ; T = 3042.9
3.
L = 20 ; Q = 800
4.
L = 12.25 ; Q = 22500
5.
25 ; 25
6.
108m2 ; 6
7.
30
TOPIC 3
SELF ASSESSMENT 3 (a)
1.
For each of the following functions, find the stationary point and state its type
a. f(x) = x2 - 4x + 2
b. b. f(x) = x3 12x
( x 3 16)
c. f(x) =
x
d. d. f(x) = ( x 1)(x + 2 )2
3 x3
. Show that this curve has only one stationary point.
x2
Subsequently, state whether this point is the minimum or maximum point.
2. A curve is given as y =
3.
The curve y = x3 + ax2 + bx + c passes the point (1 , 1) and its stationary points are at x
= -1 and x = 3 . Find the values of a, b and c.
4.
Find the minimum and maximum point of these functions and sketch their graphs
a. y = 2x2 5x 3
b. y = 4x2 + 3x 1
31
TOPIC 3
SOLUTION : SELF ASSESSMENT 3(a)

1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
(2 , -2) minimum .
(2 , - 16) minimum, (-2 , 16) maximum.
(2 , 12) minimum .
(0 , -4) minimum, (-2 , 0) maximum.
2. minimum
3. a = -3, b = -9 and c = 12.
4. minimum point at (
5 49
, )
4 8
b.
3 25
minimum point at ( , )
8 16
y
-x
-x
32
TOPIC 3
SELF ASSESSMENT 3 (b)

1.
Find the maximum and/or minimum point for the following functions
a.
y = 2x2 -5x + 4
b.
y = 4 -3x2
2.
Find the minimum velocity if v
3.
Find the minimum value of x2 + 2y2 if x and y are related by the equation
x +2y = 1.
4.
Given that y = 2x 3 + 2x2 - 7x - 8. Determine the gradient of the tangent at the

point (2, 2). Subsequently, find the coordinates of another point that has a
tangent with the same gradient.
5.
An object is moving along a straight line such that its displacement, s meter
from a fixed point O, after t seconds, is given as s = t2 - 5t + 6.
a.
How far is its displacement from O initially?
b.
When will the object be at rest momentarily?
c.
Find the time when the object is back to its starting position.
6.
Tenaga National estimates that the demand for electricity t months from
2t 3
.
3t 3
January is x 0.05t 2 2t 10 , where x is in millions of units per month. The

profit U (in million RM) is estimated as U 0.001x2 0.1x 0.25 .
Find the rate of change of profit 6 months from January.
8.
A cuboid with a square base is to be made with
of thin metal sheet.
Show that the volumes, V is given by
, where x is the length of
the base. Find the maximum value of the cuboid.

9.
X cm
r cm
33
TOPIC 3
The above diagram consists of rectangle of length x cm and two semicircles,

each radius r cm. The perimeter of the diagram is 400cm. Given that the area
of the diagram is A
, show that
(
). Hence, find
a) the value of r such that A is maximum.
b)
the maximum value of A.
SOLUTIONS: SELF ASSESSMENT 3(b)
1.
5 7
( , )
4 8
a.
minimum point is
b.
maximum point is (0, 4)
2.
minimum value is 2.25.
3.
0.333
4.
25, ( 2.67 ,-13.04 )
5.
a.
6 meter
b.
t=
c.
at t = 2 and t = 3 seconds.
6.
5
2
0.596.
7.
8.
a)
34

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TOPIC 3

TOPIC 3 : APPLICATION OF THE

UNDERSTAND THE APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION

The differentiation is the subfield of Calculus and there is various Application of

3.1.1 USE DIFFERENTIATION TO FIND THE GRADIENT OF A CURVE

PREPARED BY NIK AKHTAR NASUHA /WONG TUCK SUNG

PREPARED BY NIK AKHTAR NASUHA /WONG TUCK SUNG

c) Given that the curve with equation

3.1.2 Find turning point/stationary point

PREPARED BY NIK AKHTAR NASUHA /WONG TUCK SUNG

at turning stationary/turning point, gradient is zero. Means :

2)Find the stationary point on the curve

PREPARED BY NIK AKHTAR NASUHA /WONG TUCK SUNG

. (Lets try this question in class)

3.1.3 Determine maximum, minimum and point of inflection

to determine whether the turning points is

PREPARED BY NIK AKHTAR NASUHA /WONG TUCK SUNG

3) Substitute the value of x into equation y to find the coordinate y.

So, the coordinate of turning point : (

6) Intersection point at y-axis (x=0) [only for quadatric equation]

7) Sketch the graph

PREPARED BY NIK AKHTAR NASUHA /WONG TUCK SUNG

(Lets try this question in class)

PREPARED BY NIK AKHTAR NASUHA /WONG TUCK SUNG

(Lets try this question in class)

PREPARED BY NIK AKHTAR NASUHA /WONG TUCK SUNG

For a stationary point,

Therefore, the point ( 0 , -5 ) is a point of inflexion.

PREPARED BY NIK AKHTAR NASUHA /WONG TUCK SUNG

3.2 Rate of change

current and t the time. Similarly,

of concrete mix, where E is the expansion of concrete mix.

of the circle when its radius is 10 cm.

PREPARED BY NIK AKHTAR NASUHA /WONG TUCK SUNG

The rate of change of area,

b) If f ( t ) = t 3 4t + 8, what is the rate of change of f(t) when t = 3 and t = 5 ?

Differentiating with respect to t, you find that

PREPARED BY NIK AKHTAR NASUHA /WONG TUCK SUNG

hence, the volume is increasing at a rate of 75 cm3/s .

PREPARED BY NIK AKHTAR NASUHA /WONG TUCK SUNG

PREPARED BY NIK AKHTAR NASUHA /WONG TUCK SUNG

3.3 Solve Optimization Problems

GUIDELINES FOR SOLVING MAX./MIN. PROBLEMS

. Substitute the value of x that is found into

. If the value negative, value

V is maximum. If the value positive, value V is minimum.

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b) The variables x and y are related by the equation

Find the maximum

(Lets try this question in class)

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d) An open rectangular box with square base is to be made from 48 cm 2 of material.

The total surface area of the box is given to be

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V = (length) (width) (height) = (x) (x) (y) = x2 y .

since variable x measures a distance and x > 0 .

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The total surface area of the cylinder is given to be

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since variable r measures a distance and r > 0 .

is the largest possible volume of the cylinder.

3.4 DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION

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Therefore, the distance traveled by P in the third second