2013-09-11 - Climate Themes and Factors

Climate analysis
Principle, examples and case studies

ARCHITECTURE
Luca
FinocchiaroAND CLIMATE
AAR4832+AAR4532 // Climate and built forms
Climate as a source for making architecture

Built forms as tools for environmental control
ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE
Environmental control compass termites

Internal temperature is constantly within 1 degree of 31
Celsius, day and night, summer and winter, while the external
temperature varies between 3 C to 42 C. This is achieved by
building a wedge shaped tower mound of 3 Metres height
which always points North. As the tower heats up, air inside
rises drawing fresh cool air from below. Also the wind blowing
across the top of the mound helps to suck in fresh air through
the nest. And the termites regulate the flow of air through
their nests, by blocking and unblocking the channels.
Biomimicry process _
learning from nature
Biological models inspiring thermal models for environmental control.
1150
Macrobius
1230
Sacrobosco
2010
G-Econ project
humans historically tended to habit environments with

favourable climatic conditions
Vs.
Climate rejecting buildings

Aggressive compact shapes
neglecting any sort of dialogue with
the external environment.
Climate adapted buildings

Sensitive forms whose aiming at
maximizing the use of external
resources.
The
Theshelter
shelter
Modifying the natural
environment to approach
optimum condition of
liveability. The shelter should
filter, absorb or repel
environmental elements
according to their beneficial
or adverse contributions to
mans comfort.
Source: Victor Olgyay, Design with climate.
Temperature
Relative humidity
Variables affecting thermal comfort are the most important for

bioclimatic architectural design.
Psychrometric chart as basic scientific tool for cioCLIMAtic design
Classifications of climates
Kppen-Geiger climates chart (1936) based on monthly Temperature

and precipitations values and spontaneous vegetation (expression of
climatic factors action).
10
Koppen-Geiger
11
Climatic
_ bioclimatic
design.
Koppenzones
Geiger
climatesarchitectural
classification
Cool
Temperate
Hot arid
Warm humid
12
Victor Olgyay (1963). Vernacular architecture diversity & similarities
Source: V. Olgyay,
Design with climate
Cool
Temperate
Hot arid
Warm humid
13
Climatic design archetypes

Cold
Temperate
Hot dry
Warm humid
14
Cold climates
Challenge _ extremely cold temperatures and high relative humidity
values in winter. Main concerns: lack of heat or heat losses.
15
Cold climates Vancouver
Passive solar heating
Green roofs
16
Climatic design archetypes _ cold climates

Minimizing heat losses through insulated (u-values walls - 0.12 W/m2 and
low glass/ratio) and extremely airtight envelopes in order to avoid
thermal losses through ventilation (infiltration<0,5 ach).
17
Compact shapes minimizing the contact surface with the exterior are
preferable
Norman Foster, London City hall
18
Norman Foster, the Gherkin
19
Thermal mass might be helpful when not continuously heated
Norman Foster, the Gherkin
20
Climatic design archetypes _ cold climates

light weight construction are
faster to warm up
21
Cold climates - Innsbruck, Tyrol
Wohnhaus Hottigerau,
Kathan-Schranz, Strolz architects, 1996.
Equator facing windows are necessary tools for solar heating (their
use is often coupled with thermal mass)
Glazed balcony
22
Cold climates Herne, Germany
Academie Mont-cenis,
Jourda and Perraudin architects
Greenhouse
23
hot-dry climates
Challenges _ overheating problems with dry air, usually characterized
by large diurnal temperature variation. Potential _ Evaporative
cooling.
24
Climatic design archetypes _
hot-dry climates
Ostuni _ White paints act as selective

surface and high emittance
25
hot dry climates _ Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)
Wind towers
Patios
Thermal mass
26
hot dry climates _ Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)

Thermal mass
Large diurnal range (up to 20K)
suggest the use of large thermal mass
in the walls but also in roof with big
thermal capacity.
27
hot dry climates _ El Cairo Qaa with durqaa
Outdoor climate is often hostile. Internal

patios permit the creation of a more
perfect microclimate in substitution to the
exterior one (cooler air thanks to thermal
stratification effects, often coupled with
vegetation and fountains for evaporative
cooling).
28
hot dry climates _ Dahka
ARCHITECTURE
AND CLIMATE
Louis Kahn, Parlament
of Dahka
29
HenningLarsen / Minestry of foreign affairs Riyadh

30
31
32
Warm-humid climates
_ not that hot but aggravated by high humidity values _ evaporation
potential.
33
warm humid climate _ Hong Kong
Ventilation
Solar shading
34
Climatic design archetypes _ warm-humid climates

Typical house: elevated
house to catch the wind
and using lightweight
construction.
Warm-humid climates are
located around the
equator where the roof
receive high radiation
because the sun is in the
zenith (this can be
avoided: using a reflective
roof surface or skin, having
an attic, ensuring
adequate ventilation of
the attic, resistive insulation
on the ceiling)
Small windows in east and
west to avoid penetration
of heat gains from lowangle sun.
Cooling effect _ cross
ventilation strategies.
35
warm humid climate _ Japan
Ventilation + Solar shading

36
Wind _ passive systems
GLENN MURCUTT, MARIKA ALDERTON HOUSE, Australia, 1991-1994
small diurnal variation _ massive walls are thus not worth.
37
Temperate climates _ Rome

Challenges _ characterized by a seasonal variation between under
heated and overheated periods.
38
temperate climates _ Rome
Solar shading, greenhouses, ventilated roof, patios, Trombe wall
39
temperate climates _ La Coruna, Spain
Filters (shutters, in-between spaces, shading, )
Characterized by seasonal differences

Under-heating problems in wintertime suggest the use of low u-value envelopes (<0,7
W/m2) coupled with equator facing windows for passive solar heating.
The same window can generate overheating problems in summertime. Shading
device are thus required in summer time in combination with the use of natural
ventilation strategies.
Day-Night temperature differences might suggest the use of heavy weight construction
systems.
40
Filters _ Coderch, residential block in Barceloneta, Barcelona
41
Filters _ Coderch, shaded balconies
42
Climatic factors
43
bioclimatic architecture
is a regionalist approach to architectural design based on the
understanding of the local climate and the exploitation of naturally
available resources.
44
Ken Yeang _ Bioclimatic skyscrapers
Spiralling gardens, that are used for shading, cooling and filtering air. Plants improve air
quality by removing particulate matter, carbon dioxide and volatile organic compounds
and by humidifying air. // variable deep air zones at the facades of buildings, in the form of
large open-to-the-sky naturally ventilated atriums with louvered-coverings, or recessed
balconies, or large sky courts.
45
Green buildings today aim not only at containing their operational
energy demand but at also reducing
their environmental
impact in a life cycle perspective.
Norwegian buildings are responsible for:

40% national energy use
20% of waste
40% material use
14 % of CO2 emissions
Countries by CO2 emissions
46
47
ACTIVE hybrid
PASSIVE
FIRE
EARTH
AIR
solar
heating
Natural
ventilation
WATER
Thermal mass
Green roofs
Rain
harvesting,
solar thermal,
humidification
Hybrid passive
downdraught
cooling
PV
Mircoeolic
Geothermal
Thermal,
humidification,
Waves
movement
48
SUN
49
Luca Finocchiaro
Solar radiation potential _ Source: NASA

the entire climate is driven by the energy input from the sun, determining
variations of atmospheric temperature and relative humidity values.
50
Annually-averaged air temperature (1961-90)
ARCHITECTURE
AND CLIMATE
Source: Robert A. Rohde for Global Warming Art.
51
The sun
It is fundamental to understand the movement of the sun and the
quantity of radiation coming all along the year.
The earth moves around the sun on a slightly elliptical orbit (Earth axis is
titled by 23.5to the plane of the sun orbit).
52
The sun
Sun position can be determined by:
Altitude (0 - horizon; 90 - zenit)
Azimuth (0 North, 90 E, 180 S, 270 W)
53
Sun path diagrams _ stereographic
Altitude
175Azimuth
2D representations of the movement of the sun all along the year
54
Variability according to the latitude
Source: S. Szokolay, Introduction to architectural science.
55
Sun path diagrams _ orthographic

175
35
Altitude
175Azimuth
Orthogonal representation on a cylindrical surface (0 - N, 180 S, etc. )
56
Solar radiation
100%
Only 20% circa of the solar radiation
emitted by the sun reach the earth surface
40% - 1353 W/m2
Average = 164 Watts per square meter

over a 24 hour day.
So the entire planet receives 84
Terrawatts of Power (our current
worldwide consumption is about 12
Terrawatts)
Source: V.Olgyay, Deisgn with climate
57
Solar radiation
Irradiation on the earth surface vary with:
1 angle of incidence
2 depletion due to the atmosphere
(distance in relation to the angle)
3 duration of sunshine and daylight also
in relation to the topography.
58
Solar radiation
Irradiation on a surface can be
measured in:
- Irradiance W/m2
- Irradiation over a time period
Wh/m2 (area inside the rectangle in
the figure)
Source: S. Szokolay,Introduction to architectural science.
59
Solar radiation / Greenhouse effect

Radiation striking a surface ex. vertical wall - is the sum of:
Direct radiation from the sun
Diffused radiation from the sky vault
Reflected from the surrounding terrain
Coming from the heated ground and nearby objects
Exchange from building to sky vault
60
Maximum irradiance at the earths surface is around 1000 W/m2 and

the annual horizontal irradiation varies from about 400KWh/m2y near
the poles to a value in excess of 2500 KWh/m2y in the Sahara desert or
north western Australia.
61
Sol-Air approach / optimal orientation

Optimal orientation on a yearly basis depends on the surface which
receives relatively the most radiation impact during the underheated
season and the least in the overheated times.
Underheated periods _ Maximization of solar radiation, the building
should be positioned in order to receive as much radiation as possible.
Overheated periods _ Minimization of not desired solar radiation. Solar
shading protection.
62
Solar radiation analysis

The quantity of radiation is
expressed in KWh/m2
South facing
facade
Solar radiation - Energy

received at normal
incidence in relation to the
solar altitude (1 m2 of surface
all along the year)
>> Possibility of animating
the graphic showing the
variation of radiation from 0
to 360 degrees.
North facing
facade
Red zones - overheated

Blue zones - underheated
63
Optimal orientation
Diary values in kWh/m2 - Diagram
developed on the basis of the
solar radiation collected by a 1
m2 surface all around the 360.
Blue Underheated period
Red Overheated period
Green Annual average
Yellow best compromise
N.B. Optimal orientation is calculated assuming a homogeneous surface
64
Solar radiation passive use greenhouses
Academie Mont-cenis,
Jourda and Perraudin architects
Wohnhaus Hottigerau,
Kathan-Schranz, Strolz architects, 1996.
65
Toyo Ito, Kaohsiung National Stadium
1MWP _ system
with its 14,155m2 roof it could potentially

generate 1.14 gigawatt hours of electricity every
year, enough to power up to 80% of the sorrounding
neighbourhood.
66
Active house active use _ PV
67
First Active house in Russia
68
69
Solar radiation Saupstad / ARK6 course 2013

jan
feb
mar
Isolated context
apr
may
jun
jul
aug
sep
oct
nov
dec
Urban context _ Kalvskinnet
21st JUN _ SHADING ANALYSIS
21st DEC _ SHADING ANALYSIS
70
WIND
71
Luca Finocchiaro
The wind
Differential heating of the
earth surface causes pressure
differences that become the
main driving force of
atmospheric phenomena
(winds, clouds formations ),
providing a heat transfer
mechanism from the equator
towards the pole.
Global wind pattern
The movement of air masses

and of moisture-bearing
clouds are also influenced by
the Coriolis force. At the
equator a stationary air mass
move with the earths rotation.
72
The wind
Wind speed decreases at the
ground level.
Climate weather files _ Air
movements normally measured
at 10m above the ground in
open country (higher in built-up
areas to avoid obstructions).
Wind rose (wind are classified

per frequency in relation to the
direction _ 12 bars, one per
each month of the year)
73
Wind selective analysis
Frequency
Temperature
Humidity
The wind chart gives the possibility of distinguishing among desired

breezes and inconvenient winds for under heated and overheated
periods, significantly helping bioclimatic design. (Distance from the
centre indicates in this case the wind speed).
74
Wind _ Trondheim winter
SE
Winter winds _ temperatures analysis
Potential use for natural cooling strategies.

75
Wind _ Trondheim summer

N
Summer _ night
winds for purge
ventilation
Potential use for natural cooling strategies.

76
Wind _ speed/frequency/direction _ analysis
77
78
Wind _ passive systems
GLENN MURCUTT, MARIKA ALDERTON HOUSE, Australia, 1991-1994
79
Wind _ active systems
Powerbridge _ Francesco Colarossi, Giovanna

Saracino and Luisa Saracino
Microeolic, MIT
Wind turbines
80
81
Cloudiness
82
Cloudiness
Cloudiness is based on a visual
observation and is counted in %
of sky hemisphere covered by
clouds.
Cloudiness significantly affect
the direct/diffused radiation
ratio
83
Cloudiness
Direct radiation
Diffused radiation
Solar radiation - Diffused

radiation, under certain
condition latitude, solar
angle and sky vault
conditions - can be as
much as the direct.
84
Glasgow School of Art / North windows
85
PRECIPITATIONS
86
Luca Finocchiaro
Precipitations
Total amount of rain, hail, snow or dew and is

measured in mm per unit of time (ex. mm/day)
87
Precipitations
Total amount of rain, hail, snow or dew and is

measured in mm per unit of time (ex. mm/day).
88
Water _ passive systems

Coastal winds occur near the sea or other large bodies of water because of the
water thermal capacity (creating a gradient of temperatures, thus a pressure
difference).
Evaporative cooling effects _ water ponds or fountains in combination with wind
or air movement.
Energy research centre, GelsenKirchen (DE), 1995

Kiessler + Partner
89
Water _ passive systems _ thermal mass
Bottles made greenhouse
Thermal mass wall with milk-bottles. Arizonas

team for Solar Decathlon
90
Water _ active systems
Tidal power system
harvesting energy from river waves _

GRO Architects _ modular docking stations
91
Earth
92
Earth _ passive systems _ Thermal mass
Ksour Adobe Granaries
Domaine perraudin
93
Temperature hourly distribution
94
Earth _ Trondheim
Ground source heat pumps harvest heat absorbed at the Earth's surface
from solar energy. The temperature in the ground below 6 metres is
roughly equal to the mean annual air temperature at that latitude at the
surface.
95
Earth _ hybrid system

A geothermal heat pump or
ground heat pump is a
central heating and/or
cooling system that pumps
heat to or from the ground.
It uses the earth as a heat
source (in the winter) or a
heat sink (in the summer).
Transsolar
ARCHITECTURE
AND CLIMATE
Zollverein School _ SANAA

96
References
Victor Olgyay. Design with Climate, bioclimatic approach to architectural

regionalism. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1963.
Steven V Szokolay. Introduction to architectural science, the basis of

sustainable design. Architectural Press, USA 2010 (ISBN: 978-0-75068704-1)
V. Brophy and J. O. Lewis, A green Vitruvius, principles and practice of

sustainable architectural design. Earthscan, London 2011 (ISBN 978-1-84971315)
Rafael Serra and Helena Coch: Arquitectura y energia natural.
97

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Climate analysis

Principle, examples and case studies

AAR4832+AAR4532 // Climate and built forms

Climate as a source for making architecture

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

Environmental control compass termites

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

Biological models inspiring thermal models for environmental control.

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

humans historically tended to habit environments with

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

Climate rejecting buildings

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

Climate adapted buildings

Source: Victor Olgyay, Design with climate.

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

Variables affecting thermal comfort are the most important for

Psychrometric chart as basic scientific tool for cioCLIMAtic design

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

Kppen-Geiger climates chart (1936) based on monthly Temperature

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

Victor Olgyay (1963). Vernacular architecture diversity & similarities

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

Climatic design archetypes

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

Cold climates Vancouver

Passive solar heating

Climatic design archetypes _ cold climates

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

Norman Foster, London City hall

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

Norman Foster, the Gherkin

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

Thermal mass might be helpful when not continuously heated

Norman Foster, the Gherkin

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

Climatic design archetypes _ cold climates

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

Cold climates - Innsbruck, Tyrol

Cold climates Herne, Germany

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

Climatic design archetypes _

Ostuni _ White paints act as selective

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

hot dry climates _ Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

hot dry climates _ Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

hot dry climates _ El Cairo Qaa with durqaa

Outdoor climate is often hostile. Internal

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

hot dry climates _ Dahka

HenningLarsen / Minestry of foreign affairs Riyadh

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

warm humid climate _ Hong Kong

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

Climatic design archetypes _ warm-humid climates

ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE