Weld Testing
Fabricated welded joints requires various types of quality assurance tests such as simple
visual scanning and inspection, non-destructive tests, occasional mechanical test e.g.
hardness and corrosion resistance test e.g. surface contamination test.
Failure Analysis / Investigation
Failure analysis or investigation is the process of collecting and analysing facts or data to
determine the root cause of a failure. This involves collecting data about operating conditions,
visual examination of the failed product or component, fractography, non-destructive testing,
evaluation of mechanical and chemical properties, metallography-microscopy, spectroscopy,
analysis of the facts and findings, root cause conclusion and recommendations to prevent the
failure from recurring. This process is very vital for heavy industries to prevent failure of
affordable and unaffordable components which can cost loss of production in thousands and
millions of dollars or injuring person or community. The process of identifying the root cause
and implementing preventive actions reduces the risk of injuries, reduces the downtime and
increases productivity in the mining industries, offshore and shipping industry and heavy
engineering industries. Most of the quality endorsed organisations and insurance companies
ensure that failure investigations are performed to reduce the risk of failure in future.
Material Identification
Material Identification is a systematic approach to identify particular grade of material for
reverse engineering, alteration or repair of the existing assets or products, non-traceable
material and use of substitute material.
The initial stage in Material identification involves identifying the source of material ( stray,
batch mix-up) product application( tensile, compression, fatigue), form of material ( casting,
forgings, rolled, extruded, welded), shape of material ( plate, sheet, pipe, solid, preformed)
followed by chemical analysis, surface and core hardness, tensile test, case depth evaluation,
microstructure condition.
On most of the occasions, a simple positive material identification (PMI) using portable OES or
XRF analyser such as Thermofisher Niton XLT 818 or Innov-X Alpha can identify most of the
alloys.
xrf_pmi_analyser
For most of the carbon steel materials, mechanical testing is required to conclude the exact
grade of material.
Metallography / Microstructure Examination
Macro test or macro examination is performed on the cross section, longitudinal section or 'Z'
direction ( through thickness) as an independent test to evaluate subsurface conditions or as
an subsequent step of another test to reveal the effects on the subsurface.
Generally macro test or examination is performed at less than 10x magnification. Several
semi-finished and samples of finished products are subjected to macro test to reveal internal
discontinuities such as impurities, inclusions in rolled products or grain flow in forgings after
exposure to appropriate preparation and exposure to chemicals or heat.
Macro test is also performed on the test specimens exposed to other tests such corrosion
resistance test, passivation, salt spray test, case depth measurement.
The most common test is weld cross section examination to reveal internal discontinuities,
weld profile, weld passes and sequence, extent of penetration and the quality of weld.
replica-haz-crackreplication-microstructure-steam-pipe-cracksmicrostructuralstringersweld_macro_test
LMATS performs weld macro examination to satisfy the requirements of huge fabrication
industry in Australia.
LMATS Melbourne and Sydney laboratories performs macro examination in accordance with AS
2205.5, ASME IX QW 183, QW 184, EN 1321, AS 1554, AS 3992, AS 2885.2 and similar national
and international standards.
Metallography
Metallography is one of the metallurgical practices to study structure of material either by
microscopy or macroscopy. Most of the features required for general engineering purpose are
resolved in optical microscopy. Scanning Electron microscopy and Transmission electron
microscopy are advanced methods of metallography which are time consuming and relatively
expensive.
Metallography involves systematic sample preparation commencing from specimen extraction
to final etching. The test specimens are extracted from the product or sample by cold cutting
to prevent change in the microstructure from normal cutting. Occasionally, small and tiny
specimens are mounted (hot or cold mounting) in phenolic or epoxy resins or bakelite. The test
specimens are ground in stages commencing from coarse grained abrasives to fine grained
followed by final polishing using diamond paste. Typical final polishing is performed using 1
micron diamond paste. Depending on the requirements, the test specimens are chemically
etched to react with selective micro constituents which aids in discriminating each type of
micro constituents.
Prepared specimens are examined under optical microscope or low magnification stereoscope
to reveal and interpret the microstructure. Microscopy is also performed on actual products
without destroying the product or diminishing the further use of the product. Replication of the
microstructure is one of the examples of performing on-site, in-situ metallography on the
product in service.
Micro Constituents Counting
Several national and international standards specify microstructure requirements for a
particular material grade or alloy commonly known as Micro Constituents Counting.
LMATS is NATA accredited to perform manual volume fraction count in accordance with ASTM
E562.
Austenitic, Duplex, Super-duplex stainless steels require adequate proportion of ferrite in the
product to obtain acceptable corrosion resistance and strength and especially resistance to
Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC). The laboratory based destructive method such as
microstructural analysis on the test specimen or sample obtained from the batch of the
product or components provides statistical quality assurance.
Manual volume fraction count or more commonly known as ferrite count in duplex stainless
steel is the most common metallurgical evaluation for the fabrication industry.
Evaluation of intermetallics and precipitates (e.g. sigma, chi, etc) are commonly performed on
duplex stainless steel samples.
Etch Structure Classification
Etch structure classification or commonly known as oxalic acid etch test or sodium hydroxide
etch test is performed as a screening test on austenitic and duplex stainless steel respectively
prior to corrosion resistance test.
The oxalic acid etch test is a rapid method of identifying austenitic stainless steel sample that
is essentially free of susceptibility to intergranular attack associated with chromium carbide
precipitates. These specimens will have low corrosion rates in certain corrosion tests and
therefore can be eliminated (screened) from testing as acceptable.
The sodium hydroxide etch test may be used for the acceptance of duplex stainless steel
material but not for rejection. This test method may be used with other evaluation tests to
provide a rapid method for identifying those specimens that are free of detrimental
intermetallic phases as measured in these other tests.
LMATS is NATA accredited to perform etch structure classification in accordance with ASTM
A262 and ASTM A923.
Case depth determination in heat-treated industrial steel products
Case depth determination in heat-treated industrial steel products using photothermal
radiometric interferometric phase minima.
Case depth determination is a quantitative calibrated methodology based on photothermal
radiometric (PTR) depth-profilometry for non-contact, non-intrusive determination of effective
case depth in heat-treated case-hardened steel products was developed.
Several types of heat-treated C1018 industrial steel screw products (with hexagonal,
cylindrical and spherical heads) are statistically evaluated using the case-depth-induced
interferometric thermal-wave phase minima.
Calibration curves for each type of sample are established with the help of conventional
destructive indenter measurements. It is shown that PTR thermal-wave interferometric phase
minima can be used as a fast, on-line inspection methodology of industrial steel products for
non-destructive quality and feedback control of heat-treating processes.
LMATS is NATA accredited to perform case depth measurement in accordance with AS 1982
Method 6.1: Hardness traverse
Method 6.2: Micrographic test
Method 6.3: Macroscopic test
LMATS can perform cased depth measurement in accordance with AS 1982
Method 6.4: Micro hardness test
Method 6.5: Chemical test
Method 6.6: Spectrometric test
Methods 6.1 to 6.3 are cost effective methods and Methods 6.4 to 6.6 are relatively expensive
methods.
Graphite Classification Test
The comparison of observed graphite particles with the structures shown in the charts give
only purely descriptive information on the type, distribution, and size of the graphite in the
sample being evaluated. It does not indicate except in a very broad way the origin of the
graphite, or the suitability of the iron-carbon alloy for a particular service.
The Graphite Classification Test method covers the classification of graphite in cast irons in
terms of type, distribution, and size. This test method is intended to be applicable for all ironcarbon alloys containing graphite particles, and may be applied to gray irons, malleable irons,
and the ductile (nodular) irons
LMATS is NATA accredited to perform graphite classification in accordance with AS 5049 and
ISO 945.
This test method is used to designate graphite microstructure in cast irons.
Tensile Testing
Tensile test is the most elementary type of mechanical test performed on materials. Tensile
tests are simple, economical and traceable to the national standards. A tensile test also known
as tension test is performed by holding the test items or test specimens in a suitable
equipment. An axial pulling force is applied on the test item or test specimen and its
behaviour under force is recorded on a conventional graph or chart or computerised data
acquisition method.
tensile-testGenerally this test is performed at ambient temperature. Where a material is
subjected to elevated temperature such as boilers and pressure vessel applications, a high
temperature tensile test is performed. In Australia, AS 2291 specifies test method
requirements for high temperature tensile test.
This test provides information such as Proof load, 0.2% proof stress, Yield strength, Ultimate
tensile strength or breaking force, Elongation, Reduction of area, modulus of elasticity, etc.
Compression Test
A compression test is one of the mechanical (strength) tests performed on materials. The
compression test determines material behaviour under compressive or crushing load. The test
specimen or test item is compressed and deformation at various loads is recorded on
conventional graph paper or charts or computerised data acquisition.
This test provides information such as Proof load, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5% proof stress, Yield
strength, elastic limit, proportional limit, compressive strength or force, Elongation, Reduction
of area, modulus of elasticity, etc.
Shear Test or Strength Test
Shear stress or strength is one of the mechanical properties of a material which is determined
by either performing direct single or double shear test or calculated from tensile strength. This
mechanical property is very vital in shear pins used in variety of application and cantilever
beam loading applications.
Some of the common items on which a shear test is performed are shear pin in locomotive
couplers, various automotive pins, valve pistons, bridges metallic rivets, spot and stud welds,
etc.
Torque or Torsion Test
Hydrostatic testing of pressure piping is a mandatory activity before finalization of any new or
modified piping system. It is the final check of mechanical integrity of the whole system and
should be followed religiously as after this activity the piping system has to be commissioned.
This test is carried out at a pressure 1.5 times higher than the design pressure of a system
regardless of the service conditions of a piping system. This article discuss some of the major
requirements of hydrostatic testing of pressure piping as per ASME B31.3 for process piping
and specifically provides guidelines on some issues not directly addressed in the code.
Some guidlines
All joints in a test section shall be accessible during tests and shall not be painted,
insulated, backfilled or otherwise covered until satisfactory completion of testing in
accordance with the requirements in the specification. All equipment and piping to be pressure
tested shall be thoroughly cleaned of all dirt, welding slag, construction debris, or other
foreign matter.
All vents and other connections which can serve as vents shall be open during filling so that
all air is vented prior to applying test pressure to the system. Test vents shall be installed at
high points. Drain points for fluid disposal after testing, shall be provided.
Equipment which is not to be subjected to pressure test shall be either disconnected from
the piping or blocked off during the test.
Temporary spades and blanks installed for testing purposes shall be designed to withstand
the test pressure without distortion. Presence of spades shall be clearly visible during testing.
The recommended practice is to use standard blind flanges as per ASME B16.5 or B16.47 and
spades acc. to ASME B16.48.
Spring supports shall be restrained or removed and expansion bellows removed during
hydrostatic testing.
Piping which is spring or counterweight supported shall be blocked up temporarily to a
degree sufficient to sustain the weight of the test medium. Holding pins shall not be removed
from spring supports until testing is completed and the system is drained.
Care shall be taken to avoid overloading any parts of the supporting structures during
hydrostatic testing.
Barriers shall be erected and where practical, Public Address announcements made and
access restriction procedures such as permit to work implemented prior to any pressurisation
commencing. Under no circumstances should anyone other than an authorised person be
allowed within the safety barriers.
An important aspect is, that materials used in pressure systems comply with all the required
tests, all materials are certified and that the engineer has made the right choice of materials.
(see main Menu "Societies" numerous ASTM material standards)
Hydrostatic test has to be performed after all hot works have been completed on a certain
piping system. Hot work includes everything related to welding or the post weld heat
treatment (PWHT).
All radiographic and ultrasonic inspections should be carried out before the pressure test is
started. Conducting 100% radiography of all the weld joints assure that your weld joints are
defect free but can never provide you with the assurance of mechanical integrity of a system.
This is also to be noted that radiography / ultrasonic inspection shall also not to be waived off
if the pipeline is to be hydrostatically tested.
The individual system documentation i.e. test pack shall be available prior to any testing
and shall include information such as test limits, test pressure, test medium, duration, test
blinds, blind flanges, vents and drains.
The use of marked up P&Ids coupled with isolation registers should be utilised to identify
the locations of blinds, Valves, vents and drains.
Testing equipment such as pumps, manifold, pressure and temperature recorders, pressure
gauges should be within calibration/certification (as per company procedures) and connected
to the lowest convenient connection within the system to ensure best results.
Control Valves and soft-seal block Valves shall be removed from the piping prior to the test
and replaced with pipe spools.
Check Valves shall have the flap or piston removed for testing, where pressure can not be
located on the upstream side of the Valve. The locking device of the flap pivot pin shall be
reinstated together with the flap and a new cover gasket shall be installed after completion of
the test.
Piping which is normally open to the atmosphere, such as drains, vents, discharge piping
from pressure relieving devices, sewers, and stack downstream of the seal drum, shall not be
subjected to the piping test pressure
Rotating machinery, such as pumps, turbines, and compressors. Machinery lube and seal oil
systems which could be impaired by the presence of water, shall not be subjected to the
piping test pressure.
Strainer elements, filter elements, expansion joints, and pressure relieving devices, such as
rupture discs and pressure Relief Valves. All locally mounted indicating pressure gauges.
Preparation and Testing
Pressure gauges should be fitted at both low and high point when testing large volume
systems.
The system shall be filled from the lowest available point; all vents and high point
connections shall be open during this operation to allow the air in the system to vent off.
After the system has been completely vented all vents and drains should be plugged or
blinded. Verify that Valves are in place and open/closed as required.
Maintain pressure for 10 minutes and then gradually increase pressure in steps of one tenth
of the test pressure until the test pressure is attained. The recommended practice of a QC
inspector is to walk through the whole piping system and check for leaks. Every single length
of piping, welds, bolted connections shall be visually examined for any leakage. Duration of
this activity varies with the span of piping system. For larger piping system time taken for this
activity is enough to clear the hydrostatic test. In case of piping system having smaller span, 1
hour time may be made as standard practice.
Whenever a leak is found from flanged connection, it is advisable not to perform any
tightening before the system pressure is brought down to at least 70%. A leak from a weld
joint, piping base metal or any other location which may require hot work shall only be
addressed after de-pressurizing the piping under test.
After any leaks have been repaired the system shall again be pressurised to the test
pressure in stages.
The test should be witnessed and accepted by a third party, client representative or a
responsible person within the company and signed as accepted.
Pressure and ambient temperatures should be recorded throughout the complete test cycle.
These charts should form part of the Hydrostatic Test Documentation.
On completion of the test, the system shall be depressurised by controlled means and all
vents opened prior to draining of the system to avoid any vacuum within the system.
Definition and Details of Pipe
Definition of Pipe
Pipe is a hollow tube with round cross section for the conveyance of products. The products
include fluids, gas, pellets, powders and more. The word pipe is used as distinguished from
tube to apply to tubular products of dimensions commonly used for pipeline and piping
systems. On this website, pipes conforming to the dimensional requirements of: ASME B36.10
Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe and ASME B36.19 Stainless Steel Pipe will be
discussed.
Pipe or Tube?
In the world of piping, the terms pipe and tube will be used. Pipe is customarily identified by
"Nominal Pipe Size" (NPS), with wall thickness defined by "Schedule number" (SCH). Tube is
customarily specified by its outside diameter (O.D.) and wall thickness (WT), expressed either
in Birmingham wire gage (BWG) or in thousandths of an inch.
Pipe: NPS 1/2-SCH 40 is even to outside diameter 21,3 mm with a wall thickness of 2,77 mm.
Tube: 1/2" x 1,5 is even to outside diameter 12,7 mm with a wall thickness of 1,5 mm.
The principal uses for tube are in Heat Exchangers, instrument lines and small
interconnections on equipment such as compressors, boilers etc..
Materials for Pipe
Engineering companies have materials engineers to determine materials to be used in piping
systems. Most pipe is of carbon steel (depending on service) is manufactured to different
ASTM standards.
Carbon-steel pipe is strong, ductile, weldable, machinable, reasonably, durable and is nearly
always cheaper than pipe made from other materials. If carbon-steel pipe can meet the
requirements of pressure, temperature, corrosion resistance and hygiene, it is the natural
choice.
Iron pipe is made from cast-iron and ductile-iron. The principal uses are for water, gas and
sewage lines.
Plastic pipe may be used to convey actively corrosive fluids, and is especially useful for
handling corrosive or hazardous gases and dilute mineral acids.
Other Metals and Alloys pipe made from copper, lead, nickel, brass, aluminium and various
stainless steels can be readily obtained. These materials are relatively expensive and are
selected usually either because of their particular corrosion resistance to the process
chemical, their good Heat Transfer, or for their tensile strength at high temperatures. Copper
and copper alloys are traditional for instrument lines, food processing and Heat Transfer
equipment. Stainless steels are increasingly being used for these.
Lined Pipe
Some materials described above, have been combined to form lined pipe systems.
For example, a carbon steel pipe can be internally lined with material able to withstand
chemical attack permits its use to carry corrosive fluids. Linings (Teflon, for example) can be
applied after fabricating the piping, so it is possible to fabricate whole pipe spools before
lining.
Other internal layers can be: glass, various plastics, concrete etc., also coatings, like Epoxy,
Bituminous Asphalt, Zink etc. can help to protect the inner pipe.
Many things are important in determining the right material. The most important of these are
pressure, temperature, product type, dimensions, costs etc..
Definition and Details of Nominal Pipe Size
Nominal Pipe Size
Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high or
low pressures and temperatures. The name NPS is based on the earlier "Iron Pipe Size" (IPS)
system.
That IPS system was established to designate the pipe size. The size represented the
approximate inside diameter of the pipe in inches. An IPS 6" pipe is one whose inside diameter
is approximately 6 inches. Users started to call the pipe as 2inch, 4inch, 6inch pipe and so on.
To begin, each pipe size was produced to have one thickness, which later was termed as
standard (STD) or standard weight (STD.WT.). The outside diameter of the pipe was
standardized.
As the industrial requirements handling higher pressure fluids, pipes were manufactured with
thicker walls, which has become known as an extra strong (XS) or extra heavy (XH). The
higher pressure requirements increased further, with thicker wall pipes. Accordingly, pipes
were made with double extra strong (XXS) or double extra heavy (XXH) walls, while the
standardized outside diameters are unchanged. Note that on this website only terms XS and
XXS are used.
Pipe Schedule
So, at the IPS time only three walltickness were in use. In March 1927, the American Standards
Association surveyed industry and created a system that designated wall thicknesses based
on smaller steps between sizes. The designation known as nominal pipe size replaced iron
pipe size, and the term schedule (SCH) was invented to specify the nominal wall thickness of
pipe. By adding schedule numbers to the IPS standards, today we know a range of wall
thicknesses, namely:
SCH 5, 5S, 10, 10S, 20, 30, 40, 40S, 60, 80, 80S, 100, 120, 140, 160, STD, XS and XXS.
Nominal pipe size (NPS) is a dimensionless designator of pipe size. It indicates standard pipe
size when followed by the specific size designation number without an inch symbol. For
example, NPS 6 indicates a pipe whose outside diameter is 168.3 mm.
The NPS is very loosely related to the inside diameter in inches, and NPS 12 and smaller pipe
has outside diameter greater than the size designator. For NPS 14 and larger, the NPS is equal
to 14inch.
For a given NPS, the outside diameter stays constant and the wall thickness increases with
larger schedule number. The inside diameter will depend upon the pipe wall thickness
specified by the schedule number.
Summary:
Pipe size is specified with two non-dimensional numbers,
nominal pipe size (NPS)
schedule number (SCH)
and the relationship between these numbers determine the inside diameter of a pipe.
Stainless Steel Pipe dimensions determined by ASME B36.19 covering the outside diameter
and the Schedule wall thickness. Note that stainless wall thicknesses to ASME B36.19 all have
an "S" suffix. Sizes without an "S" suffix are to ASME B36.10 which is intended for carbon steel
pipes.
The International Standards Organization (ISO) also employs a system with a dimensionless
designator.
Diameter nominal (DN) is used in the metric unit system. It indicates standard pipe size when
followed by the specific size designation number without a millimeter symbol. For example, DN
80 is the equivalent designation of NPS 3. Below a table with equivalents for NPS and DN pipe
sizes.
NPS 1/2
3/4
1
1.1/4 1.1/2 2
2.1/2 3
3.1/2 4
DN
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
90
100
Note: For NPS 4, the related DN = 25 multiplied by the NPS number.
Do you now what is "ein zweihunderter Rohr"?. Germans means with that a pipe NPS 8 or DN
200. In this case, the Dutch talking about a "8 duimer". I'm really curious how people in other
countries indicates a pipe.
Examples of actual O.D. and I.D.
Actual outside diameters
NPS
NPS
NPS
NPS
NPS
NPS
"nominal" pipe size came about, meaning "close to" or "somewhere in the proximity of" the
actual dimension.
Grades of materials used for
Pipes - Fittings - Flanges - Valves - Stud Bolts
according to various AsTM standards
What are ASTM Grades?
ASTM standards define the specific manufacturing process of the material and determine the
exact chemical composition of pipes, fittings and flanges, through percentages of the
permitted quantities of carbon, magnesium, nickel, etc., and are indicated by "Grade".
For example, a carbon steel pipe can be identified with Grade A or B, a stainless-steel pipe
with Grade TP304 or Grade TP321, a carbon steel fitting with Grade WPB etc..
Below you will find as an example 3 tables with chemical requirements for:
Flanges according to ASTM A182 Grade F304, F304L F316L
Pipes according to ASTM A312 Grade TP304, TP304L, TP3016L
Fittings according to ASTM A403 Grade WP304, WP304L, WP316L
Furthermore, a table with frequently used ASTM Grades, arranged on Pipes, Fittings, Flanges,
Valves, Bolts & Nuts, which belong together as a group.
As you may be have noted, in the table below, ASTM A105 has no Grade. Sometimes ASTM
A105N is described;
N stands not for Grade, but for normalized. Normalizing is a type of heat treatment, applicable
to ferrous metals only. The purpose of normalizing is to remove the internal stresses induced
by heat treating, casting, forming etc..
Chemical requirements composition, %
Flanges according to ASTM A182
Grade
C
Mn
P
S
Si
Ni
Cr
Mo
F304 0.08 2.0
0.045 0.030 1.0
8.0-11.0
18.0-20.0
F304L
0.030 2.0
0.045 0.030 1.0
8.0-13.0
18.0-20.0
F316L
0.030 2.0
0.045 0.030 1.0
10.0-15.0
16.0-18.0
2.0-3.0
Note:
Grades F304, F304L, and F316L shall have a maximum Nitrogen content of 0.10%.
Pipes according to ASTM A312
Grade
C
Mn
P
S
Si
Cr
Ni
Mo
TP304
0.08 2.0
0.045 0.030 1.0
18.0-20.0
8.0-11.0
TP304L
0.035 2.0
0.045 0.030 1.0
18.0-20.0
8.0-13.0
TP316L
0.035 2.0
0.045 0.030 1.0
16.0-18.0
10.0-14.0
2.0-3.0
Note:
For small diameter or thin walls or both, where many drawing passes are required, a Carbon
maximum of 0.040% is necessary in grades TP304L and TP316L. Small outside diameter tubes
are defined as those less than 0.50 in. [12.7 mm] in outside diameter and light wall tubes as
those less than 0.049 in. [1.20 mm] in average wall thickness (0.044 in. [1.10 mm] in
minimum wall thickness).
Fittings according to ASTM A403
Grade
C (1) Mn (1)
P (1) S (1) Si (1) Ni
WP304
0.08 2.0
0.045 0.030 1.0
8.0-11.0
Cr
Mo
18.0-20.0
WP304L
0.030 (2)
2.0
0.045 0.030 1.0
8.0-12.0
18.0-20.0
WP316L
0.030 (2)
2.0
0.045 0.030 1.0
10.0-14.0 (3)
16.0-18.0
2.0-3.0
Notes:
(1) Maximum, unless otherwise indicated.
(2) For small diameter or thin walls or both, where many drawing passes are required, a
Carbon maximum of 0.040% is necessary in grades TP304L and TP316L. Small outside
diameter tubes are defined as those less than 0.50 in. [12.7 mm] in outside diameter and light
wall tubes as those less than 0.049 in. [1.20 mm] in average wall thickness (0.044 in. [1.10
mm] in minimum wall thickness).
(3) On pierced tubing, the Nickel may be 11.0-16.0%.
Frequently used ASTM Grades
Material
Pipes Fittings
Flanges
Valves
Bolts & Nuts
Carbon Steel
A106 Gr A
A194 Gr 2H
A106 Gr B A234 Gr WPB
A106 Gr C A234 Gr WPC
Carbon Steel
Alloy
High-Temp A335
A194 Gr 2H
A335 Gr P11
A335 Gr P12
A335 Gr P22
A335 Gr P5 A234
A335 Gr P9 A234
A234 Gr WPA
Gr P1 A234 Gr WP1
A234 Gr WP11
A234 Gr WP12
A234 Gr WP22
Gr WP5
A182
Gr WP9
A182
A182
A182
A182
Gr F5
Gr F9
A403 Gr WP304
Gr WP316
Gr WP321
Gr WP347
A193 Gr B7
Gr F11
A217 Gr WC6
Gr F12
A217 Gr WC6
Gr F22
A217 Gr WC9
A217 Gr C5
A217 Gr C12
Carbon Steel
Alloy
Low-Temp
A333 Gr 6 A420 Gr WPL6
A350 Gr LF2 A352 Gr LCB
A194 Gr 7
A333 Gr 3 A420 Gr WPL3
A350 Gr LF3 A352 Gr LC3
Austenitic
Stainless
Steel A312 Gr TP304
B8
A194 Gr 8
A312 Gr TP316
A403
A312 Gr TP321
A403
A312 Gr TP347
A403
A193 Gr B7
A182 Gr F304
A182 Gr F316
A182 Gr F321
A182 Gr F347
A320 Gr L7
A182 Gr F304
A193 Gr
A182 Gr F316
A182 Gr F321
A182 Gr F347
ASTM Materials
Pipes
A106 = This specification covers carbon steel pipe for high-temperature service.
A335 = This specification covers seamless ferritic alloy-steel pipe for high-temperature
service.
A333 = This specification covers wall seamless and welded carbon and alloy steel pipe
intended for use at low temperatures.
A312 = Standard specification for seamless, straight-seam welded, and cold worked welded
austenitic stainless steel pipe intended for high-temperature and general corrosive service.
Fittings
A234 = This specification covers wrought carbon steel and alloy steel fittings of seamless
and welded construction.
A420 = Standard specification for piping fittings of wrought carbon steel and alloy steel for
low-temperature service.
A403 = Standard specification for wrought austenitic stainless steel piping fittings.
Flanges
A105 = This specification covers standards for forged carbon steel piping components, that
is, flanges, fittings, Valves, and similar parts, for use in pressure systems at ambient and
higher-temperature service conditions.
A182 = This specification covers forged or rolled alloy and stainless steel pipe flanges,
forged fittings, and Valves and parts for high-temperature service.
A350 = This specification covers several grades of carbon and low alloy steel forged or ringrolled flanges, forged fittings and Valves for low-temperature service.
Valves
A216 = This specification covers carbon steel castings for Valves, flanges, fittings, or other
pressure-containing parts for high-temperature service and of quality suitable for assembly
with other castings or wrought-steel parts by fusion welding.
A217 = This specification covers steel castings, martensitic stainless steel and alloys steel
castings for Valves, flanges, fittings, and other pressure-containing parts intended primarily for
high-temperature and corrosive service.
A352 = This specification covers steel castings for Valves, flanges, fittings, and other
pressure-containing parts intended primarily for low-temperature service.
A182 = This specification covers forged or rolled alloy and stainless steel pipe flanges,
forged fittings, and Valves and parts for high-temperature service.
Bolts & Nuts
A193 = This specification covers alloy and stainless steel bolting material for pressure
vessels, Valves, flanges, and fittings for high temperature or high pressure service, or other
special purpose applications.
A320 = Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for LowTemperature Service.
A194 = Standard specification for nuts in many different material types.