SPE 93112

Effect of Vibration on Rock and Fluid Properties: On Seeking the Vibroseismic

Technology Mechanisms
T. Ariadji, Bandung Inst. of Technology

Copyright 2005, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc.

(cek), and permeability changes vary from -28% up to 29 %
This paper was prepared for presentation at the 2005 Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and (cek angkanya). This means that the vibration could not
Exhibition held in Jakarta, Indonesia, 5 – 7 April 2005.
improve or even damage the rock properties if we do not apply
This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of
information contained in a proposal submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper, as
the correct optimum frequency.
presented, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to
correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect any
position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Papers presented at In oil viscosity investigation, for the samples that has viscosity
SPE meetings are subject to publication review by Editorial Committees of the Society of
Petroleum Engineers. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper
of 0,66 cp and 1.1 cp at 1000 psig, the viscosity measurement
for commercial purposes without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is is conducted at temperature of 70oC, 85oC and 95oC for 1000
prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to a proposal of not more than 300
words; illustrations may not be copied. The proposal must contain conspicuous psig, 1500 psig, 2000 psig, 2500 psig and 3000 psig. For the
acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper was presented. Write Librarian, SPE, P.O.
Box 833836, Richardson, TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435.
lower viscosity sample at temperature of 70oC, the viscosity
reduction at optimum frequency and maximum amplitude is
ABSTRACT proven to be increasing with the increasing pressure, it varies
from 19,38% up to 22,6%. However, for temperature 85 oC,
This paper is a laboratory study to investigate changes in rock the viscosity reduction is about 30%, and for temperature of
and fluid properties in accordance with the most important 95oC is about 15%. The highest viscoty sample yield viscosity
vibroseismic parameters, i.e., frequency and amplitude. reduction at temperature of 85oC ranging from 27 – 28%.
Experiment are conducted to obtain porosity, permeability,
capillary pressure, end point of relative permeability, residual The laboratory study results on the field core prove the
oil saturation which represent rock properties and oil viscosity success of the vibration stimulation technology with caution in
whcih represent fluid properties. The results of the laboratory selecting the optimum frequency, and hopefully, it may give
study on synthetic cores indicate that vibration stimulation can contribution knowledge on the mechanisms of the
vibroseismic technology.
improve the porosity (φ) up to 15.3 % and the absolute
permeability (kabs) up to 2.2 %, decrease the residual oil
Keywords: laboratory study, vibroseismic, porosity,
saturation (Sor) upto 53.6 %, decrease the irreducible water
permeability, residual oil saturation irreducible, water
saturation (Swirr) up to 25 % (decrease the capillary pressure),
saturation, capillary pressure, optimum frequency, maximum
increase the end point of oil relative permeability (kro) up to 73
amplitude, viscosity, acoustic excitation, oil recovery.
%, and increase the end point of water relative permeability
(krw) up to 76 %. This study also shows that there is an
INTRODUCTION
optimum frequency and amplitude that yield the most
significant effect. The results show that frequency of 10 Hz
When primary recovery of a field is at its common end value,
and the maximum amplitude yield the maximum changes in
a secondary recovery (waterflooding) or Enhance Oil
these rock properties. Experiments on sandstone-field sample
Recovery (EOR) techniques such as Steamflooding, Gas
cores yield that the original porosity of 4.84 % - 26.73 % and
flooding, Polymer Flooding, and Chemical Flooding
absolute permeability of 231.46 mD – 1113.59 mD can be
(Surfactant Flooding) are urgently required to be choices in
increased in percentage as a high as 53.9 % with an average of
improving the oil recovery. However, all of those oil recovery
36.6 % from the original porosity, and as high as 54.1 % with
techniques need heavy capital inevestment. As an alternative
an average of 59.4 % from the original permeability.
method on improving oil recovery, the vibroseismic
Moreover, the original residual oil saturation varying from
technology uses principles of stimulating vibration (seismic
0.15 % - 0.57 % can be decreased up to 68 % with an average
wave) to an oil formation from surface. The relatively simple
of 66.1 %. On carbonate cores, the results are not as
and cheap method maybe as the points of interest, but, at same
encouraging as for sandstones’. The resulted optimum
time explanation of the mechanisms is still unclear. The
frequencies are 15 Hz and 10 Hz for reducing the residual oil
vibroseismic technology is introduced lately in Indonesia, and
saturation, and porosity/permeability, respectively. The
even, some fields are in their performance evaluation phase.
differences between the residual oil saturation before and after
Unfortunately, unlikely in petroleum engineering
the vibration vary from 14.18% up to 54.14% at this optimum
methodology, this techonology application does not address a
frequency. The porosity changes vary from -18% up to 42 %

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2 SPE 93112
performance prediction method prior to commencement such
as laborotorium study or reservoir simulation. This
performance prediction is currently not available using a
reservoir simulator as well as an analytic solution, or
laboratory work. To achieve with a reliable performance
prediction method need a solid understanding of the
mechanisms of whats is majority happened in the reservoir
after the vibration simulation and the resulted method should
be accepted in petroleum industry widely. This research is
intended to give some practical knowledge related to most
significant petroleum engineering practices of vibroseismic
technology in what are the influencing parameters and what
rock properties are influenced.
Based on literature study, the laboratory studies that have been
done so far focus on production improvement impact and
investigation of important parameters relating to rock
properties. However, this laboratory studies are somewhat in a
very early stage of knowing effects of the important
parameters to explain the realistic mechanims, and hopefully,
it could reduce the degree of uncertainty of the vibroseismic
technology successfullness.
LITERATURE STUDY
The long history of laboratory studies on effect of acoustic
excitation on permeability of porous media could be
summarized (modified after Beresnev and Johnson):1
increasing oil recovery during water flood, reduction of
water/oil permeability ratio, increase of flow rate into injection
well with range frecuency 1 – 5.5 Mhz (Duhon,1964);
increasing oil percolation rate with frecuency 20 Khz
(Fairbanks and Chen,1971); increasing rate of oil
displacement by water with range frecuency 50 – 80 Khz
(Neretin and Yudin,1981); decreasing oil viscosity with 18
Khz (Sokolov and Simkin,1981); inceasing rate of oil
displacement by water with 9 – 40 Khz (Snarksiy, 1982);
increasing rate of oil displecement by water with 100 Hz
(Medin et. al., 1983); increasing oil percolation rate through
sample with 30 – 400 Hz (Ashiepkov, 1989); increasing oil
mobility with 1.2 Hz (Kuznetsov and Simkin, 1990), and
coalesence of oil droplet (Simkin and Surguchev, 1991).
Furthermore, Nikolaevsky et. al2 found that a decreasing
WOR with an optimal frecuency of 11 to 13 Hz at the Abuzy
reservoir in the Krasnodar region of the North Cauccasus.
And, it has been noted that diferent reservoirs exhibit different
dominat frequencies ( e.g., 6 Hz, 18 Hz). It is also stated that
changes in oil production due to oil droplets either may
coalescence and form a continuous phase, or maybe dislodged
and flow as liquid fines. The three possible mechanisms are
clusterizatiion of oil droplets into oil stream, breaking up of oil
drops into sizes that are smaller than the pore ganglia, or
diminishing of capillary forces.
B.N. Bogolyubov et. al3 did field experiment with a high-
power low frequency source (input power of 10 kW,
frequency range 50-300 Hz band) of seismic waves which is
capable to work in a 1700 m depth well. After two week test,
the earlier suspended well produced stable oil recovery, and
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even, upto 3,5 km away producing wells were also influenced.
About 6650 ton of crude oil was produced in addition to the
baseline after five month of the effect. S.Z. Dunin et. al4
studied on waves in saturated poro-elastic media with gas
bubbles and found that in such system, the reconstruction of
an oscillation spectrum take place at gas bubble resonance
consists of three waves, i.e., two acoustic modes and one
optical wave which has higher frequency and more essential in
matrix deformation. R. Dziecielak5 presents results of a study
of influence of a porous medium structure on the propogation
waves in the fluid saturated porous medium, and introduces a
double parameter description of porous medium structure,
namely, volume porosity and structural permeability
parameter or structure parameter. The results indicate the
phase velocities of the waves are greater increase with the
increase of the wave frequency. Structure of the medium
causes stronger dispersion. For the lower frequency, the
surface wave is not sensitive to the medium structure. I.B.
Esipov et. al6 studied on problem of acoustical effect on fluid
flow in granular medium which is considered as a process of
visco-elastic transition. They developed computer simulation
of finite amplitude sound wave propagation in 2-D medium. In
their experiment of using tar solution of 18% concentration,
the flow rate depends on the external pressure under acoustical
vibration of the maximum amplitude at eigen frequency of the
resonator. S.A. Korchagain, G.M. Goloshubin, I.S. Murthaev,
and V.G. Savin7 said that the affect of vibration’s frequency at
small amplitude seem to be determined by oscillation’s
stability. Stimulation will be more effective at that frequencies
and amplitude. A mechanism presented by researcher Sergey
A. Kostrov and Bill O. Wooden8 give possible mechanisms as
the following: (1) Dislodging the oil droplet from the pore
wall into the flow of fluid, (2). Coalescence of two or more the
oil droplets (oil films surrounding the formation grains) into
the big one having higher mobility.” Their results of the first
case which is for average permeability = 100–2000 mD,
porosity = 21%-28%, API gravity = 34, oil cut = 9%, and
productive layer lies at depth 5700’-7500 indicate that the
incremental oil production accounted for 40% of total oil
production combining about 40 producers, respectively. On
the other hand their results of the second case which is for
average permeability = 0.1 – 2 mD, porosity = 45%-55%, API
gravity = 28, and oil cut = 30% indicate that the average
increase of oil production and oil cut for 48 wells accounted
for 15% and 12%, respectively. But, if we investigate
thoroughly, we may conclude that the incremental oil
production start and end correspond to the stimulation start
and end, respectively. GermanA. Maksimov and Aleksei V.
Radchenko9 in their paper of modeling of oil recovery under
acoustical stimulation.consider physical mechanisms. The
equation, namely, fluid filtration equation obtained from a
linearization of continuity equation, the Darcy law, and
equation of state of fluid. The results show that acoustical
stimulation could significantly improve the oil rat profile
ranging from 50% upto almost 100%. It is also shown that the
greater the permeability, the greater the impact. D.N.
Mikhailov10 investigates the effect o ultrasound on the relative
permeability curves. It is found that under ultrasonic
stimulation the water permeability concave decreases and the
oil permeability curve changes from concave to convex. This
SPE 93112
leads to more efficient in displacement of oil by water during
water flooding. The field experiment of seismic stimulation by
V.L. Barabanov and A.V. Nikolaevskiy11 apply low frequency
of 10 – 30 Hz, force of 27 t, power density of 10-5 to 10-3
Wt/m2 to a strong watering reservoir having depth of 1740 m
and thickhness of 5 – 25 m. The seismic stimulation could
decrease the water percentage of 2-2.5% and improve oil
recovery about 25 – 30 t/day. The effect depends on the
frequency, power duration, and position. They did also a
laboratory study using frequencies of 10 -40 Hz for a 15 mD–
20 D core samples and the results indicate that the pore
pressure increase as well as change in electrical parameters
which control the wettability. Thus, they concluded that the
possible mechanisms of the improving oil recovery are the
wettability change. V. N. Nikolaevskiy ans G.S. Stepanova12
presented their experimental results that the gas phase releases
under an ultrasound action and generates higher pore pressure.
Consequently, the waterflooding changes to depletion drive.
The laboratory experiment addressed scenarios of varying the
ultrasound stimulation and investigated the displaced oil from
a seam. They concluded with a hypothesis saying that the gas
bubbles released from the live oil are concentrated at water
front as a foam piston. Peter M. Roberts et. at13 in their
comprehensive paper tried to relate mechanisms and
stimulated low phenomenon. In the laboratory experiment a
using a core flow stimulation apparatus and displacing oil by
brine in Berea sandstone; it is proposed that the mechanical
stimulation at 25 Hz may have caused additional oil to flow
and/or the wettability increases for the non wetting phase. The
mathematical modeling using analytical approach of boundary
value problem involving the decoupled Biot equations14
subject to periodic fluid pressure imposed on a constant
pressure gradient was formulated and its solution was
numerically calculated. The predicted porosity change
behavior with respect to frequency indicates that the highest
peak of porosity resonance occurs at low frequency of 80 Hz
which corresponds to the appropriate frequency range for field
stimulation and the laboratory experiment.
METHODOLOGY
The laboratory study was designed and conducted to
investigate changes in rock and fluid property in accordance
with the most important vibroseismic parameters, i.e.,
frequency and amplitude. As indicated above that this study
should be presented in a familiar interest of the petroleum
industry, thus, the investigated rock properties are residual oil
saturation, porosity, permeability, capillary pressure, and end
point of relative permeability, and the fluid property is
represented by oil viscosity.
Generally, this laboratory study is to measure the porosities,
absolute permeabilities, residual oil saturation, end point
relative permeabilities, and capillary pressures for the samples
before and after the vibration using several values of
amplitudes and frequencies. Hence, we can observe behavior
of rock and fluid properties with respect to frequency and
amplitude.
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3
Laboratory start with the synthetic core experiment. The
synthetic cores were made from different grain size of sand
stone and different amount of cement such that we have
variety value of porosies and permebilities. This synthetic core
experiment is intended to cover variation in frequency and
amplitude since we can make similar property of cores. The
vibration equipment design is depicted in Fig. 1 where the
vibrator is placed on the side of core holder (it is also can be
placed on the top), and the experiment procedure is depicted in
Fig. 2. Hence, we apply the same equipment and procedure for
the field core samples. Analysis related to the mechanisms is
then conducted and also utilizes the previous papers.
RESULTS
The results of the laboratory study on synthetic cores which
are made of gravel with grain size having porosity between
13% to 30% and permeability between 1600 mD to 2500 mD
indicate that frequency of the vibration gives more influence
than the amplitude. Vibration stimulation in term of frequency
and amplitude could improve the porosity (φ ) up to 15.3 %
and the absolute permeability (kabs) up to 2.2 %. Fig. 3 and 4
show the porosity changes with respect to amplitude and
frequency, respectively, of a core sample which represents the
whole core samples. First, we can see in general that
frequency influences more the rock property changes than
amplitude does. Second, rock properties response to frequency
indicate an optimum value where below or above the value
does not give maximum results. Moreover, perhaps, a
sinusiodal behavior will exhibit if the frequency is
continuously increased. On the other hand, amplitude has a
maximum value where the vibration does not influence much.
Thus, the effect of amplitude is not discussed here any further
since we just use the maximum value.
Furthermore, the vibration in term of frequency could decrease
the residual oil saturation (Sor) up to 53.6 % which is
represented by a core sample as depicted in Fig. 5, decrease
the irreducible water saturation (Swirr) up to 25 % as shown in
a representative core sample capillary pressure curve as
depicted in Fig. 6, increase the end point of oil relative
permeability (kro) up to 73 % (represented by Fig. 7), and
increase the end point of water relative permeability (krw) up
to 76 % (represented by Fig. 8). All the results show that
frequency of 10 Hz and amplitude that yield the maximum
changes in these rock properties.
Experiments on sandstone-field sample cores yield that the
original porosity of 4.84 % - 26.73 % and absolute
permeability of 231.46 mD – 1113.59 mD can be increased in
percentage as a high as 53.9 % with an average of 36.6 %
from the original porosity (Fig. 9), and as high as 54.1 % with
an average of 59.4 % from the original permeability (Fig. 10).
Moreover, the original residual oil saturation varying from
0.15 % - 0.57 % can be decreased up to 68 % with an average
of 66.1 % (Fig. 11).
Our experiments on carbonate cores show that the results are
not as encouraging as the above relatively high permeability
4 SPE 93112
sandstones’. The resulted optimum frequencies are 15 Hz and
10 Hz for reducing the residual oil saturation, and
porosity/permeability, respectively. The differences between
the residual oil saturation before and after the vibration vary
from 14.18% up to 54.14% at this optimum frequency (Fig.
12). The porosity changes vary from -18% up to 42 % (Fig.
13), and permeability changes vary from -28% up to 29 %
(Fig. 14). This means that the vibration could not improve or
even damage the rock properties if we do not apply the correct
optimum frequency.
In oil viscosity investigation, for the samples that has viscosity
of 0,66 cp and 1.1 cp at 1000 psig, the viscosity measurement
is conducted at temperature of 70oC, 85oC and 95oC for 1000
psig, 1500 psig, 2000 psig, 2500 psig and 3000 psig. For the
lower viscosity sample at temperature of 70oC, the viscosity
reduction at optimum frequency and maximum amplitude is
proven to be increasing with the increasing pressure. It varies
from 19,38% up to 22,6% as shown in Figs. 15a and 15b for
the frequency and amplitude variation, respectively. However,
for temperature 85 oC, the viscosity reduction is about 28%
(Figs. 16a and 16b, and for temperature of 95oC is about 15%
as depicted in Figs. 17a and 17b for frequency and amplitude
variation, respectively.
DISCUSSIONS
The biggest porosity increase, residual oil saturation reduction
and end point relative permeability occur at frequency of 10
Hz that means the optimum frequency value for the given
samples having particular lithology and grain size distribution.
This value is considered a low frequency, and it is still in the
field application of the vibroseismic technology. The
following is the hypothesis of the mechanism: The vibration
may connect the nonconnective (non-effective) porosity due to
agitation; hence, this may reduce the tortuosity such that
increase a little bit the permeability. Furthermore, the
vibration may enlarge the porosity by releasing the fine
particle such as cement (or clay).
Consequently, increasing porosity and permeability lead to
reducing the irreducible water saturation, or, shifting the
capillary pressure to the left until reach the optimum
frequency as explained in the following. If we recall the
definition of capillary pressure (Pc) as written below15:
2 σ cos θ
Pc = ,………………………..(1)
rc
where:
σ = Surface tension
θ = Contact angle
rc = capillary radius
So there are three parameters that influence the capillary
pressure, i.e., surface tension, contact angle, and capillary
radius. The capillary radius can be represented by porosity,
and as the capillary radius increases (or porosity increases),
the capillary pressure reduces. Furthermore, Kothari (1994)
and Gadiev (1977)16 based on their laboratory experiment
mentioned that the stimulation effect causes reducing the
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surface tension because of the agitation and increasing fluid
temperature and thus reducing the capillary pressure. Also
since the contact angle is a function of wettability, the changes
in wettability change the capillary pressure, and eventually,
improve the oil recovery. Barabanov17 explains the wettability
changes with relating the contact angle and electro potential
(in electron volt) that is a boundary layer between the fluid
and rock. As the contact angle gets bigger, the electro
potential decreases until reaches the smallest at xxx degree,
then it increases creating an anticline profile. And, he also
indicates that this wettability changes does not reverse when
the vibration ends11.
So far we can distinguish the mechanisms due to the vibration
to the cores into two catagories: (1) Mechanism related to oil-
rock properties such as dislodging oil droplets and coalesence
the oil droplets, and wettability changes which are more or
less representtative of the literature review mechanism, (2)
Mechanism related to pore structure which is tend to this study
proposal. Now, we come to compare the literature review
with this study proposed mechanisms. Now, recall the Sergey
A. Kostrov and Bill O. Wooden5 that may represent the
literature review mechanism. The first case of their paper (Fig.
18) may be explained well with both types of mechanisms,
i.e., their paper and this study. On the other hand, the second
case (Fig. 19) is not clear if it is explained with their
mechanisms. If the dislodging oil droplet from the pore wall is
the mechanisms, then the question is that why the oil
production declines at late times after the stimulation end, and
why this phenomenon does not happen for the first case. The
physical pore volume enlargement mechanisms could explain
the declining oil production by repositioning the clay matrix at
among the pore throats such that plugging the flow, or, at least
increasing the tortuosity and so reducing the permeability.
Viscosity is basically ratio of visous and capillary forces 15.
Thus, stimulation vibration could some what disturb the
stability such that reduces the viscosity. Increasing the
pressure probably yield the cell more confined such that the
vibration is more efficient. However, this still need an
explanation of why we get an optimum value. Before this
optimum frequency, the vibration is not sufficient enough to
influence the flow. But after a certain degre of disturbance that
is still effective to reduce the viscous force, probably too much
disturbance causes the oil more viscous.
CONCLUSION
There are two categories of the mechanisms of the vibration
effect on rock properties: (1) Mechanism related to oil-rock
properties such as dislodging oil droplets and coalesence the
oil droplets, and wettability changes which represents, more or
less, the literature review mechanism, (2) Mechanism related
to pore structure which is tend to this study proposal.
However, in corresponding to the field experiment, we believe
that our hypotesis to be more realistic since the physical
enlargement of porosity (and maybe increasing the
permeability at the earlierst) and possibility of clay (fine
particle) plugging seem control the performance of fluid flow
SPE 93112 5

rather than the the coaslence mechanisms and wettability 10. D.N. Mikhailov: “Changes of Phase Permeability due to
change mechanisms. Micro-processes of Water Flooding Under Ultrasound
Action” International Conference Elastic Wave Effect
On Fluid In The Porous Media, Moskow. 2001,
REFERENCES International Symposium On Nonlinear Acoustics (ISNA-
16).
1. Vijendra P. Kothari:”Acoustically Enhaced Remediation 11. Vyacheslav L. Barabanov, (and V. N. Nikolaevskiy):
of Contaminated Soil and Groundwater,” Proceeding of “Seismic Action on Oil Reservoirs”, International
Opportunity ’95 – Environmental Technology through Conference Elastic Wave Effect On Fluid In The Porous
Small Business, November 1994, Environmental Media, Moscow Engineering-Physics Institute (State
Management, Department of Energy, USA.22. University), Moskow. 2001, International Symposium
2. Nikolaevskiy, N.V., Lopukhov, G.P., Liao, L., and On Nonlinear Acoustics (ISNA-16).
Economides, M.J.: “Residual Oil Reservoir Recovery 12. V. N. Nikolaevskiy and G.S. Stepanova: “Mechanism of
With Seismic Vibrations,” SPE Production Facilities Vibration for Oil Recovery from Reservoir and
(May 1996), 89-94. Dominant Frequencies,” Trans. (Doklady) USSR
3. B. N. Bogolyubov, L. S. Brilliant, V. A. Farfel, V. N. Academy of Sciences (1989) 307, No. 3, 570-575.
Lobanov, V. Yu. Morozov, G. A. Potapov, V.I.Talanov 13. P. M. Roberts (Ernest L. Meyer, Wei-Cheng Lo,
:”Action Of Powerful Seismo-Acoustic Radiation On Garrison Sposito, Thomas M. Daley): “An Integrated
Oil-Bearing Layers”, International Conference Elastic Approach to Seismic Stimulation of Oil Reservoirs:
Wave Effect On Fluid In The Porous Media, Moskow, Laboratory, Field and Theoretical Results from
2001, International Symposium On Nonlinear Acoustics DOE/Industry Collaborations”, International Conference
(ISNA-16). Elastic Wave Effect On Fluid In The Porous Media,
4. S. Z. Dunin (Moscow Eng.-Phys. Inst.), D. N. Mikhailov Moskow. 2001, International Symposium On Nonlinear
and V.N. Nikolaevskiy (Inst. Earth Physics): “Waves In Acoustics (ISNA-16).
Saturated Poroelastic Media With Gas Bubbles”, 14. Biot, M. A.: "Theory of Propagation of Elastic Waves In
International Conference Elastic Wave Effect On Fluid A Fluid-Saturated Porous Solid: Low Frequency Range,"
In The Porous Media, Moskow. 2001, International J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 28, Pp. 168-178, 1956.
Symposium On Nonlinear Acoustics (ISNA-16). 15. Amyx, J.W., Daniel M. Bass, Jr., Robert L. Whitting:
5. Ryszard Dziêcielak: “Behaviour Of Elastic Waves In A Petroleum Reservoir Engineering. McGraw-Hill, Inc.,
Fluid-Saturated Porous Medium With A Structure”, NY, 1988.
International Conference: Elastic Wave Effect On Fluid 16. Gadiev, S.M: Vibrasional and Vibro-Blast Treatment of
In The Porous Media, Poznañ University Of Technology, a Stratum [in Russia], (Nedra, Moscow, 1977).
Moskow, 2001. 17. L. V. Personal Communication, Barabanov (2004).
6. Igor B. Esipov, Maksim Yu. Gureyev: ”Àcoustical Effect
On Fluid In Granular Medium : XIII Session Of The
Russian Acoustical Society Moscow”, N. Andreyev
Acoustics Institute, Svernika Str., 4, 117036 Moscow,
Russia, August 25-29, 2003
7. Stepan A. Korchagin: “Frequency Selection in Vibro-
Stimulation for the Model of the Large Scale Stress Re-
Distribution In A Productivity Formation”, International
Conference Elastic Wave Effect On Fluid In The Porous
Media, Moskow, 2001. International Symposium On
Nonlinear Acoustics (ISNA-16).
8. Kostrov Sergey and Wooden, B.O: “Mechanisms, Flied
Suitability, and Case Studies for Enhancement of Oil
Recovery and Production Using In-Situ Seismic
Stimulation”, International Conference Elastic Wave
Effect On Fluid In The Porous Media, Moskow. 2001,
International Symposium On Nonlinear Acoustics (ISNA-
16).
9. G. A..Maximov, A. V. Radchenko: “Modeling of Oil
Output Intensification Due to Heating Process in Porous
Pearmeability Medium At Acoustical Stimulation In A
Well”, International Conference Elastic Wave Effect On Fig. 1 – Scheme of the vibration stimulation on laboratory
Fluid In The Porous Media, Moscow Engineering- experiment.
Physics Institute (State University), Moskow. 2001,
International Symposium On Nonlinear Acoustics (ISNA-
16).

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6 SPE 93112

METHODOLOGY 350
Sebelum Vibrasi

300 Vibrasi f = 0.5 Hz

Core Sample 250 Vibrasi f = 5 Hz

Preparation
- Measuring Measurement Core Sample Measurement Vibrasi f = 7 Hz
200
Preparation

Pc (psi)
the of φ, k, Sor of φ, k, Sor Vibrasi f = 10 Hz
Dimension - Cleaning After the
Before the 150
- Cleaning - Drying Vibrating Vibrasi f = 15 Hz
Vibrating
- Drying - Saturating
100 Vibrasi f = 20 Hz
- Saturating
Vibrasi f = 30 Hz
50

Vibrasi f = 50 Hz
Fig. 2 – Procedure of the vibration stimulation on laboratory 0
experiment. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Sw (Fraksi)

Fig. 6 – Effect of frequency on irreducible water saturation

20 (capillary pressure) of synthetic cores.
18
16
14
12 0.6
Porosity, %

10
0.4

ko/kBase
8
6
4 0.2
2
0.0
0
0 0.5 5 7 10 15 20 30 50 Awal
initial 5 10 50
Frequency, Hz Frequency, Hz

Fig. 7 – Effect of frequency on oil relative permeability of the

Fig. 3 – Effect of frequency on porosity of the synthetic cores. synthetic cores.

25

20 0.16
0.14
0.12
Porosity, %

15
kw/kBase

0.10
0.08
10 0.06
0.04
5 0.02
0.00
0 Awal
initial 5 10 50
0 Min 6 7 9 12 15 Max Frequency, Hz
Amplitude
Fig. 8 – Effect of frequency on water relative permeability of the
the synthetic cores.
Fig. 4 – Effect of frequency on amplitudo of the synthetic cores.

30

0.6
0.5 25

0.4
20
Porosity %
Sor

0.3
0.2 15

0.1 10

0
5

0 0.5 5 10 25 50 100 200

Frequency, Hz 0
0 5 10 15 25

F re q u e n c y , H z

Fig. 5 – Effect of frequency on residual oil saturation of the Fig. 9 - Effect of frequency on porosity of field-sandstone cores.
synthetic cores.

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SPE 93112 7

40.00%
1200 30.00%
1000 20.00%

Delta Permeability
Kabs mD

800 10.00%
f = 10 Hz
f = 15 Hz
600 0.00%
f = 20 Hz
400 -10.00%
200 -20.00%
0 -30.00%
0 5 10 15 25 11 14 21 56 6 15 36
Sample Number
Frequency, Hz
Fig. 14 - Permeability differences with respect to the non-vibrating
Fig. 10 – Effect of frequency on permeability of field-sandstone
experiment for the carbonate core samples.
cores.
1.6

1.4

1.2

Viscosity, cp
0.6 1

0.8 Befo re
0.4
Sor %

0.6 f = 5 Hz
0.2 0.4
f = 10 Hz
f = 20 Hz
0.2
0 f = 30 Hz
0
0 5 10 15 25 f = 40 Hz
1015 1515 2015 2515 3015

Frequency Hz
Pressure, psi

Fig. 11 - Effect of frequency on residual oil saturation (Sor) of Fig. 15a - Effect of frequency on viscosity at T = 70oC
field-sandstone cores.
1.6

60.00% 1.4

1.2
50.00%
Viscosity, cp

1
40.00% f = 10 Hz
0.8
Delta Sor

30.00% f = 15 Hz
Before
f = 20 Hz 0.6
20.00% A = min
0.4 A=9
10.00% A = 12
0.2
A = max
0.00%
0
11 14 21 56 6 15 36
1014.7 1514.7 2014.7 2514.7 3014.7
Sample Number Pressure, psi

Fig. 12 - Sor differences with respect to the non-vibrating Fig. 15b – Effect of amplitudo on viskosity at T = 70oC
experiment for the carbonate core samples.
1

50.00% 0.9
0.8
Porosity

40.00%
0.7
Delta

Viscosity, cp

30.00%
0.6
20.00% f = 10 Hz
0.5 Before
f = 15 Hz
10.00% 0.4 f = 5 Hz
f = 20 Hz f = 10 Hz
0.00% 0.3
f = 20 Hz
0.2
-10.00% f = 30 Hz
0.1 f = 40 Hz
-20.00% 0
11 14 21 56 6 15 36 1014.7 1514.7 2014.7 2514.7 3014.7
Sample Number
Pressure, psi
Fig. 13 - Porosity differences with respect to the non-vibrating
experiment for the carbonate core samples. Fig. 16a - Effect of frequency on viskosity at T = 85oC

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8 SPE 93112

2800
1 Oil Cut 35
0.9 2400
30
0.8
2000 Oil Production

Pro duct ion , Bb ls/d ay

0.7 25
Viscosity, cp

0.6 1600

Oil Cut, %
20
0.5
1200
0.4 Before 15
St art of Sti mul at io n
0.3 A = min 800
10
0.2 A=9
A = 12 400 En d of St imu lat io n
0.1 5
A = max
0
0 0
1014.7 1514.7 2014.7 2514.7 3014.7 Ja n-99 Ap r-99 Ju l-99 Oct -99 Ja n-00 Ap r-00 Ju l-00 O ct -00 Ja n-01
Pressure, psi D iat om it e St imu lat io n: 48 We lls
Ja n-99

Fig. 16b - Effect of amplitude on viscosity at T = 850C

Fig. 19 - Seismic stimulation of Lost Hills oil field (low
permeability)8.
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Viscosity, cp

0.5
The author would like to thank to hardwork, brave, and
0.4 Before
f = 5 Hz
brilliant students Martin, Made, Henny, Onni, Fivman and
0.3
f = 10 Hz Mursalim for their deligent work so that this paper could be
0.2
f = 20 Hz appeared. Also, the author would like to thank to Mr.
0.1 f = 30 Hz
f = 40 Hz
Gunawan Handayani for supporting the equipment, Mr. Hari
0
Suryanto for very supporting cooperation.
1014.7 1514.7 2014.7 2514.7 3014.7
Pressure, psi

Fig. 17a – Effect of frequency on viscosity at T = 95oC

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3 Befo re
A = min
0.2 A =9
0.1 A = 12
0 A = max

1015 1515 2015 2515 3015

P ressure, psi

Fig. 17b – Effect aplitude on viscosity at T = 95oC

160000
Start of Stimulation
140000
Tons of Oil per Month

120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
Jun-90

Jun-91

Jun-92

Jun-93

Jun-94

Jun-95

Jun-96
Dec- 89

Dec- 90

Dec- 91

Dec- 92

Dec- 93

Dec- 94

Dec- 95

Fig. 18 – Seismic stimulation of Samotlor oil field (high

permeability)8.

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