06 Basic SQL - Retrieval Queries

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases (Fall 2014)
Basic SQL
Retrieval Queries
Chapter 4
Fall 2014
1992-2014 by Addison Wesley & Pearson Education, Inc., McGraw Hill, Cengage Learning
Slides adapted and modified from Fundamentals of Database Systems (5/6) (Elmasri et al.), Database System
Concepts (5/6) (Silberschatz et al.), Database Systems (Coronel et al.), Database Systems (4/5) (Connolly et al. )
CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases

Rice University Data Center
Announcements
Assignment 1
Due Monday October 6th, 2014
Solutions will be posted on midnight
Lecture 5 Exercise
Solutions posted LEARN
Content
Lecture 5
Basic Retrieval Queries in SQL

SELECT statement
Basic statement for retrieving information from a database
Unlike relational model, SQL allows a table to have two or more tuples
that are identical in all their attribute values (multiset or bag behavior)
The SELECT-FROM-WHERE Structure

Basic form of the SELECT statement:

SELECT-FROM-WHERE Structure
Basic logical comparison operators for comparing attribute values
=
<
<=
>
>=
<>
SELECT clause specifies attributes whose values are to be retrieved

Also known as projection attributes
WHERE clause specifies the Boolean condition that must be true for
any retrieved tuple
Also known as selection condition

join condition: combines two tuples (one from

DEPARTMENT and one from EMPLOYEE)

Ambiguous Attribute Names

In SQL, the same name can be used for two (or more) attributes
As long as the attributes are in different relations

Must qualify the attribute name with the relation name to prevent ambiguity
Suppose in Figure 3.7 we have the columns names as follows:
EMPLOYEE
Lname
Name
EMPLOYEE
Dno
Dnumber
DEPARTMENT
Dname
Name
To prevent ambiguity, Q1 would be rephrased. We must prefix attributes Name and
Dnumber as shown below:
When names are

not ambiguous,
though, do not
need to specify
Fully qualified attribute names can be used for clarity even if there is no ambiguity in
attribute names
Aliasing and Renaming

Ambiguity of attribute names also arises in the case of queries
that refer to the same relation twice
Query 8: For each employee, retrieve the employees first and last name
and the first and last name of his or her immediate supervisor
aliases or tuple variables
It is also possible to rename the relation attributes within the

query in SQL by giving them aliases
alias for Fname
alias for Bdate
Unspecified WHERE Clause

Missing WHERE clause
Indicates no condition on tuple selection
All tuples will be selected
If more than one relation is specified in the FROM clause and

there is no WHERE clause, then the CROSS PRODUCT of
these relations is selected
All possible tuple combinations
Selecting Columns
How to Select All Columns
To retrieve all the attribute
values of the selected tuples,
we use an asterisk (*)
Example
SELECT *
FROM CarRentals
CarRentals Table
City
Year
Chicago
2011
CarsRented
567
Los Angles
2010
1540
Los Angles
2011
1320
Miami
2010
512
Miami
2011
987
Miami
2009
1054
New Jersey
2010
987
New York
2011
1021
10
Selecting Columns
How to Select Specific Columns
To retrieve specific columns,
each column name must be
specified after the SELECT
keyword
CarRentals Table
City
multiple columns are

separated by commas
Example
SELECT City, CarsRented
FROM CarRentals
CarsRented
Chicago
567
Los Angles
1540
Los Angles
1320
Miami
512
Miami
987
Miami
1054
New Jersey
987
New York
1021
11
Selecting Columns
How to Select Computed Columns
To retrieve specific columns, each column name must be
specified after the SELECT keyword
multiple columns are separated by commas
Example
SELECT City, Year, CarsRented, (CarsRented * 10)
FROM CarRentals
CarRentals Table
City
Year
CarsRented
Chicago
2011
567
CarsRented * 10
5670
Los Angles
2010
1540
15400
Los Angles
2011
1320
13200
Miami
2010
512
5120
Miami
2011
987
9870
Miami
2009
1054
10540
New Jersey
2010
987
9870
New York
2011
1021
10210
12
Selecting Rows
Selecting ALL Rows
A SELECT statement that does not have a WHERE clause
will return ALL rows
City
Example
SELECT *
FROM CarRentals
Year
CarsRented
Chicago
2011
567
Los Angles
2010
1540
Los Angles
2011
1320
Miami
2010
512
Miami
2011
987
Miami
2009
1054
New Jersey
2010
987
New York
2011
1021
CarRentals Table
13
Selecting Rows
Selecting Specific Rows
To select specific rows, the WHERE clause is required
WHERE filters which rows to be returned based on a specified
condition (i.e. search strategy)
The WHERE clause has a condition which is a logical expression.
The WHERE condition consists of:

Comparison Operators
Logical Operators
Arithmetic Operators
Other SQL constructs
14
Selecting Rows
Partial Matching Search (WHERE)
Example 1
SELECT *
FROM CarRentals
WHERE City = Miami
City
Year
CarsRented
Miami
2010
512
Miami
2011
987
Miami
2009
1054
Example 2
SELECT *
FROM CarRentals
WHERE City = Miami
AND Year > 2010
City
Year
CarsRented
Miami
2011
987
15
Selecting Rows
Range Search (BETWEEN)
Example 1
SELECT *
FROM CarRentals
WHERE Year >= 2009
AND YEAR <= 2010
Example 2
SELECT *
FROM CarRentals
WHERE Year
BETWEEN 2009 AND 2010
City
Year
CarsRented
Los Angles
2010
1540
Miami
2010
512
Miami
2009
1054
New Jersey
2010
987
A BETWEEN includes the endpoints of

range.
A NOT BETWEEN includes all values that
are not part of the range (and endpoints)
16
Selecting Rows
Pattern Matching Search (%..% and LIKE)
LIKE comparison operator
Used for string pattern matching

% replaces an arbitrary number of zero or more characters
underscore (_) replaces a single character
Example 1
SELECT *
FROM CarRentals
WHERE City LIKE N%
Example 2
SELECT *
FROM CarRentals
WHERE City LIKE %es
City
Year
New Jersey
2010
CarsRented
987
New York
2011
1021
City
Year
CarsRented
Los Angles
2010
1540
Los Angles
2011
1320
17
Selecting Rows
Removing Duplicate Rows
SQL does not automatically eliminate duplicate tuples in
query results
Use the keyword DISTINCT in the SELECT clause only
Example 1: SELECT City
FROM CarRentals
City
Chicago
Los Angles
Los Angles
Miami
Miami
Miami
New Jersey
New York
Example 2: SELECT DISTINCT City

FROM CarRentals
City
Chicago
Los Angles
Miami
New Jersey
New York
DISTINCT removes duplicate rows

from the result-set
18
Selecting Rows
Aliasing and Renaming Columns
Ambiguity of attribute names arises in the case of queries that
refer to the same relation twice
Solution: Use aliasing or renaming
Example
SELECT City, Year, CarsRented As Rented , (CarsRented * 10)
As CarsStats
FROM CarRentals
CarRentals Table
City
Year
Rented
Chicago
2011
567
CarsStats
5670
Los Angles
2010
1540
15400
Los Angles
2011
1320
13200
Miami
2010
512
5120
Miami
2011
987
9870
Miami
2009
1054
10540
New Jersey
2010
987
9870
New York
2011
1021
10210
Sorting Rows
ORDER BY Clause
ORDER BY clause
SQL allows the user to order the tuples in the result of a query by the
values of one or more of the attributes (that appear in the query result)
Keyword DESC to see result in a descending order of values

Keyword ASC to specify ascending order explicitly (default order)
Example 1: SELECT *
FROM CarRentals
ORDER BY City ASC
City
Year
CarsRented
Chicago
2011
567
Los Angles
2010
1540
Los Angles
2011
1320
Miami
2010
512
Miami
2011
987
Miami
2009
1054
New Jersey
2010
987
New York
2011
1021
Example 2: SELECT *
FROM CarRentals
ORDER BY City ASC, Year DESC
City
Year
Chicago
2011
CarsRented
567
Los Angles
2011
1320
Los Angles
2010
1540
Miami
2011
987
Miami
2010
512
Miami
2009
1054
New Jersey
2010
987
New York
2011
1021
20
10
SET Operations
UNION
UNION of two tables
Union of two tables, A and B, is table containing all rows in either A or B or
both
Two tables must be union compatible
Example 1: List the cities that rented cars for years 2009 or 2010
SELECT City
FROM CarRentals
WHERE Year = 2009
UNION ALL
SELECT City
FROM CarRentals
WHERE Year = 2010
City
Year
CarsRented
Chicago
2011
567
Los Angles
2010
1540
Miami
Los Angles
2011
1320
New Jersey
Miami
2010
512
Miami
2011
987
Miami
2009
1054
New Jersey
2010
987
New York
2011
1021
Using UNION
City
Los Angles
Using UNION ALL
City
Los Angles
Miami
New Jersey
Miami
If ALL specified, result can include duplicate rows
21
SET Operations
EXCEPT (DIFFERENCE or MINUS)
EXCEPT of two tables
is a table containing all rows in A but not in B
Example 1: List the cities that rented cars for any year but (except) 2010
SELECT City
FROM CarRentals
EXCEPT
SELECT City
FROM CarRentals
WHERE Year = 2010
City
Year
CarsRented
Chicago
2011
567
Los Angles
2010
1540
Los Angles
2011
1320
Miami
2010
512
Miami
2011
987
Miami
2009
1054
New Jersey
2010
987
New York
2011
1021
Using EXCEPT
City
Chicago
New York
22
11
SET Operations
INTERSECT
INTERSECT of two tables
is table containing all rows common to both A and B.
Example 1: List the cities that rented cars for in both 2009 and 2010
SELECT City
FROM CarRentals
WHERE Year = 2009
INTERSECT
SELECT City
FROM CarRentals
WHERE Year = 2010
City
Year
CarsRented
Chicago
2011
567
Los Angles
2010
1540
City
Los Angles
2011
1320
Miami
Miami
2010
512
Miami
2011
987
Miami
2009
1054
New Jersey
2010
987
New York
2011
1021
Using INTERSECT
23
12

06 Basic SQL - Retrieval Queries

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Deskripsi Asli:

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

06 Basic SQL - Retrieval Queries

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases (Fall 2014)

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases (Fall 2014)

Basic Retrieval Queries in SQL

The SELECT-FROM-WHERE Structure

Basic Retrieval Queries in SQL

SELECT clause specifies attributes whose values are to be retrieved

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases (Fall 2014)

Basic Retrieval Queries in SQL

join condition: combines two tuples (one from

Basic Retrieval Queries in SQL

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases (Fall 2014)

Ambiguous Attribute Names

As long as the attributes are in different relations

Suppose in Figure 3.7 we have the columns names as follows:

When names are

Aliasing and Renaming

aliases or tuple variables

It is also possible to rename the relation attributes within the

alias for Bdate

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases (Fall 2014)

Unspecified WHERE Clause

If more than one relation is specified in the FROM clause and

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases (Fall 2014)

multiple columns are

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases (Fall 2014)

The WHERE clause has a condition which is a logical expression.

The WHERE condition consists of:

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases (Fall 2014)

A BETWEEN includes the endpoints of

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases (Fall 2014)

Used for string pattern matching

Example 2: SELECT DISTINCT City

DISTINCT removes duplicate rows

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases (Fall 2014)

Keyword DESC to see result in a descending order of values

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases (Fall 2014)

Using UNION ALL

If ALL specified, result can include duplicate rows

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases (Fall 2014)

Anda mungkin juga menyukai