Calculation of ETTV

Group B
Alan, Jaz, Xuan Xuan, Si yu, Fang Cong

Content
ETTV equation
Computing steps of ETTV

Work example 1

Work example 2

Sensitivity analysis

Quiz

ETTV Equation

ETTV Equation
Where more than one type of material and/or fenestration is used:

ETTV Equation
ETTV of the whole building envelope is obtained by taking the weighted
average of individual walls at different orientations.

Computation of ETTV
First step: calculation of different areas with different material
Second step: computation of U-value for different types of building
envelope
Third step: find out the shading coefficient (SC) for different types of glass
Forth step: find out the correction factors (CF) for solar heat gain through
fenestration in different orientation
Last step: use ETTV equation to calculate the total ETTV

st step: Areas
160000
South-west elevation
Beam

350
1800

Glass
window

Glass
window

Glass
window
2400

Brick wall

3150

1st step: Areas

Area of beam:
Aw1=350x60000
Area of glass windows:
Af1=2400x1800
Area of brick wall:
Aw2= 3150x60000-Af1

2nd step: U-value

Thermal conductivity, k
Materials ability to conduct heat
Thickness, b
Thermal resistance, R
R=b/k
Thermal transmittance, U
U=1/R

3rd step: SC
A measure of the total amount of heat passing through the
glazing compared with that through a single 3mm clear glass
SC=solar heat gain of any glass and shading combination /
solar heat gain through a 3mm unshaded clear glass
Between 0 to 1
The lower the better
Provided by manufacturer
Affected by external shading devices

Shading Coefficient

4th step: CF
The solar correction factors for eight primary orientations of the walls
have been determined for the Singapore climate.
the eight primary orientations are segmented as follows:

Solar correction factors (CF) for walls

4th step: CF

5th step: ETTV

Find out individual ETTV of walls of different orientations

Calculate the overall ETTV

Work example 1
An single-storey office has the internal layout plan
shown in Fig.1. Section detail of the walls are shown
in section A-A and B-B. The office is orientated in the
North, East, South and West directions with the front
faade facing the south.
Calculate the ETTV for the building envelope.

Fig. 1

250mm r. c beam

Single glazing

Section A-A

250 mm r. c beam

200mmr.c wall

Section B-B

Answer
Single glazing Af1 : 3.6 x 45= 162.0m2
(b) 250mm r.c beam Aw1:1.1 x 45 = 49.5m2
(ii) East faade: (a) Single glazing Af1 : 3.6 x 25 = 90m2
(b)250mm r.c beam Aw1 : 1.1 x 25 = 27.5m2
(iii) North faade: (a) 200mm r.c wall Aw2 : 4x45=180 m2
(b) r.c beam Aw1 :0.7x45 = 31.5m2
(iv) West faade: (a) 200mm r.c wall Aw2 : 4x25 =100m2
(b) r.c beam Aw1 : 0.7x25 =17.5m2
(i) South faade: (a)

U-Value Calculation
(a) 8mm single glazing (South & East Facades)

R = 0.044+0.008/1.053 +0.12 =0.172m K/W

U=1/R=5.82W/m2
SCg = 0.61(by manufacturer)

U-Value Calculation
(b) 250mm r.c beam
R=0.044+0.012/1.298+0.25/1.442+0.012/
0.053+0.12=0.369m2
U=1/R=2.71W/m2 K

U-Value Calculation
(c) 200mm r.c wall(North and west facades)

R=0.044+0.012/1.298+0.2/1.442+0.012/0.53
3+0.12=0.334m2 K/W
U=1/R=2.99W /m2 K

ETTV Calculation
General Equation:
ETTV=1/Ao [12(Aw x Uw )+3.4(Af xUf )+211xCF(Af xSC)]

South faade(CF=0.83)
ETTVs
=1/211.5[12(49.5x2.71)+3.4(162x5.82)+211x0.83(162x0.61)=104.59W/m2
East facade (CF =1.13)
ETTVe
=1/117.5[12x(27.5x2.71)+3.4(90x5.82)+211x1.13x(90x0.61)=134.17W/m2
North faade(CF=0.80)
ETTVn =1/211.5[12x(180x2.99+31.5x2.71)=35.38W/m2

ETTV Calculation
West faade
ETTVw = 1/117.5[12x(100x2.99+17.5x2.71)]= 35.38W/m2
Overall for Whole Building
ETTV= (104.57x211.5+ 134.17x 117.5+ 35.38x
211.5+35.38x117.5)/(211.5+117.5+ 211.5+117.5)
= 75.26W/m2

Work Example 2
The internal lay-out plan of an single-story office building is shown in
Fig(A). Typical section details of wall are shown in section A-A, section BB, section C-C. Calculate the ETTV for the building envelope.

Answer
(Areas)
1. South-west faade
250mm RC Beam: Aw1= 0.5x20=10m2
Single glazing wall: Af1 = 3x20=60m2

2. West-north faade
250mm RC Beam : Aw1= 1x30=30m2
200mm RA Wall : Aw1= 2.5x30=70m2

Areas
3. North-east faade
250mm RC Beam : Aw1= 0.5x20=10m2
Double glazing window: Af1 = 2x20=40m2
200mm RC Wall : 1x20=20m2

4. East-south faade
250mm RC Beam : 1x30=30m2
200mm RC Wall : 2.5x30=70m2

U-value calculation
1. 250mm RC Beam
Rt=0.044+0.012/1.298+0.012/0.533+0.25/1.422+0.12=0.3691m2
k/w
U=1/Rt=2.71w/m2k

2. 8mm single glazing wall

Rt=0.044+0.008/1.053+0.12=0.1716m2k/w
U=1/Rt=5.83w/m2k
SC=0.5(By manufacturer)

U-value calculation
3. 200mm RC Wall
Rt=0.044+0.02/1.154+0.02/0.37+0.2/1.442+0.12= 0.3741m2k/w
U=1/=2.67w/m2k
4. Double glazing window
Rt=0.044+0.008/1.053+0.008/1.053+0.118+0.12= 0.290m2k/w
U=3.448w/m2k
SC=0.5(By manufacturer)

ETTV calculation
General equation:
ETTV=1/Ao [12(Aw * Uw )+3.4(Af *Uf )+211*CF(Af *SC)]
1. South-west faade(CF=1.06)
ETTVW=1/70[12(10*2.71)+3.4(60*5.83)+211*1.06(60*0.7)]=155.
83w/m2
2. West-north faade
ETTVN=1/100[12(30*2.71+70*2.67)]=32.18w/m2

ETTV calculation
3. North-east faade(CF=0.97)
ETTVE=1/70[12(10*2.71+20*2.67)+3.4(40*3.448)+211*0.97(40*
0.5)]=78.98w/m2
4. East-south faade
ETTVS=1/100[(12(30*2.72+70*2.67)]=32.18w/m2
Total ETTV:
ETTVT=(155.83*70+32.18*100+78.98*70+32.18*100)/(70+100+
70+100) = 67.27w/m2

Sensitivity Analysis of ETTV

Sensitivity Analysis
ETTV can be calculated by summing up three basic components of heat
gain through building envelope. These are
Heat conduction through opaque walls
Heat conduction through transparent window
Solar radiation through transparent window

Therefore, analysis can be done based on each component.

Sensitivity Analysis
Heat conduction through opaque walls and
transparent windows
Thermal transmittance ( U- value)
The quantity of heat that flows through a unit area of a building
section under steady state conditions in unit time per unit
temperature difference of the air on either side of the section
The smaller value of thermal transmittance of the material of being
used, the smaller amount of heat will be transmitted.

Sensitivity Analysis
Heat conduction through opaque walls and
transparent windows
Surface air film resistance ( Faade orientation and inclination)
The transfer of heat to and from a surface of a body through air is
reduced by the presence of a thin layer of relatively motionless air at
the surface of the body
Surface air film resistance is affected by wind velocity and therefore
different resistance values for outside and inside air films are given.
If you want to increase the thermal resistance, then you should use
high emissive surface and try to reduce the slope of the roof as much
as possible.

Sensitivity Analysis
Heat conduction through
opaque walls and transparent
windows
Air space resistance
Air is a relatively poor conductor of heat.
The concept is the same as the air film
resistance
In addition, reflective material can be
inserted in an air space to increases the
thermal resistance of the air space.

Sensitivity Analysis
Solar Radiation through transparent window.
Shading coefficient of fenestration (SC)
The ratio of solar hear gain through the fenestration system having
combination of glazing and shading device to the solar heat gain
through an unshaded 3mm clear glass.
The factors affecting SC are
Inter block shading
Direct shading
Diffused shading
Reduced surface temperature

Sensitivity Analysis
Solar Radiation through transparent
window
Shading coefficient of fenestration (SC)
Inter block shading
Neighboring buildings overshadowing another
This will inadvertently affect the heat gains through
faade
Singapores ETTV methodology does not consider this
factor
Because assumption changes when the adjacent building
changes

Sensitivity Analysis
Solar Radiation through transparent window
Shading coefficient of fenestration (SC)
Direct shading
Shading devices such as perforated screens

Sensitivity Analysis
Solar Radiation through transparent window.
Shading coefficient of fenestration (SC)
Indirect shading
The sky factor was used as a benchmark figure
Codes standard procedures ignores this
Reduced conduction heat gain
Relates to heat gain through the opaque building envelope
due to direct and diffused shading

Sensitivity Analysis
Solar Radiation through transparent window.
Solar data
Solar geometry
The position of the sun
Shadow angel
Intensity of solar radiation

Sensitivity Analysis
ETTV
Area of opaque wall or transparent windows (Window-to-wall
ratio)
The bigger the area, the more heat will be transmitted

Quiz 1 (matching)
1st step

U value

2nd step

CF

3rd step

Areas

4th step

ETTV

5th step

SC

Answer
1st step

Areas

2nd step

U value

3rd step

SC

4th step

CF

5th step

ETTV

Quiz 2 (matching)
Thermal transmittance

Reflective material can be inserted

Air space resistance

Shading devices

Surface air film resistance

Assumption changes when the adjacent

building changes

Direct shading

The quantity of heat that flows through a

unit area of a building section

Inter block shading

Affected by wind velocity

Answer
Thermal transmittance

The quantity of heat that flows through a

unit area of a building section

Air space resistance

reflective material can be inserted

Surface air film resistance

affected by wind velocity

Direct shading

Shading devices

Inter block shading

assumption changes when the adjacent

building changes