INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO POLITECNICO

SANTIAGO MARIO
EXTENSION PUERTO ORDAZ
ESCUELA DE INGENIERIA EN SISTEMAS

Prof.:

Bachiller:
Nazareth Vilera
20.954.777

Teora
Las denominadas "reduced relative clauses" son un tipo especial de oraciones
(participle clauses followed by a noun) en las que el pronombre relativo se puede
omitir. Esta omisin solo es aplicable a las "subject relative clauses", no siendo
posible en las "object relative clauses
La caracterstica principal de estas oraciones es, adems de la omisin del
pronombre relativo (y del verbo "to be"), que su verbo principal es una forma
terminada en "-ing". Otro rasgo caracterstico es que el tiempo verbal de la
oracin de relativo original (la no reducida), no tiene ninguna importancia a la
hora de efectuar su transformacin en una "reduced relative clause".
Ejemplos
Cant find the file that contains all my photos (present simple)
I can't find the file containing all my photos

What questions should I ask the person who is directing the wedding? (present
continuous)
What questions should I ask the person directing the wedding?

The paper is well known in the UFO community because it was the newspaper
that reported the alleged Roswell UFO crash in 1947 (simple past)
The paper is well known in the UFO community because it was the
newspaper reporting the alleged Roswell UFO crash in 1947.

Al no llevar ninguna marca de tiempo, las formas terminadas en "-ing" que

hemos resaltado en amarillo reciben el nombre de "non-finite verbs".

a partir de una "subject relative clause" podremos formar una "reduced relative
clause" utilizando una forma terminada en "-ing".
Este tipo de oraciones con las resultantes de omitir el pronombre relativo en una
"object relative clause" como "The man (who) I met yesterday was Sam's father".
En estas oraciones, es posible omitir el pronombre relativo, pero no por ello
forman una "reduced relative clause" propiamente dicha, aunque algunos
autores y recursos las consideren como tal.
Ejemplos
4 - The information which is provided in this policy guide is intended to
summarize the rules of the MSIN.
The information provided in this policy guide is intended to summarize the rules
of the MSIN.
5- Mrs. Vera Dick, a first-class Canadian passenger reported that the final song
which was played by the band was the hymn Nearer, My God, to Thee.
Mrs.

Vera

Dick,

first-class

Canadian

passenger

reported

that

the

final song played by the band was the hymn Nearer, My God, to Thee.
Qu ha ocurrido en estos ejemplos? Tambin hemos formado dos "reduced
relative clauses", pero no utilizando formas terminadas en "-ing", como en los
ejemplos anteriores, sino participios de pasado.Si te das cuenta, la explicacin
es muy sencilla: los verbos de los tres primeros ejemplos aparecen en forma
activa, mientras que los de las oraciones de los ejemplos 4 y 5 son verbos en
forma pasiva.
Para terminar, recuerda que, como hemos visto, el participio de pasado
reemplaza a un verbo en forma activa simple, mientras que en el caso de
oraciones pasivas en forma continua utilizaremos "being + participio de pasado
Ejemplos
6- Presenting sponsor Yamaha and supporting sponsor Kawai have donated
pianos, which are being painted by local professional artists.

Presenting sponsor Yamaha and supporting sponsor Kawai have donated

pianos, being painted by local professional artists.
Sintaxis
In linguistics, the comparative is a syntactic construction that serves to express a
comparison between two (or more) entities or groups of entities in quality,
quantity, or degree; it is one of the degrees of comparison, alongside the positive
and the superlative.[1] The comparative is signaled in English by the suffix -er or
by a word of comparison (as, more, less) and the conjunction- or preposition-like
word as or than. The comparative is frequently associated with adjectives and
adverbs

because

these

words

take

the -er suffix

word more or less (e.g., faster, more intelligent, less wasteful);

or
it

modifying
can

also,

however, appear when no adjective or adverb is present, for instance with nouns
(e.g., more men than women). The syntax of comparative constructions is poorly
understood due to the complexity of the data. In particular, the comparative
frequently

occurs

with

independent

mechanisms

of

syntax

such

as coordination and forms of ellipsis (gapping, pseudo gapping, null complement

anaphora, stripping, verb phrase ellipsis). The interaction of the various
mechanisms complicates the analysis. Most if not all languages have some
means of forming the comparative, although these means can vary significantly
from one language to the next.

Estructura
El ingls tiene tres tipos principales de verbos: verbos auxiliares, verbos
conectivos y verbos de accin. El verbo "to be" (ser, estar) es el verbo que se
usa ms frecuentemente en ingls. Aprenda a usarlo correctamente! A veces el
verbo "to be" se clasifica como un verbo auxiliar. La siguiente lista de verbos
auxiliares excluye "be", "do", y "ought" (ser/estar, hacer, deber) porque tienen un
uso muy diferente de otros verbos auxiliares.

<AuxV> = "must" | "may" |"might" |

"will" |"would" |"shall" |
"should" |"can" |"could"
La descripcin formal del verbo utiliza formas verbales con la letra "V", seguida
por una abreviatura o un nmero y una letra que representan la persona y
nmero gramatical. Por ejemplo, "V1s" significa un verbo para la primera
persona singular. Las abreviaturas "Vinf", "Vpast", "Ving", "Vpastp", se refieren al
infinitivo, al pasado, al participio presente y al participio pasado del verbo,
respectivamente.
Conjugacin de los verbos
Los verbos de accin constituyen la mayora de los verbos ingleses. La tabla
siguiente muestra las formas verbales de la conjugacin de un verbo regular:

Infinitive (Vinf):
start
Present Participle (Ving):starting
Past participle (Vpastp): started
Person,Number
Present
Past (Vpast)
1st,singular
I
(V1s) start started
2nd,singular
you
(V2s) start started
3rd,singular
he/she/it(V3s) startsstarted
1st,plural
we
(V1p) start started
2nd,plural
you
(V2p) start started
3rd,plural
they
(V3p) start started

<verb> = <V1s> |<V2s> |<V3s> |

<V1p> |<V2p> |<V3p> |
<Vpast> |<linking verb>
<linking verb> = "am" |"are" |"is" | "was"| "were" |
"look" | "looks" | "looked" |
"become" | "became" | "become" | ...
<verb phrase> =
("had" |"have" |"has") ["not"] <Vpastp> |
("had" |"have" |"has") ["not"] "been" [<Vpastp> | <Ving>] |
<auxV> ["not"] "have" <Vpastp> |

<auxV> ["not"] "have" "been" [<Vpastp> | <Ving>] |

<auxV> ["not"] "be" [<Vpastp> | <Ving>] |
<auxV> ["not"] <Vinf> |
"ought" ("to" | "not") <Vinf> |
"ought" ("to" | "not") "be" [<Vpastp> | <Ving>] |
"ought" ("to" | "not") "have" <Vpastp> |
"ought" ("to" | "not") "have" "been" [<Vpastp> | <Ving>] |
("do" |"does" |"did") ["not"] [<Vinf>] |
("am" |"are" |"is" |"was" |"were") ["not"] [<Vpastp> | <Ving>] |
("am" |"are" |"is" |"was" |"were") ["not"] "being" [<Vpastp>] |
("am" |"are" |"is" |"was" |"were") ["not"] "going" "to" [<Vinf>]
Ejemplos de Frases Verbales:
("had" |"have" |"has") ["not"] <Vpastp>
has gone, had finished, had not finished
("had" |"have" |"has") ["not"] "been" [<Vpastp> | <Ving>]
had been studying, has been gone, have not been studying
<auxV> ["not"] "have" <Vpastp>
would have gone, might have studied, would not have gone
<auxV> ["not"] "have" "been" [<Vpastp> | <Ving>]
will have been gone, should have been studying, should not have been drinking
<auxV> ["not"] "be" [<Vpastp> | <Ving>]
will be gone, must be studied, will not be done
<auxV> ["not"] <Vinf>
will go, must study, will not eat
"ought" ("to" | "not") <Vinf>
ought to study, ought not drink
"ought" ("to" | "not") "have" "been" [<Vpastp> | <Ving>]

ought to have been studying, ought not have been drinking

("do" |"does" |"did") ["not"] [<Vinf>]
do, did study, does swim, did not eat
("am" |"are" |"is" |"was" |"were") ["not"] [<Vpastp> | <Ving>]
are, is gone, were swimming, was not eating
("am" |"are" |"is" |"was" |"were") ["not"] "being" [<Vpastp>]
are being, was being punished, is not being used
("am" |"are" |"is" |"was" |"were") ["not"] "going" "to" [<Vinf>]
am going to travel, is going to study, was not going to go
Contracciones Negativas
can + not cannot or can't
will + not won't
shall + not shan't
should + not shouldn't
have, has, had + not haven't, hasn't, hadn't
do, does + not don't, doesn't
Tiempos Verbales
Los tiempos verbales son formas flexivas de los verbos o frases verbales que se
utilizan para expresar distinciones de tiempo en la oracin gramatical. La tabla
siguiente define la estructura de algunos tiempos verbales comunes. El trmino
gramatical "perfecto" expresa una accin o estado concluido en el momento de
hablar o en el momento de que se habla. Un tiempo "continuo" o "progresivo"
indica una accin en curso.

Simple Present

Simple Past

<V1s>|<V2s>|<V3s>| <Vpast>

Simple Future
"Will"

<Vinf>

<V1p>|<V2p>|<V3p>
Mary studied yesterda ("am"|"are"|"is") "going" "to" <Vinf>
John studies every

y.

day.

John will

help you

tomorrow.

They study everyday.

Mary is going to help you tomorrow.

Present

Continuous Past

Continuous Future

(Present progressive) (Past progressive)

Continuous

(Future progressive)
"will" "be" <Ving>

("am"|"are"|"is") <Vin ("was"|"were") <Ving>

g>
John was
John is studying now. studying yesterday.

("am"|"are"|"is") "going" "to" "be" <Vi

nf>
Mary will
Mary is

be

studying tomorrow.

going

to

be

studying tomorrow.

Present Perfect
("have"|"has")

Past

Perfect

(Pluperfect)
"Had"

Future Perfect

<Vpastp>

<Vpastp>

"Will"

"have"

<Vpastp>

She had
John has studied for studied English before By
three

years. coming
Past

Present
Continuous
(Present
progressive)

December,

she will

have

here. studied for three years.

Perfect

Perfect Continuous
(Past

perfect Future

perfect progressive)

Perfect

Continuous

(Future perfect progressive)

(pluperfect
progressive)

("have"|"has") "been" "had" "been" <Ving>

<Ving>

"will"
Mary had

"have"

<Ving>

been

She has

been studying for

studying for

three days when she got studying for

years.

"been"

three By midnight, John will have been

over

three

hours.

sick.

Las partculas adverbiales

Algunos verbos adquieren un significado diferente cuando son seguidas por
"partculas adverbiales". Las partculas adverbiales ms comunes son:

about, across, along, around, behind, by, down, forward, in, off, on, out, over,
through, up
Las partculas adverbiales son preposiciones que se consideran parte del verbo.
La expresin "get up" (levantarse, levantate) tiene un significado distinto de
solamente la palabra "get" (obtener, obtiene). Muchos de los verbos con
partculas adverbiales son separables. Una o ms palabras pueden aparecer
entre el verbo y la partcula.
Ejemplos:
"I

will wake

up early

tomorrow."

(Despertar

temprano

maana.)

"I will wake him up early tomorrow." (Voy a despertarlo temprano maana.)
"He could not get his hands up." (l no poda levantar sus manos).
En las gramticas tradicionales, los verbos que pueden ser separados de sus
partculas por un sustantivo o pronombre se llaman "frases verbales". La palabra
"up" en el ejemplo anterior se considera un adverbio, y no una preposicin. Los
verbos para los cuales la partcula debe permanecer adyacente se llaman
"verbos preposicionales" o "verbos prepositivos". Las partculas adverbiales de
los verbos preposicionales pueden interpretarse como adverbios o como
preposiciones que comienzan una frase prepositiva.
Complementos de los verbos
El predicado consiste de un verbo o una frase verbal y sus complementos. Los
verbos que no requieren complementos se llaman intransitivos. Un verbo que
requiere uno o dos complementos se llama transitivo. Un verbo puede
pertenecer a ambas categoras. Podemos generar la oracin completa "I walk."
(Yo Camino) sin complementos. Tambin podemos generar "I walk home."
(Camino a casa), donde "home" es un complemento del verbo. Adems, "I walk
my dog home." (Camino mi perro a casa) tiene dos complementos: "my dog" y
"house". En las gramticas tradicionales, estos complementos son llamados el
"objeto indirecto " (my dog) y el "objeto directo" (house). En esta descripcin
formal se les llama <indirect object> y <object>. El complemento de un verbo o
frase verbal se describe como opcional y consiste no slo de los objetos, sino de
adjetivos, frases prepositivas, etc. Esta es la descripcin:
<complement> =
[[<indirect object>] <object>]

[<adverb>* <adjective>]
[<prep phr>*] |
["to" <Vinf> [<object>]
[<Ving>]
La opcin <adverb>* <adjective> se usa para verbos conectivos o frases de
verbos conectivos. La opcin <prep phr>* se usa para verbos intransitivos o
verbos conectivos. La forma de <indirect object> es igual a la de <object>:
<indirect object> = <object> =
<simple object> | <compound object>
Observe que los objetos usan los pronombres personales objetivos
<simple object> = <noun phrase> |
<objective personal pronoun>
<compound object> =
<simple object> ("and" | "or") <simple object>
Ejemplos de complementos verbales:
[<indirect object>] <object>
I spent the money.
John gave me the little book.
<Adverb>* <adjective>
Mary became very angry.
<prep phr>*
John slept until 10:00 AM on Thursday.
"to" <Vinf> [<object>]
John went to pay the rent.
I want to drink water.

<Ving>
John went shopping.

20 orations
1- Conjunctions are the
"Linking" words that connect words, phrases or clauses.
Las conjunciones son las
Palabras que "enlazan" palabras, frases o clusulas.
2-

Overly

complicated

sentences,

comprising

several

phrases, subordinate clauses or parentheses (interpolated clauses) are

also to be avoided.
Deben evitarse asimismo las frases demasiado complejas, que contengan varios
complementos, oraciones subordinadas o incisos.
3- Other conjunctions are used in pairs, to connect words, phrases, or clauses.
. Fue una suerte que tus colaboradores ________ el premio de investigacin.
4- Identify and correctly use prepositional phrases, appositives, and independent
and dependent clauses; use transitions and conjunctions to connect ideas.
Identificar
y usar correctamente frases prepositivas, apositivos y clusulas independientes y
dependientes; usar transiciones y conjunciones para conectar ideas.
Conjunctions connect similar words, clauses, orphrases within a sentence
Conjunciones
Conectan palabras similares, clusulas, o frases dentro de una oracin
As in chapter 7 and in
Paul uses carefully parallel clauses and phrases to set men and women on equal
terms.
Pablo usa cuidadosamente oraciones paralelas y frases a fin de poner tanto al
hombre como a la
Mujer en el mismo Plano

7- Headings to the different clauses are merely informative and do

Not affect, qualify or encourage interpretation of the general conditions.
Encabezamientos de las distintas clusulas son slo informativos, y no
afectarn,
Calificarn o ampliarn la interpretacin de las condiciones generales
8- Comprehension is
Limited to isolated, memorized phrases when they are carefully
And slowly articulated
La comprensin se limita a frases aisladas, previamente memorizadas,
a condicin de que articulen con claridad y lentitud.
9- Words or phrases you add to your files
To describe them.
Palabras o frases que agrega a los archivos
Para describirlos.
10- Can understand and use familiar
Everyday expressions and very basic phrases aimed at the satisfaction of needs
Of a concrete type.
Comprende y utiliza expresiones familiares
y cotidianas as como frases muy simples dirigidas a la satisfaccin de
necesidades
de carcter concreto.
11- These clauses therefore lack a restrictive effect on
competition.
Por consiguiente, estas clusulas no restringen la competencia
12- These standards should clearly indicate
the relationship between their clauses and the requirements dealt with.
Dichas normas deben indicar
claramente la relacin entre sus clusulas y los requisitos de que se trate.
13- The signer is authorized to sign,

Has read in detail the clauses of the agreement and rules,

And as a result the signer expresses
Presente declara y reconoce que ha
ledo detenidamente las clusulas del contrato y reglamento,
y en consecuencia manifiesta
15- Look for clauses that say you must accept advertising and
Pop-ups from the company, or that the software will send certain
Busque clusulas en las que se indique que debe aceptar la
publicidad y los elementos emergentes de la compaa o que el
16- In point 6.2 (Safety phrases for substances and preparations)
En el punto 6.2 (Consejos de prudencia para sustancias y preparados)
17- You can use a search engine to find the pages that are most
Relevant to words or phrases that you specify
Puede usar un motor de bsqueda para encontrar las pginas que sean ms
relevantes
para las palabras o frases que especifique
18- Do not include any word, phrases or sentences on the painting.
Tu pintura no debe incluir cualquier palabra, frase u oracin
19- In the same vein, titles or short phrases usually cannot be protected
since their length contributes to their lack of originality, as defined by copyright
law.
Algo similar
sucede con los ttulos o las frases, que no pueden protegerse
porque su brevedad impide que sean
20- Contracts

often contain confidentiality clauses andare not open to public scrutiny.

Generalmente los
contratos contienen clusulas de confidencialidad que no estn abiertas
al escrutinio pblico

Bibliografa
http://www.linguee.es/ingles-espanol/traduccion/phrases+clauses.html