Liver Structure
Largest gland in the body
(1.5 Kg)
Under the diaphragm, within
abdomen
Liver Structure
4 lobes: major (left and right),
Liver Structure
Liver lobules hexagonal structures consisting of hepatocytes
Liver Structure
Hepatocytes produce bile
Liver Function
Regulating homeostasis of carbohydrate, lipid and amino
acid metabolism.
Storing nutrients such as glycogen, fats and vitamin B12, A
and K.
Producing and secreting plasma proteins and lipoproteins,
Liver Function
Synthesizing and secreting bile salts for lipid digestion.
Biliary Atresia
Obliteration or discontinuity of the extrahepatic biliary system,
Choledochal Cyst
Cystic dilatation of the intra- or extrahepatic ducts is a rare
Choledochal Cyst
Cysts are classified according
Choledochal Cyst
Treated by surgical excision
duct.
Hepatobiliary Trauma
The liver is the most commonly injured solid abdominal organ,
Hepatobiliary Trauma
Liver Organ Injury Scale
Grade
I
II
III
Description
Hematoma
Laceration
Hematoma
Laceration
Hematoma
Laceration
Hepatobiliary Trauma
Liver Organ Injury Scale
Grade
Description
IV
Hematoma
Laceration
Vascular
VI
Hepatic avulsion
alcohol use
gallbladder)
Most common type of gallbladder cancer is adenocarcinoma.
Gallbladder cancer can spread by direct invasion through the
advanced disease.
Description
4A
4B
Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinomas are malignancies of the biliary duct system
that may originate in the liver and extrahepatic bile ducts, which
terminate at the ampulla of Vater.
The etiology of most bile duct cancers remains undetermined.
Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinomas tend to grow slowly and to infiltrate the
Cholangiocarcinoma
The diagnosis and staging of cholangiocarcinoma require a
Gallstones
Two major types of gallstones: cholesterol and
bilirubinate.
Predisposing factors include demographic/genetics,
Gallstones
Many gallstones are
Gallstones
Major symptoms: (1) biliary colica severe steady ache in the
Gallstones
Only 10% of cholesterol gallstones are
Gallstones
Patients with gallstones 3 cm or with an anomalous gallbladder
cholecystectomy.
Oral dissolution agents (ursodeoxycholic acid) partially or
Gallstones
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy followed by medical
Acute Cholecystitis
Acute inflammation of the gallbladder usually caused by cystic
Acute Cholecystitis
Signs and symptoms :
Attack of bilary colic (RUQ or epigastric pain), progressively worsens
Nausea, vomiting, anorexia
Fever
Acute Cholecystitis
Laboratory : Mild leukocytosis; serum bilirubin, alkaline
Acute Cholecystitis
No oral intake, nasogastric suction, IV fluids and electrolytes,
Acute Cholecystitis
Acute symptoms will resolve in 70% of patient.
Chronic Cholecystitis
Chronic inflammation of the gallbladder; almost always
Chronic Cholecystitis
Laboratory tests are usually normal.
contracted gallbladder.
Surgery indicated if patient is symptomatic.
Infections may arise from the biliary tract, portal vein and hepatic
artery or by direct extension.
Symptoms : pyrexia and rigours associated with right upper
liver abscesses.
histolytica.
Transmission is by passage of cysts in the stool, the cysts then
socioeconomic status.
Complications of amoebic abscess include rupture into the
liver segment.
infections.
rarely successful.
Hepatitis B vaccine prevents the disease. Interferon may prevent
hepatitis C.