Animal Physiology Test Bank Chapter 24

Test Bank
by Brian Bagatto
to accompany
Animal Physiology, Third Edition
Hill Wyse Anderson
Chapter 24: Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Body Fluids

(with an Introduction to Acid-Base Physiology)
1. Which of the following is not a chemical category of respiratory pigment?
a. Hemoglobins
b. Hemocyanins
c. Hemerythrins
d. Chlorocruorins
e. Myoglobins
Answer: e
Textbook Reference: The Chemical Properties and Distributions of the Respiratory
Pigments, p. 618
Blooms Category: 1. Remembering
2. Which of the following statements about hemoglobin is false?
a. It plays a role in CO2 transport.
b. It plays a role as a pH buffer.
c. It plays a role in N2 transport.
d. It plays a role in O2 transport.
e. It is affected by temperature.
Answer: c
Pigments, pp. 618619
Blooms Category: 5. Evaluating
3. Which of the following statements comparing human adult and fetal hemoglobin is
true?
a. They are exactly the same.
b. Fetal hemoglobin contains one particular subunit that lowers its P50.
c. Fetal hemoglobin contains one particular subunit that raises its P50.
d. All subunits of fetal hemoglobin are different and result in a lower P50.
e. All subunits of fetal hemoglobin are different and result in a higher P50.
Answer: b
Pigments, p. 620
Blooms Category: 5. Evaluation
*4. Which of the following statements about myoglobin is true?
a. It is an invertebrate respiratory pigment.
2012 Sinauer Associates, Inc.
b. It is a respiratory pigment found in the red blood cell.

c. It is exactly like hemoglobin but is found in a different location in the body.
d. It is a type of fetal hemoglobin.
e. It is a respiratory pigment found in muscle cytoplasm.
Answer: e
Pigments, p. 620
5. Hemocyanins occur in which of the following animal groups?
a. Molluscs
b. Arthropods
c. Echinoderms
d. Both a and b
e. All of the above
Answer: d
*6. When the body detects _______, _______ is secreted to increase the production of
red blood cells.
a. high CO2 levels; erythropoeitin
b. high CO2 levels; myoglobin
c. low O2 levels; erythropoeitin
d. low O2 levels; myoglobin
e. a low hematocrit; erythropoeitin
Answer: c
Pigments, p. 622
Blooms Category: 2. Understanding
7. The image on a graph showing the functional relationship between the percentage of
oxygenated binding sites and the O2 partial pressure is best known as
a. the saturation curve.
b. the affinity curve.
c. the P50.
d. the oxygen dissociation curve.
e. the volumes percent.
Answer: d
Textbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 623
***********8. A respiratory pigment that requires a relatively low O2 partial pressure for
loading has _______ affinity for O2.
a. a low
b. a high
c. no affinity
d. a variable
e. an insufficient
Answer: b
Blooms Category: 3. Applying
9. In a healthy human at rest, what is the approximate O2 saturation of venous blood as it
is leaving the tissues?
a. 100%
b. 75%
c. 50%
d. 25%
e. 0%
Answer: b
10.12. Refer to the figure below.
10. The curve on the graph

a. represents oxygen delivery by human blood at rest and during vigorous exercise.
b. is a vertebrate oxygen dissociation curve.
c. is a mammalian oxygen dissociation curve.
d. represents the effect of CO2 on the delivery of oxygen to the tissues.
e. represents the increase in oxygen concentration as blood travels to the lungs.
Answer: a
*******11. Letter A in the figure represents the
a. amount of oxygen used by the tissues at rest.
b. oxygen concentration of blood in the tissues during exercise.
c. oxygen concentration in the lungs.
d. oxygen concentration of blood in the tissues at rest.
e. amount of oxygen used by the tissues during exercise.
Answer: d
12. According to the figure, approximately how much more oxygen is used by the tissues
during exercise compared to at rest?
a. 15 mL O2/100 ml of blood
b. 10 mL O2/100 ml of blood
c. 15 mL O2/g
d. 10 mL O2/g
e. 5 mL O2/g
Answer: b
**13. The venous O2 partial pressure below which aerobic catabolism becomes impaired
is known as the
a. venous reserve.
b. minimal venous O2 partial pressure.
c. critical venous reserve.
d. venous threshold.
e. critical venous O2 partial pressure.
Answer: e
14. Which of the following statements regarding the figure below is false?
a. The gray line depicts a pigment showing cooperativity.

b. The red line depicts a pigment displaying no cooperativity.
******c. The red line could represent human hemoglobin.
d. Both lines could represent a respiratory pigment.
e. The red line displays a generally higher O2 affinity compared to the gray line.
Answer: c
15. Which oxygen dissociation curve in the figure below would represent a diving
mammal such as a Weddell seal?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
Answer: b
****16 Which oxygen dissociation curve in the figure would represent a hypoxia-adapted
species such as a carp?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
Answer: e
17. Which oxygen dissociation curve in the figure carries the least amount of oxygen per
unit volume of blood?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
Answer: a
********18. On the graph, which oxygen dissociation curve represents a very high blood
pH (e.g., 7.6)?
a. A (VERY HIGH BLOOD PH)
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
Answer: a
19. On the graph, which oxygen dissociation curve represents blood with a high CO2
concentration (e.g., 80 mm Hg)?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E (blood with a high CO2 concentration)
Answer: e
****20. On the graph, which oxygen dissociation curve represents a P50 of about 4 kPa?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
Answer: d
********* UGH 21. A respiratory pigment that requires a relatively low O2 partial
pressure for loading and has a high affinity for O2 would also have
a. a relatively low P50.
b. a relatively high P50.
c. no P50 at all.
d. a variable P50.
e. an unknown P50, since there is not enough information to determine this value.
Answer: a
*22. The effect of acid in reducing the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 is called the
_______ effect.
a. Haldane
b. dissociation
c. Root
d. Bohr
e. HbO2
Answer: d
23. Which of the following statements is not directly related to the Bohr effect?
a. The HbO2 affinity increases as pH increases.
b. The HbO2 affinity decreases as temperature increases.
c. The HbO2 affinity decreases as CO2 partial pressure increases.
d. The HbO2 affinity decreases as H+ concentration increases.
e. All of the above statements are directly related to the Bohr effect.
Answer: b

*24. The affinity of hemoglobin for O2 increases with
a. decreasing temperature.
b. decreasing blood pH.
c. an increase in CO2 partial pressure.
d. increasing [H+].
e. Both b and d
Answer: a
Textbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, pp. 629,
632
*25. The venous blood displays a reduced O2 affinity compared to arterial blood because
its
a. CO2 partial pressure is higher.
b. H+ concentration is higher.
c. hemoglobin concentration is lower.
d. Both a and b
e. All of the above
Answer: d
26. The pattern of the curves in the figure demonstrates the

a. Root effect.
b. Haldane effect.
c. fixed-acid Bohr effect.
d. CO2 Bohr effect.
e. temperature effect on hemoglobin.
Answer: a
27. As shown in the figure, the P50 _______ declining pH.
a. increases with
b. decreases with
c. remains constant with
d. varies dramatically with
e. is unrelated to
Answer: e
********28. The Root effect applies to which of the following physiological
mechanisms?
a. The unloading of O2 in muscle tissue
b. The inflating of the swim bladder of many fish
c. The loading of O2 at the lungs
d. The loading of O2 at the gills
e. The unloading of O2 in low pH regions of the stomach
Answer: b
*******29. During chronic exposure to high altitude, increasing 2,3-DPG
a. increases HbO2 affinity.
b. increases the unloading of O2 at tissues.
c. permits increased exercise.
d. increases the loading of O2 at the lungs.
e. decreases the P50 of hemoglobin.
Answer: b
30. The figure below shows that a reduction in O2 affinity
a. impairs O2 unloading less than it enhances loading.

b. impairs O2 unloading more than it enhances loading.
c. enhances O2 unloading more than it impairs loading.
d. enhances O2 unloading less than it impairs loading.
e. impairs O2 unloading.
Answer: c
31. Which of the following statements about respiratory pigments is false?
a. They aid in the routine transport of O2 from the breathing organs to the tissues.
b. They serve as major buffers of blood pH.
c. They play critical roles in CO2 transport.
d. They play critical roles in the transport of nutrients.
e. They can function as O2 stores in invertebrates.
Answer: d
Textbook Reference: The Functions of Respiratory Pigments in Animals, p. 634
32. According to the figure below, which of the statements below is the most accurate?
a. O2 concentrations of arterial blood are inversely proportional to swimming speed.

b. As O2 concentrations of blood drop in venous blood, swimming speed increases.
c. Hypoxia-adapted fish have a much lower saturation level during exercise than other
fish do.
d. Cold-acclimated fish have a much lower saturation level during exercise than other fish
do.
**********e. As swimming speed increases, the arterial blood remains nearly saturated
while the venous blood decreases in saturation.
Answer: e
33. In octopuses, venous saturation is about _______% at rest and about _______%
during exercise.
a. 75; 25
b. 75; 50
c. 30; 30
d. 30; 10
e. 10; 10
Answer: e
*****34. An octopus meets the increased demand for O2 at the tissues during intense
exercise by
a. increasing its circulation rate.
b. pulling more O2 from the blood (from its venous reserve).
c. switching to another form of hemoglobin.
d. Both a and b
e. All of the above
Answer: a

35. The P50 in hypoxic-adapted fish species would likely be _______ the P50 of normoxicadapted fish species.
a. higher than
b. equal to
c. lower than
d. extremely variable compared to
e. None of the above
Answer: c
36. The figure below shows that
a. larger primates have fewer red blood cells than smaller primates do.
b. the whole blood of smaller primates has lower O2 affinity than that of larger primates.
c. the whole blood of smaller primates has greater O2 affinity than that of larger primates.
d. larger primates have more red blood cells than smaller primates do.
e. the whole blood of smaller primates has the same O2 affinity as that of larger primates.
Answer: b
37. The exposure of Daphnia to O2-poor water for days would result in
a. an increase in hemoglobin concentration.
b. a change in the globin subunits produced.
c. a decrease in the P50 of the blood.
d. Both a and b
e. All of the above
Answer: e
Textbook Reference: The Functions of Respiratory Pigments in Animals, pp. 637638
38. Antarctic icefish compensate for the lack of circulating red blood cells with
a. an increase in the amount of hemoglobin in their plasma.
b. their small size, which allows them to make use of diffusion-based respiration.
c. the use of another type of respiratory pigment.
d. an increased circulation rate.
e. a lowering of their metabolic rate, along with general inactivity.
Answer: d
39. In many cases, lowland people who travel to an area of high altitude for an extended
period of time will develop a condition known as
a. polycythemia.
b. anemia.
c. bradycardia.
d. hypotension.
e. pleuritis.
Answer: a
40. The extent of bicarbonate formation in the blood depends primarily on the
a. solubility of bicarbonate in the plasma.
b. temperature.
c. blood buffers.
d. type of bicarbonate being formed.
e. solubility of carbonic acid.
Answer: c
Textbook Reference: Carbon Dioxide Transport, p. 640
**41. The buffering effectiveness of any given buffer reaction is greatest when the
prevailing pH _______ the pK of the reaction.
a. is much greater than
b. matches
c. is within one unit of
d. is much lower than
e. is as far away as possible from
Answer: b

42. Which of the following determines the shape of the CO2 equilibrium curve?
a. The kinetics of HCO3 formation
b. The amount of dissolved CO2
c. The number of carbamate groups
d. Both a and b
e. All of the above
Answer: e
43. The deoxygenation of hemoglobin promotes CO2 uptake and the oxygenation of
hemoglobin promotes the unloading of CO2. This phenomenon is called the _______
effect.
a. Root
b. fixed-acid Bohr
c. Haldane
d. CO2 Bohr
e. the dissociation
Answer: c
****44. Which one of the following species would have the highest total blood CO2
concentration?
a. Octopus
b. Human
c. Turtle
d. Lungfish
e. Trout
Answer: c
45. The key enzyme involved in the formation of bicarbonate from CO2 is
a. lactate dehydrogenase.
b. alcohol dehydrogenase.
c. carbonic anhydrase.
d. bicarbonate dehydrogenase.
e. bicarbonase.
Answer: c
46. The chloride shift refers to
a. rapid anion exchange proteins.

b. carbonic anhydrase.
c. catalyzed hydration reactions.
d. carbamate formation.
e. the dissolving of CO2 in plasma.
Answer: a
47. In mammals, the bulk of the CO2 is transported from the tissue to the lungs as
a. bicarbonate dissolved in the plasma.
b. CO2 dissolved in the plasma.
c. CO2 bound to hemoglobin.
d. bicarbonate bound to hemoglobin.
e. carbonic acid dissolved in the plasma.
Answer: a
48. The alphastat hypothesis attempts to explain why _______ as temperature falls.
a. muscle pH of ectotherms increases
b. blood pH of ectotherms decreases
c. blood pH of ectotherms increases
d. muscle pH of ectotherms decreases
e. blood pH of endotherms decreases
Answer: c
Textbook Reference: AcidBase Physiology, p. 644
49. Which of the following is (are) the main organ(s) responsible for adjusting blood pH
in terrestrial animals?
a. Lungs
b. Kidneys
c. Liver
d. Both a and b
e. All of the above
Answer: d
Blooms Category:
50. If exhalation of CO2 is abnormally increased relative to production, the likely result
will be
a. respiratory acidosis.
b. metabolic acidosis.
c. metabolic alkalosis.
d. respiratory alkalosis.
e. alphastat shifting.
Answer: d
Short Answer Questions
1. In what way can hemoglobin be considered an honorary enzyme?
Answer: Respiratory pigments have been dubbed honorary enzymes because many
important properties of the respiratory pigments resemble those of enzyme proteins. In
terms of their main respiratory functions, they are not enzymes. However, sometimes
respiratory pigments can act as enzymes. In mammals, deoxymyoglobin and
deoxyhemoglobin can catalyze the local formation of nitric oxide, a critically important
signaling compound.
Pigments, pp. 618619; The Function of Respiratory Pigment in Animals, p. 634
2. What do the main respiratory pigments have in common?
Answer: The main respiratory pigments discussed in the text are hemoglobins,
hemocyanins, hemerythrins, and chlorocruorins. While not all of these groups contain
heme, they all contain at least one metal ion per molecule (either copper or iron) to which
oxygen attaches.
3. Explain the significance of measurements of mixed venous O2 partial pressure.
Answer: Mixed venous O2 partial pressure represents the average of the O2 partial
pressures of blood leaving all of the systemic tissues. It allows one to gauge the bodys
use of O2, provided there are flow data. It also allows one to calculate the venous reserve,
or the amount of O2 circulating back to the lungs. This reserve is the amount of O2 that
could be used if the tissues needed more O2for example, during exercise.
4. Why is human hemoglobin a good example of evolutionary molecular design?
Answer: The human hemoglobin molecule is a good example of evolutionary molecular
design for three primary reasons. (1) Human hemoglobin is nearly saturated at the O2
partial pressures that are maintained in the lungs by breathing. (2) The oxygen
equilibrium curve of hemoglobin is nearly flat at pulmonary O2 pressures, so high
oxygenation is ensured regardless of variation in function. (3) The oxygen equilibrium
curve is shaped in such a way that 90% of the O2 bound to hemoglobin can be released
for use at blood partial pressures that are compatible with full mitochondrial function.

5. Compare and contrast oxygen affinity with P50.
Answer: Oxygen affinity and P50 are both ways of describing how saturated hemoglobin
may be at a given partial pressure of O2. The higher the oxygen affinity, the lower the
partial pressure of O2 can be for 100% loading of O2 onto hemoglobin. The P50, however,
is a more accurate representation of oxygen loading dynamics. The P50 is defined as the
partial pressure of O2 at which a pigment is 50% saturated. Therefore, the lower the P50,
the higher the oxygen affinity.
6. Compare and contrast the CO2 Bohr effect and the Haldane effect.
Answer: Both the CO2 Bohr effect and the Haldane effect have to do with CO2 and
hemoglobin, but the focus of each effect is different. The CO2 Bohr effect concerns how
CO2 concentration affects O2 loading on hemoglobin. Higher CO2 concentrations cause
the O2 affinity for hemoglobin to decrease. The Haldane effect concerns the effect of O2
concentration on CO2 loading and unloading. Deoxygenation of hemoglobin promotes
CO2 uptake, whereas oxygenation promotes CO2 unloading.
Textbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 630;
Carbon Dioxide Transport, p. 641
7. What is unique about the respiratory pigments and circulatory O2 transport of the
octopus?
Answer: The respiratory pigment of the octopus is hemocyanin. The main O2 circulation
anomaly is that compared to mammals, octopuses have virtually no venous reserve, even
while at rest. This means that during exercise, oxygen delivery to the tissues can be
increased only by an increase in circulation.
Textbook Reference: The Functions of Respiratory Pigments in Animals, pp. 635636
8. What determines the shape of the CO2 dissociation curve?
Answer: The shape of the CO2 dissociation curve is determined by all three kinds of CO2
being transportedCO2 dissolved in plasma, CO2 bound to Hb, and HCO3. However, the
shape is largely determined by HCO3 formation dynamics. This means that the shape
depends on blood buffer systems: the concentrations of the buffer groups, their pK
values, and the extent to which they are loaded with H+ from acids other than CO2.
9. Why are carbonic anhydrase and anion transporters important in vertebrate CO2
transport?
Answer: Vertebrate CO2 is transported mainly as HCO3 dissolved in plasma. In order to
form this ion species from CO2, carbonic anhydrase is needed. Carbonic anhydrase is the
enzyme that greatly accelerates the conversion of CO2 into HCO3. However, this occurs
primarily in the red blood cell. The anion transporters, primarily the band 3 protein,
exchange HCO3 in the cell for Cl outside the cell in a process known as the chloride
shift. The entire process is reversed at the lung so that CO2 can be re-formed for
exhalation.
10. Why does temperature alter blood pH in ectotherms?
Answer: The current hypothesis for the increase in pH as blood temperature decreases in
ectotherms is known as the alphastat hypothesis. This hypothesis states that the changes
in pH are a means of maintaining a constant state of electrical charge on protein
molecules. Changes in temperature alter the chemical behavior of buffer groups on
protein molecules, and the change in pH maintains this buffering behavior.
Online Quiz from Companion Website
1. Which of the following statements regarding hemoglobin is false?
a. It binds to O2.
b. Its affinity to O2 can change.
c. It binds to O2 via weak, noncovalent bonds.
d. It is a buffer.
e. It is primarily an enzyme.
Answer: e
2. How many molecules of O2 does a molecule of vertebrate blood hemoglobin normally
bind?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
d. 8
e. 10
Answer: c
Pigments, p. 620
3. Which of the following respiratory pigments contains copper at the O2 binding site?
a. Myoglobin
b. Chlorocruorin
c. Hemerythrin
d. Hemoglobin
e. Hemocyanin
Answer: e
Pigments, p. 622
4. Which of the following statements about the four chemical classes of respiratory
pigments is true?
a. All are metalloproteins.
b. All bind reversibly with O2 at specific O2-binding sites associated with metal ions.
c. All share the same heme structure.
d. Both a and b
e. Both a and c
Answer: d
Pigments, p. 623
5. In people at rest, the approximate O2 saturation of venous blood leaving the tissues is
a. 100%.
b. 75%.
c. 5 ml O2/100 ml blood.
d. 10 ml O2/100 ml blood.
e. 5%.
Answer: b
6. During exercise, the body supplies O2 to the muscles by
a. increasing muscle fiber declination.
b. increasing blood flow.
c. unloading more O2 to tissues from hemoglobin.
d. Both b and c
e. All of the above
Answer: d
Textbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, pp. 625
626
7. The extent of O2-binding site cooperativity is expressed using a mathematical index
called the
a. Bohr effect.
b. Fick index.
c. Root index.
d. Haldane constant.
e. Hill coefficient.
Answer: e
8. Which word best describes the mechanism for the steep portion of the oxygen
dissociation curve?
a. Cooperativity
b. Loading
c. Covalent
d. Unloading
e. Coefficient
Answer: a
628
9. The process by which low pH aids in the decreasing affinity of hemoglobin for O2 is
called the _______ effect.
a. Bohr
b. Root
c. Haldane
d. hemoglobin-shift
e. reverse Haldane
Answer: a
10. Which of the following statement about the Bohr effect is false?
a. A higher temperature decreases the HbO2 affinity.
b. A higher pH increases the HbO2 affinity.
c. A higher partial pressure of CO2 decreases the HbO2 affinity.
d. A higher H+ concentration decreases the HbO2 affinity.
e. All of the above are true; none is false.
Answer: a
11. Which of the following does not affect the properties of the O2 dissociation curve?
a. Temperature
b. CO2
c. pH
d. 2,3-DPG
e. Cardiac output
Answer: e
631

12. Which one of the following has the highest P50?
a. Hemoglobin at a lower-than-normal temperature, such as 35C
b. Fetal hemoglobin
c. Hemoglobin in a human residing at a high altitude for three weeks
d. Normal human hemoglobin
e. Hemoglobin at a higher-than-normal pH, such as 7.6
Answer: c
633
13. A reduction in the amount of O2 bound to Hb at saturation could be the result of the
_______ effect.
a. Bohr
b. fixed-acid Bohr
c. Root
d. Haldane
e. reverse Haldane
Answer: c
14. During chronic exposure to high altitude, increased 2,3-DPG
a. increases hemoglobinO2 affinity.
b. increases the unloading of O2 at tissues.
c. permits increased physical exercise.
d. increases the loading of O2 at the lungs.
e. inhibits the Haldane effect.
Answer: b
633
15. During exercise, squids and octopuses meet their O2 demand by
a. drawing additional O2 from venous reserve.
b. increasing their circulation rate.
c. increasing the affinity of hemoglobin for O2.
d. decreasing the affinity of hemoglobin for O2.
e. means of all of the above processes.
Answer: b
16. In general, what is the relationship between primate size and HbO2 affinity?
a. Larger primates tend to have a lower HbO2 affinity.

b. Smaller primates tend to have a lower P50.
c. Larger primates tend to have a higher P50.
d. Smaller primates tend to have a lower HbO2 affinity.
e. No relationship exists between primate size and HbO2 affinity.
Answer: d
17. Compared to oxygenated blood, fully deoxygenated blood has
a. a higher affinity for CO2.
b. a lower affinity for CO2.
c. a higher affinity for bicarbonate.
d. no difference.
e. a lower affinity for O2.
Answer: a
18. Bicarbonate created from CO2 in the red blood cell gets into the plasma
a. through exclusive bicarbonate channels.
b. by diffusing across the red blood cell membrane matrix.
c. via chloride exchange.
d. with the assistance of carbonic anhydrase, which shuttles it into the plasma.
e. via active transport in exchange for Na+.
Answer: c
Textbook Reference: Carbon Dioxide Transport, pp. 642643
19. Which one of the following is not involved in the transport of CO2 from the tissues to
the lungs?
a. Bicarbonate
b. Carbonic acid made by carbonic anhydrase
c. CO2 bound to hemoglobin
d. CO2 dissolved in plasma
e. All of the above are involved in the transport of CO2 from the tissues to the lungs.
Answer: b
20. According to the _______, changes in pH are a means by which ectotherms maintain
a constant state of electrical charge on protein molecules.
a. Root effect
b. Bohr shift
c. theory of respiratory acidosis
d. alphastat hypothesis
e. law of buffered reactions

Answer: d

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Test Bank

Chapter 24: Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Body Fluids

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b. It is a respiratory pigment found in the red blood cell.

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10. The curve on the graph

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a. The gray line depicts a pigment showing cooperativity.

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Textbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 629

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26. The pattern of the curves in the figure demonstrates the

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a. impairs O2 unloading less than it enhances loading.

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a. O2 concentrations of arterial blood are inversely proportional to swimming speed.

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Textbook Reference: The Functions of Respiratory Pigments in Animals, p. 635

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Blooms Category: 2. Understanding

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a. rapid anion exchange proteins.

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Blooms Category: 2. Understanding

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Blooms Category: 3. Applying

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a. Larger primates tend to have a lower HbO2 affinity.

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e. law of buffered reactions

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