RESEARCH GUIDELINES

II






Lector dr. Adriana L

Metodologia cercet

How to cite sources

The text, with references such as (Chomsky
1957:192)" marking the information you have
obtained from others;
Your paper will consist of:
A reference list or bibliography at the end
In the sciences, we normally do not use footnotes for citations.
ibid.
Nor do we use Latin abbreviations such as

op. cit.

Cite sources by author, date, and, where applicable, page number. Give the
page number if you are quoting exact words or referring to a specific page;
otherwise leave it out.
Put the date and page number in parentheses. The author's name may
or may not be in parentheses depending on whether it forms part of the
sentence.

How to cite sources

Chomsky (1957:23) showed that natural language cannot be generated
by finite-state Markov process.
Examples:
Natural language cannot be generated by finite-state Markov process"
(Chomsky 1957:23).
Markov processes are not powerful enough to generate natural language
(Chomsky 1957:23).
If a sentence contains several ideas, place the citation so that people will know
which idea actually came from it:
Natural language cannot be generated by finite-state Markov processes (Chomsky
1957:23), nor by stochastic processes (Smedley 2004).
Some scientists prefer to cite sources by number ([1], [2], etc.) rather than by
name and date.

How to cite sources

The reference list at the end of your paper tells what the names and dates used in
the text refer to.
It lists only the sources that are actually cited in the text; it is NOT a list of
everything you looked at while preparing the paper.
Authors names are given as in the original
source, but with the last name first.

Guidelines for the

content of
reference lists:

Titles of books (in English) are

capitalized like sentences.
Titles of series and of journals (in English)
have every important word capitalized.
Always give complete numbers
(e.g. 401-420, not 401-20).
When citing a web page or unpublished paper on the
Web, give its URL. But do not give a URL when you are
retrieving a published paper (in a journal or conference
proceedings) from the Web.

What to cite

Cite all ideas or facts that can be obtained from only one
source, or that reflect the opinion of one person, whether
or not you are quoting the author's exact words.
If you quote exact words, use quotation mark.

Do not cite every article that you looked at while preparing your
paper. Cite only those that actually provided essential information.
Do not give citations for common knowledge" (information that can be obtained
from multiple sources that do not cite each other).

Examples of citations
The citation format used here is known as Cambridge, Chicago, or Harvard
style and is quite similar to APA (American Psychological Association) style.

In general, entries contain

the same information as in
APA style, but:

Authors first names are given in full, not reduced to initials

unless the author gave only the initials in the first place.
There is no period after the parenthesized date.

Names of states are given in full (Massachusetts, New Jersey)

or as traditional abbreviations (Mass., N.J.) rather than ZIP code
abbreviations (MA, NJ).

Book:
Chomsky, Noam (1957) Syntactic structures. The Hague: Mouton.
Book with 2 authors:
Aho, Alfred V., and Ullman, Jerey D. (1972) The theory of parsing, translation, and
compiling. Englewood Clis, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Book with 3 or more authors:
Partee, Barbara H.; ter Meulen, Alice; and Wall, Robert E. (1990) Mathematical
methods in linguistics. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Book in a series:
Blaser, A. (1988) Natural language at the computer. Lecture notes in computer
science, 320. Berlin: Springer.

Article in a journal:
Rapaport, William J. (1986) Philosophy of artificial intelligence. Teaching Philosophy
9.2:103-120.
Here 9.2:103-120 means Volume 9, issue 2, pages 103 to 120. If the page numbering
does not start afresh in each issue, do not give the issue number. Note that you must
list all the pages the article occupies, not just the pages you cited.
Article in a book:
Rapaport, William J. (2008) Philosophy of artificial intelligence. In John Doe and
William F. Nusquam, eds., Studies in the philosophy of artificial intelligence, pp. 103122. Dordrecht: Reidel.
Article in proceedings of a well-known conference:
Doe, John P. (1988) Prolog optimization systems. Proceedings, AAAI-88, 128-145.
If the conference is not well-known, handle the proceedings volume like a book of
articles, identifying its editors and publisher.

Unpublished paper provided to you by the author:

Doe, John P. (1984) Giant computers of the future. Department of Computer
Science, University of Tasmania.
Paper retrieved from a web site (and not otherwise published):
Doe, John P. (2008) Giant computers of the present.
http://www.utas.edu.au/cs/doe/giant.pdf.
APAs preference is to also give the date on which the item was retrieved.
Reprinted article:
Doe, John P. (1987) Prolog optimizers. Reprinted in L. C. Moe, ed., Prolog
optimization, pp. 101-105. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Book or pamphlet by a single author
Benson, Jackson J. The True Adventure of John Steinbeck, Writer. New York: Penguin
Books, 1984.
Book by two or more authors
Gielgud, John, and John Miller. Acting Shakespeare. New York: Scribners, 1991.
*Note: If there are more than three authors, use the first author, followed by et al.
Book with an editor or editors
Polking, Kirk, Joan Bloss, and Colleen Cannon, eds. Writers Encyclopedia. Cincinnati:
Writers Digest, 1983.
Opposing Viewpoints series and/or Article in an anthology (book)
Hazleton Foundation. Underage Drinking Increases the Risk of Alcoholism.
Addiction: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. Jennifer A. Hurley. San Diego: Greenhaven Press,
2000. 35-38.
Encyclopedia or Dictionary entry
Smith, Steven. Mandarin. The Encyclopedia Americana. 1994 ed. 147-8.
Magazine
LaRoe, Lisa Moore. LaSalles Last Voyage. National Geographic 8 May 1997: 72-83.

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Unsigned article (if no author givenskip straight to the title)
Active Traveler Directory. Outside July 1997: 149-157.
Newspaper
Varma, Kavita. Footnotes in Electronic Age. USA Today 7 Feb. 1996: D7.
Newspaper letter to the editor
Carlson, Gavin C. Letter. Princeton Post Dispatch 8 Aug. 1997: 10.
CD ROM
Rosenberg, Victor. Computers. The New Grolier Electronic Encyclopedia. CD-ROM.
Danbury, CT: Grolier Electronic., 1996.
Author. Article Title. Magazine Name date: pages.
Newspaper Name Section and Page
Article on world wide web
Landsburg, Steven E. "Who Shall Inherit the Earth?" Slate 1 May 1997. 2 May 1999
<http://www.slate.com/Economics/97-05-01/Economics.asp>.

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Online encyclopedia
Murphy, John. Communism. Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia 2001. Grolier. 21
Aug. 2001.
<http://gme.grolier.com>.
NOTE: Most electronic publications do not number pages. Readers will not expect
page numbers in electronic citations.
Radio and television programs
Yes...but Is It Art? Narr. Morley Safer. Sixty Minutes. CBS. WCBS, New York. 19
Sept. 1993.
Film or video recording
Its a Wonderful Life. Dir. Frank Capra. James Stewart, Donna Reed. RKO, 1946.
Sound Recording (song)
Simon, Paul. Spirit Voices. The Rhythm of the Saints. Warner Bros., 1990.

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Interviews conducted by the writer

Bush, George. Personal Interview. 27 Sept. 2001.
Author. Title. Publication Date Posted. Date Accessed <Web Address>.
Songwriter(s). Song Title. CD Title. Publisher., Year.
NOTE: Many sample citations were borrowed from Gibaldi and Sorenson.
Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 5th ed. New York:
The Modern Language Association of America, 1999.
Sorenson, Sharon. The Research Paper, A Contemporary Approach. New York: Amsco,
1999.

 Cited by" references

Sometimes you will be unable to obtain an
important source, but another source will tell
you what is in it. In that case you must cite it
secondhand.
You can identify it as cited by" when you cite it:
People started telling their innermost secrets to the
computer (Weizenbaum 1964, cited by Doe 1988).

In this case Weizenbaum 1964 is not in your reference

list.

Or you can put it in your reference list and identify the

secondhand citation there:
Weizenbaum, Joseph (1964) An experience with
ELIZA. Cited by Doe (1988).

Grammar and punctuation

Scientific journals (as well as thesis and dissertation committees) want
perfect spelling and punctuation in papers submitted to them.
Parentheses

enclose material that can be left out

if the parentheses and all the material within them were omitted,
the sentence should still make sense and be correctly punctuated

right:
wrong!
right:

This is a sentence. (So is this.) This is, too.

This is a sentence (So is this.) This is, too.
This is a sentence (and this is more of it). This is, too.

Grammar and punctuation

Commas

do not denote pauses in speech

their purpose is to make the meaning clearer
used to keep sentences from being misunderstood
often used like parentheses to mark material that can be left out

Chomsky, who invented transformational grammar, was a Harvard Junior Fellow in

the early 1950s.
Non-restrictive relative clause
Restrictive relative clause
The student who left his books here should come and get them.
(No commas here because we cannot leave out who left his books here;" if we did,
the sentence would not reveal which student was meant.)

Grammar and punctuation

The semicolon

used to separate when the comma is not enough

and the full stop is a more complete break than the
sense demands
used between closely related independent clauses
At one time the optical microscope was the principal tool of
metallography; today, it is the scanning electron microscope.
when conjunctive adverbs accordingly, also, hence, likewise,
similarly link clauses, they are proceeded by a semicolon.

used to separate members of a list when the comma is not enough

The literature includes Gibson (1997), who studied simple compression;
Olurin (1998), who studied the effect of holes and notches; Deshpande
(1999), who.

Grammar and punctuation

The colon

introduces part of a sentence that exemplifies,

restates or explains the preceding parts
is expectant: it sets the reader up to anticipate elaboration
This raises the question: is the model right or wrong?
There are two reasons for repeating this experiment: the first, to
improve the precision; the second, to establish reproducibility.

The hyphen

connects part of a compound word

Well-known; half-expected; curiosity-provoking
generally required when a noun is used as an adjective
A box-girder; a bar-chart

Its most engaging property is its capacity to create new words and meanings
by combinations both established and original
A Fleck-inspired interpretation; a shark-skin-textured surface

Grammar and punctuation

The dash

sets off parenthetic material that results in a

break in continuity in a sentence
Magnetic materialscarbon steels for instancecontain
atoms with unpaired electron spins.
This conclusionand it is a significant oneappears to
violate the first law of thermodynamics.
The remaining specimensthose which had not
fracturedwere sent for analysis.
A dash can lead to an upshot, a final summary word or
statement, and give emphasis:
Cell-wall bending, cell-wall buckling and cell-wall fracture
are all equally probable.

Grammar and punctuation

Who vs. whom

The difference between who and whom is exactly

the same as the difference between he and him.

For whom does the bell toll? For him.

Who rings the bell? He rings the bell.

That vs. which

restrictive
clauses

limit who or what is being talked about

begin with who(m) or that. Some grammarians say that a
restrictive clause cannot begin with which; others allow it.
A man who used to be an actor became President.
The theorem that [which?] I want to prove is. . .

non-restrictive
clauses

add further information to something that has already been identified.

begin with who(m) or which, but not that. They are set off by commas

Ronald Reagan, who was our oldest President, is a Republican.

Blairs Theorem, which is also known as Murphys Law, states that. .
.

Grammar and punctuation

Possessives
Possessives of nouns, singular or plural, are formed by the following sure-fire
procedure:
1. Add an apostrophe.
2. If an s is not already present, add it.
singular boy, possessive boys
plural boys, possessive boys
singular lady, possessive ladys
plural ladies, possessive ladies
singular man, possessive mans
plural men, possessive mens
singular Athens, possessive Athens
singular Mars, possessive Mars

Add s after an s if it forms a separate syllable: Charless.

Spacing after punctuation

In English, the marks ( [ come at the beginning of a word and are preceded by a
space, thus:
one (two)
one [two]
The marks . , : ; ) ] come at the end of a word and are followed by a space, thus:
One. Two.
one, two
one: two
one; two
(one) two
Commas, periods, colons, and semicolons slide under" quotation marks in order
to adhere to the preceding word:
Come in," he said.
There is a space after the periods in people's initials:
M. A. Covington not M.A. Covington
However, there are no spaces in other abbreviations:
P.O. Box F.B.I. Ph.D.

Taking notes
Use cards in one size (3"x5" or 4"x6"). These cards can be
sorted, arranged and rearranged before writing the dissertation.
What to include on note cards:

Give each information

card a topic heading.
Include only one piece of information
related to that heading on each card so you
can sort related topic cards together later.
These topic areas will probably become the
major divisions of your outline.
Write major ideas, significant details
and quotations on your card.

Include the page from which the information was taken.

Taking notes
Transfer information from
sources in one of three ways:

Summarize: Put the ideas into your own words.

Paraphrase: Reword but use the ideas found in the
source. You may reuse keywords or phrases but they
should be put in quotation marks.

Quote directly: Restate word for word.

Use quotation marks.
It is helpful to write your thoughts, ideas, analysis, or commentary on the back
of the card.
Avoid initial impressions of what you read. Question everything, even your own
assumptions about the subject. Questions are the key to understanding the
topic on your terms and making the research your own!
Some sources may not agree with your point of view. Including sources with
varying perspectives may add balance and objectivity to your paper. As the
researcher, you will draw conclusions from the varied data you present.
Finally, code the card by color or number to tie the information to its source.

Taking notes