Then,
A binary ASK system is therefore characterized by having a signal space that is onedimensional
Dependence of the error probability on the distance between two signal points. In
general, is
Thus, for ask Probability of Error is:
A constellation diagram helps us to define the amplitude and phase of a signal when
we are using two carriers.
A cos( 2f c t ), binary 1
binary 0
0,
s (t )
Use of ASK
The simplest and most common form of ASK operates as a switch. (OOK)
Here, we can choose our fc so that the modulated signal occupies available
bandwidth.
Unlike ASK, here two orthogonal basis functions are required to represent s1 (t) and s2
(t).
The receiver decides in favor of s1 (t) if the received signal point represented by the
observation vector r falls inside region R1. This occurs when r1 > r2
When r1 < r2, r falls inside region R2 and the receiver decides in favor of s2 (t).
Dependence of the error probability on the distance between two signal points. In
general, is
Thus,
Identical to that of ASK
Then,
Then the optimum decision boundary is the midpoint of the line joining these two
message points
Decision rule:
Guess signal s1 (t) (or binary 1) was transmitted if the received signal point r falls in
region R1 (r > 0)
Dependence of the error probability on the distance between two signal points. In
general, is
Since the signals s1(t) and s2(t) are equally likely to be transmitted, the average
probability of error is
Noise can change the amplitude easier than it can change the phase. In other words,
PSK is less susceptible to noise than ASK.
In QPSK, we parallelize the bit stream so that every two incoming bits are split up
and PSK a carrier frequency.
The two PSK signals are then added to produce one of 4 signal elements.
The phase of the carrier takes on 1 of 4 equally spaced values, such as 0, /2, , and
3/2 where each value of phase corresponds to a unique pair of message bits.
The QPSK signal for this set of symbol states may be defined as:
s(t) = Ac cos( 2 fct + (t))
Simplifying Equation 1
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying has twice the bandwidth efficiency of BPSK
since 2 bits are transmitted in a single modulation symbol.