Etele Molnar 2012adas

Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Fluid dynamics from kinetic theory
Outlook
From the Boltzmann equation to fluid dynamics and its

applications
Etele Moln
ar
MTA-DE Particle Physics Research Group

09.10.2012
in collaboration with:
I. Bouras, G. Denicol, P. Huovinen, H. Niemi, D. H. Rischke
Etele Moln
ar
From the Boltzmann equation to fluid dynamics and its applications
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
Stages of evolution in heavy-ion collisions I.
Initial stage (Belensky and Landau 1955)

When two nucle(i)ons collide, a compound system
is formed, and energy is released in a small volume
V subject to a Lorentz contraction in the
longitudinal direction.
At the instant of the collision,
a large number of particles are formed: the
mean free path (m.f.p.) in the resulting system is
small compared with its dimension, and
statistical equilibrium is set up.
Initial particle production 1 fm/c:
Two nuclei fly through each other (Bjorken
1976, 1983), producing highly excited matter.
Non-equilibrium evolution of the matter
(thermalization) . 1 fm/c.
Etele Moln
ar
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
Stages of evolution in heavy-ion collisions II.
Hydrodynamical stage (Belensky and Landau 1955)
Fluid dynamical evolution of the

QGP 5 fm/c
Transition back to hadronic matter
(QCD phase transition)
Evolution of the hadron gas
The second stage of the collision consists in the

expansion of the system. Here the
hydrodynamical approach must be used, and the
expansion may be
regarded as the motion of an ideal fluid (zero
viscosity and zero thermal conductivity). During the
process of expansion the m.f.p., remains small in
comparisons with the dimensions of the system, and
this justifies the use of hydrodynamics.
Since the velocities in the system are
comparable with that of light, we must use not
ordinary but relativistic hydrodynamics. Particles
are formed and absorbed in the system throughout
the first and second stages of collision. The high
density of energy in the system is of importance
here. In this case, the number of particles is not an
integral of the system, on account of the strong
interaction between the individual particles.
Etele Moln
ar
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
Stages of evolution in heavy-ion collisions III.
Freeze-out stage (Belensky and Landau 1955)
Transition to free particles

(Cooper-Frye 1976)
As the system expands,

the interaction becomes weaker and the mean free
path becomes larger. The number of particles
appears as the physical characteristic when the
interaction is sufficiently weak. When the mean free
path becomes comparable with the linear
dimensions of the system, the later
breaks up into individual particles. This may be
called the break-up stage. It occurs with a
temperature of the system of the order T m c 2 ,
where m is the mass of the pion.
Etele Moln
ar
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
Stages of evolution in heavy-ion collisions III+.
The space-time picture of evolution.

dV /V = d / in 1+1D case.
Etele Moln
ar
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
Perfect Liquid
Etele Moln
ar
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
Notation
For simplicity we choose the flat space-time, the metric is

g g = diag(1, 1, 1, 1).
The normalized 4-flow of matter is denoted by u (t, x), where
u u = 1, (c 2 = 1).
The local rest frame (LRF) is defined as, uLRF

= (1, 0, 0, 0).
The projection tensor is defined perpendicular to the 4-flow of matter,

= g u u , where u = 0, and = 3.
The comoving time-derivative or proper-time derivative in LRF of an arbitrary
4-vector A is denoted by, A = u A while, the comoving spatial-derivative
or gradient is denoted by, = .
The orthogonal projection of A A = Ahi .
The symmetric, traceless
of any tensor
i is denoted by,
h and orthogonal part
= 1 + 1
.
Ahi

A

A
2
3
Etele Moln
ar
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
Perfect Fluids I.
Conservation laws for a simple (single component) perfect fluid (no dissipation)
N0
charge conservation
T0
energy-momentum conservation
1 eq.
4 eqs.
Perfect fluid decomposition with respect to u

N0
n0 u
T0
e0 u u p0
n0
N0 u
T0 u u
1
T0
3
e0
p0
(net)charge density
energy density
isotropic pressure
We have 5 equations for 6 unknowns not closed: n0 (1), e0 (1), p0 (1) and u (3).
These equations are postulated!
Etele Moln
ar
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
Perfect Fluids II.

The assumption of local thermal equilibrium! Provides closure:
Equation of State (EoS)
EoS 1 eq.
p0 = p0 (e0 , n0 )
and/or p(T , ) or s = s(e, n).
Auxiliary, S0 = s0 u , where s0 = S0 u , and for continuous solutions

S0 = 0
entropy is maximum in local thermal equilibrium
Thermodynamics
Ts
e + p n
T s
e n
s T + n
The fundamental thermodynamic relations are derived from,

T (su ) = (eu ) + p( u ) (nu )
Etele Moln
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Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
Dissipative Fluids I.
Conservation laws for a simple (single component) dissipative fluid
N
charge conservation
energy-momentum conservation
1 eq.
4 eqs.
General decomposition with u

N
nu + V
eu u (p + ) + W u + W u +
N u
p+
T u u
energy density in LRF
1
isotropic (equilibrium + bulk viscous) pressure

T
3
N
charge flow
charge density
T u
energy-momentum flow
e
+
p
W
V
heat flow
1 eq.
n
T hi
stress tensor
We only have 5 equations for 18 unknowns, n(1), e(1), p(1), u (3) and
(1), V (3), W (3), (5).
Etele Moln
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Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
Dissipative Fluids II.

Generally, N = N0 + N and T = T0 + T
Simplifications (I): Matching to equilibrium and the EOS
n
n0 + n
e0 + e
p(e, n)
p0 (e0 , n0 ) + p
Convenient choice, n = 0, e = 0, p = hence, n = n0 , e = e0 ,

p0 = p0 (e0 , n0 ), such that p(e, n) = p0 + , while T = T0 and = 0 , but
s = s0 + s!
Still with 14 + 3 unknowns! n(1), e(1), (1), V (3), W (3), (5) and u (3).
Simplifications (II): Fixing the Local Rest Frame
uE
N /n
uL
T uL /e
V = 0
q = W
W = 0
Eckart
e
+p
q =
V
n
Landau & Lifsitz
We eliminated (3) unknowns, such that uL = uE + u .

We are left with 14 unknowns! n(1), e(1), u (3) and p(1), q (3), (5).
Etele Moln
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Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
Dissipative Fluids III. - The relativistic Navier-Stokes theory

The entropy current is also modified S S0 + S = (s0 + s)u + , where
s S u = (s0 + s) and = S .
2nd law of thermodynamics (Eckarts frame)

q 1

q
S =
T u u +
u 0
T
T
T
T
T
Assuming that s = s0 , i.e., s = 0, while = q /T
For small gradients, linear relations between thermodynamical forces and fluxes!
The relativistic Navier-Stokes relations
NS
NS
2 h u i
qNS

Tn
e+p
T
0, 0 bulk and shear viscosity coefficients, 0 coefficient of thermal

conductivity.
Now, the equations of fluid dynamics are closed, but the relativistic Navier-Stokes
theory leads to accausal signal propagation and stability issues.
Etele Moln
ar
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
Dissipative Fluids III+.
(Gas)Kinetic theory
xz
NS
'
vz (x)
x
1.2T / = 1.2T mfp n
/s
T mfp
(Dilute) Gases may have or

0 hence ideal gas!
Air 1.8 105 Pa.s (T 20C o )
Fluids (liquids), 0 or hence
0 ideal fluid (liquid)!
Water 50 Air = 9 104 Pa.s
gas (T ) increases with increasing T
liquid (T ) decreases with increasing T
Etele Moln
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Ref. Csernai et.al. PRL (2006)

15 f4
=
s
16 T 4

5.12
=
>1
s QCD
g 4 ln(2.42g )

1
=
s ADS/CFD
4
f 130MeV pion decay constant
g QCD coupling constant
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
Dissipative Fluids IV.

2nd order theories of M
uller (1967), Israel (1976) and Stewart (1971, 1977)
The previously mentioned issues are cured if:
Entropy current generalization (Eckarts frame)
u
q
S s0 u +
0 2 1 q q + 2
T
2T
0 q
1 q
+
+ O3
T
T
where the newly introduced coefficients 0 , 1 , 2 , 0 , 1 are related to the
relaxation time/length of bulk viscosity, heat conductivity and shear viscosity
T 1
22
lq
lq
T 0
lq
T 1
lq
21
The 0 , 1 , 2 , 0 , 1 coefficients are frame dependent and remain undetermined

in phenomenological theories!
Etele Moln
ar
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
Dissipative Fluids V.
2nd order equations from entropy production

Relaxation equations in Eckarts frame (Israel 1976)
+
q
+ q
q
NS + lq q
+ lq lq
qNS

hi +
NS
+ lq h q i
The equations determine the time evolution of , q , and

The Navier-Stokes theory appears if the relaxation times and length scales
i 0, li 0 with , and q fixed
Later O2 corrections ( i , i , . . ., etc.) were added by Israel and
Stewart (1977-1979), Hiscock and Lindblom (1983), Relativistic Extended
Thermodynamics of Liu, M
uller and Ruggeri (1983) etc.
We need kinetic theory to motivate and determine the above introduced
phenomenological equations self-consistently!
Etele Moln
ar
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
The relativistic Boltzmann equation and conservation equations

In a dilute gas, the space-time evolution of the single-particle distribution function
fk = f (t, x, k 0 , k) due to particle motion and binary collisions is given by the
The relativistic Boltzmann equation
Z

1
k fk C [fk ] =
dK 0 dPdP 0 Wkk0pp0 fp fp0 fk fk0 fk fk0 fp fp0
2
wherek = (k 0 , k) is the four-momenta of particles with mass m and energy
k 0 = k2 + m2 . fk = 1 afk , with a = 0 for Boltzmann, a = 1 for Fermi,
a = 1 for
Bose statistics. The inv. phase-space element is, dK = gd 3 k/ (2)3 k 0 . The
transition rate W is invariant, to final state momenta Wkk0pp0 = Wkk0p0p , and
satisfies detailed balance, Wkk0pp0 = Wpp0kk0 .
Conservation laws from the Boltzmann equation
Z
Z
N
dK k fk =
dK C [fk ] = 0
charge cons.
Z
Z
T
dK k k fk =
dK k C [fk ] = 0
energy-momentum cons.
Conservation laws are obtained, 5-collisional invariants, but we still need the solution
of the Boltzmann equation fk !
Etele Moln
ar
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
The hierarchy of moments and balance equations

Moments of the single-particle distribution function and collision integral
Z
N (t, x)
dK k fk = hk i
charge current
Z
T (t, x)
dK k k fk = hk k i
energy-momentum tensor
Z
F 1 ...n (t, x)
dK k 1 . . . k n fk = hk 1 . . . k n i
n-rank moment
Z
P 1 ...n (t, x)
dK k 1 . . . k n C [fk ] = hC 1 ...n i
n-rank production term
R
where hp 1 p 2 . . . p n1 p n i dK p 1 . . . p n fk .
The mass-shell condition k k = m2 gives

F1 ...n
m2 F 1 ...n
P1 ...n
1 ...n
m2 P 1 ...n
P 1 ...n
balance of fluxes
These balance equations are never closed but the solution of the Boltzmann equation
is also a solution of the hierarchy!
Etele Moln
ar
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
Local thermal equilibrium

In local thermal equilibrium S0 = 0, hence fk f0k , where f0k = f (0 , 0 , Ek )
f0k
[exp (0 + 0 Ek ) + a]1
J
uttner distribution
where 0 = 0 /T0 is the chemical potential, 0 = 1/T0 is the inverse temperature,

Ek = k u , and a = 0 for Boltzmann, a = 1 for Fermi, a = 1 for Bose statistics.
Moments of the equilibrium distribution function
Z
N0 (t, x)
dK k f0k = hk i0
charge current
Z
T0 (t, x)
dK k k f0k = hk k i0
energy-momentum tensor
Z
S0 (t, x)
dK k f0k (ln f0k 1) = hk i0
entropy current
Conservation eqs. for and ideal gas

N0 = 0,
T0 = 0,
S0 0
(a = 0) hence p0 = n0 T0 ideal gas law!

Etele Moln
ar
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
General kinetic decompositions and definitions
Decompose the momenta, k = Ek u + k hi , where Ek = k u and k hi =

k
hEk iu + hk hi i
1
T = hEk2 iu u + h k k i + hEk k hi iu + hEk k hi iu + hk h k i i
3
R

1 2 . . . k n i
where k h k i =
dK k 1 . . . k n fk for any fk
k k and hk k
N
hEk i
hk hi i
In equilibrium hk 1 k 2 . . . k n i0
e0 = hEk2 i0
n0
hEk i0
hk hi i0 = 0
1
p h k k i
3
hEk k hi i
hk h k i i
e hEk2 i
dK k 1 . . . k n f0k , hence
1
p0 = h k k i0
3
hEk k hi i0 = 0
hk h k i i0 = 0
Etele Moln
ar
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
Out of equilibrium
For a system out of equilibrium
fk = f0k + fk
Let us define the following irreducible moment
...`
(r1)
E
D
(Ek )r k h1 . . . k ` i
where h. . .i h. . .i h. . .i0 =
dK . . . fk
(1)
e = (2)
(0)
W =
(1)
dK . . . f0k =
dK . . . fk
m2
(0)
3
= (0)
Matching: Non-equilibrium to equilibrium

n hEk i = 0
n = n0
e hEk2 i = 0
1
= h k k i
3
e = e0
p(e, n) = p0 (e0 , n0 ) +
Etele Moln
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Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
General equations of motion I.
Equations of motion for the irreducible moments

h ...` i
(r )1
...
= 11...``
d
d
dK (Ek )r k h1 . . . k ` i fk
1 ...`
1 ...`
u A dA/d and h1 ...` i
where A
and
1 ...` (r )
(r )
k h1 k m i = 1 m 1 m k1 km
Now, using the Boltzmann equation k fk = C [f ] in the following form

fk = f0k Ek1 k f0k Ek1 k fk + Ek1 C [f ]
where = , we obtain the exact equations for the comoving derivatives of the
...
irreducible moments, (r1) `
Etele Moln
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Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
General equations of motion II.

Vector
Scalar
hi

r
G2r
r = Cr 1 +
+
W
u
+
D20
G2r
G3r
r 1 +
V
W
D20
D20

1
G2r
2
+
(r 1) m r 2 (r + 2) r 3

3
D20

G2r
.
+ (r 1) r 2 +
D20
(0)
r
(1)q
(2q + 1)!!
Inq =
(1)q
(2q + 1)!!
Jnq =
r r 1
n2q

q
k k f0k ,
n2q

q
k k f0k f0k ,
dKEk
dKEk
hi
(1)
h
= Cr 1 + r 0 r W
+ r r 1 u
i
1h 2
h
rm r 1 (r + 3) r +1 3r u
+
3

1
2
h

m r 1 r +1 + r
3

r 1 + r
i
1h
2
(r 1) m r 2 (r + 3) r 4r W
3
h
i
1
2
(2r 2) m r 2 (2r + 3) r 5r W
+
5

+ r + r W
+ (r 1) r 2 .
+
h ` i

...`
Cr 1
11`` Cr 1
Z

r
= 11``
dKEk k 1 k ` C [f ] .
Gnm = Jn0 Jm0 Jn1,0 Jm+1,0 ,

2
Dnq = Jn+1,q Jn1,q (Jnq ) .
Etele Moln
ar
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
General equations of motion III.
Tensor
hi

1 h
J30 n0 + V
+ J20 0 + P0 +
D20

i
+J20 W W u
0 =
2 h
4
(r 1) m r 2
15
i
2
(2r + 3) m r + (r + 4)r +2
hi
(2)
= Cr 1 + 2r
i
2 h 2 h
h
i
rm r 1 (r + 5) r +1 u
5

2 h
i
2 i
m r 1 r +1
+ r r 1 u
5
i
1h
2
(r 1) m r 2 (r + 4) r
+
3
h
i
2
i
2 h
h
+
(2r 2) m r 2 (2r + 5) r

1 h
+ J10 0 + P0 +
J20 n0 + V
D20

i
+J10 W W u
0 =
+ 2r
r 1
1
=
0
1

h
1
h
0 0 0
u
0
n0
1

4
0
+ ,
W + W
+W

n0
3
n0
(0)
r
= (1 r ) Ir 1 Ir 0
D20

h0 G2r G3r ,
1
(1)
r
= Jr +1,1 h
Jr +2,1 ,
0
(2)
r
= Ir +2,1 + (r 1) Ir +2,2 ,
+ (r 1)r 2 .
h
r =
Etele Moln
ar
0
0 + P0
Jr +2,1 ,
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
General equations of motion IV.

Polynomial expansion

fk f0k + fk = f0k 1 + f0k k ,
k =
X
h ` i
kh k i ,
k 1
1
`
`=0
N`
X
h ` i (`)
h ` i
=
cn 1
Pkn ,
k 1
n=0
(`)
Pkn =
n
X
(`)
anr Ek ,
orthogonal poly
r =0
n
E
N (`) X 1 ` (`)
N (`) D (`) h1
h ` i
Pkn k
k `i
=
anr .
cn 1
`!
`! r =0 r
fk = f0k 1 + f0k
N`
X
X
`=0 n=0
(`)
Hkn =
(`) `
k
Hkn n 1
h1
k i ,
`
N`
N (`) X
(`) (`)
a P .
`! m=n mn km
Etele Moln
ar
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
The 14-moment method

Truncation
N0
X
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
cn Pkn ' c0 Pk0 + c1 Pk1 + c2 Pk2 ,
n=0
hi
N1
X
hi
cn
hi
(1)
Pkn ' c0
hi
(1)
Pk0 + c1
(1)
Pk1 ,
n=0
hi
N2
X
hi
cn
(2)
hi
Pkn ' c0
(2)
Pk0 ,
n=0
Matching
N0
n
X
X
(0)
cn anm Jr +m,0 = r ,
n=0 m=0
N1
n
X
X
hi (1)
anm
cn
Jr +m+2,1 = r V
+ r W ,
n=0 m=0
N2
n
X
X
hi (2)
anm
cn
Jr +m+4,2 = r
n=0 m=0
Etele Moln
ar
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
The 14-moment method - Collision integral in a Boltzmann gas

Collision integral for Boltzmann particles
Z
1
...
dKdK 0 dPdP 0 Wkk0pp0 f0k f0k0 (Ek )r k 1 . . . k `
Cr 1 ` =
2

p + p0 k k0 + p p0 k k0
Linearized collision integral

1
` = C
Cr 1 u1 u` Cr `1
Xr 3,1
hi
1
Cr 1 u2 u` Cr `
hi
Cr 1
u3
1 2
= BV V Xr 2,3 + BW W Xr 2,3 ,
1
` = A
u` Cr `+1
Xr 1,4 .
Collision integral
Xr

0
0
r

0 0

0 0
dKdK dPdP Wkk0pp0 f0k f0k0 f0p f0p0 Ek k k
p p +p p k k k k

1
(
)( )

+ 4Xr ,3 u
u + Xr ,4
.
= Xr ,1 u u + Xr ,2
u u
3
Etele Moln
ar
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
The 14-moment method - (r ?)

Scalar
r
= + r W u + r V u
W
V
r
r
r
`W W
r
`V V
Vector
+ W W 0 + V V 0 +
rq
V
W
W W
V + r W
= r r
+ r 2 2 0
r
V
W
V 0 h0
W
+ r W
Tensor
hi
+ 2`W
r
h
2W W
r
i
i
+ 2V V
+ 2`V
0
+ 2
+ VV V
r
q u q u
r
+ `q `q
r
+ q 0 + q 0 ,
i
i
r
h
2V V
+ V
r WW W + VV V

2 r
r
= r + r
+ 2
+ 2W W
W r
r WW W
i
r
Etele Moln
ar
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
The exact relaxation equations with a linearized collision integral

The original Israel-Stewart derivation neglected several terms; corrections added later.
More terms from the non-linearized collision integral!
+ = NS + q q u `q q 0

+ q q +
q q + q = qNS q u q u
+ `q `q + q q

1 q
qq q + q + q
<> + = NS + 2 q q< u >

+ 2 `q < q> + 2
2
<
<
> 2 2
> 2 q q< > + 2
W. Israel, J.M. Stewart, Ann. Phys. 118 (1979) 341

W. Israel, J.M. Stewart, Ann. Phys. 118 (1979) 341
A. Muronga, PRC 76 (2007) 014909; A. Muronga, ibid.
B. Betz, D. Henkel, D. H. Rischke, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 62:556 (2009); B. Betz
et.al. EPJ Web of Conf (2011).
Etele Moln
ar
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
So Many Jokes, So Little Time ...

Seriously...
The new method leads to equations and coefficients that are in better agreement
with the non-equilibrium solution of the Boltzmann equation, (than the others
out there)!
Hard to see the fine details, though !
Different choices (of methods, moments, coefficients etc.) lead to the same
asymptotic (Navier-Stokes) solutions, (but not the other way around)!

New terms from the second order collision integral, p p0 k k0 (to be
published soon)
References
B. Betz, G. S. Denicol, T. Koide, E. Molnar, H. Niemi and D. H. Rischke,
Second order dissipative fluid dynamics from kinetic theory,
EPJ Web Conf. 13, 07005 (2011).
G. S. Denicol, H. Niemi, E. Molnar and D. H. Rischke, Derivation of transient
relativistic fluid dynamics from the Boltzmann equation,
Phys. Rev. D 85, 114047 (2012).
G. S. Denicol, E. Molnar, H. Niemi and D. H. Rischke, Derivation of fluid
dynamics from kinetic theory with the 14moment approximation,
Eur. Phys. J. A (2012).
Etele Moln
ar
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
Backup slides
Backup
Etele Moln
ar
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
Approximate solutions: Grads method of moments
The previous definitions from kinetic theory are only useful if we can specify fk or fk
fk = f0k + fk ' f0k (1 + k )
where k = fk /f0k 1 close to equilibrium, f0k [exp (0 + 0 Ek ) + a]1 , where
0 = 0 /T0 is the chemical potential, 0 = 1/T0 is the inverse temperature,
Ek = k u , and a = 0 for Boltzmann, a = 1 for Fermi, a = 1 for Bose statistics.
Relativistic Grads approach: Stewart (1972), Israel and Stewart (1977-1979)
k
...l
(l)1
k1 ...kl = (0) +
k +
k k + ...
(1)
(2)
l=0
Assuming that in k only l = 0, 1, 2-rank tensors appear (1), (4) and (9)
where
= 0, we provide a closure for the hierarchy (truncation) and be able to
determine the 14 moments of dissipative fluid dynamics!
Etele Moln
ar
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
Applying the 14-method

Non-equilibrium 14-moment ansatz

h
1
hi
k k
fk f0k 1 + (0) + Ek
u + (1) khi + Ek2
u u +
(2)
(1)
(2)
3
i
hi
hi
hi
+ Ek (2) khi u + Ek (2) khi u + (2) kh ki
which is basically an expansion in Ekn and kh1 . . . kn i
Decomposition and matching
(0) 0
A0

u 0
(1)
A1

u u
(2)
A2
hi
(1)
B0 q + B1 V
(2) u
C0 q + C1 V

(2)
A3 (3u u ) + 2C0 u ( q ) + 2C1 u ( V ) + D0
D0
hi
hi
(2)
The coefficients (0) ,

, expressed in terms of dissipative fields, , q (V ),
(1) (2)
Etele Moln
ar
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
The relaxation equations
Using the 14-moment ansatz, the 3rd moment, hk k k i = F (e, n, p, u , , q , ),

therefore, using the Boltzmann transport eq., hk k k i = hC i, we get:
Israel-Stewart (1979)
u u hk k k i
u u hC i
u hk k k i
i
u hC
hk k k i
i
hC
Bulk eq.
Heat-flow eq.
Shear viscosity eq.
The linearised collision integral

u u hC i
i
u hC
Cq q
i
hC
where C , Cq , C hi
Etele Moln
ar
Introduction
Perfect Fluids
Dissipative Fluids
Outlook
Further corrections
Take into account 2nd order corrections in the collision integral, i.e.,
C [f0 + f ] f + (f )2
Full collision integral: Rischke et.al. (2010)
u u hC i C + A0 2 + A1 V q + A2 q q + A3
i Cq q + B0 q + B1 V + B2 q + B3 V
u hC
i C + C0 + C1 q h V i + C2 q h q i + C3
hC
some terms also by Moore (2009)

Problem with the traditional moment method
u1 . . . un hk 1 . . . k n k i
u1 . . . un hC 1 ...n i
k i
1 ...n
i
1 u2 . . . un hC
. . . k n k i
1 2 u3 . . . un hk
1 ...n
i
1 2 u3 . . . un hC
1 u2
. . . un hk
...k
Parts of higher order moments may contribute for , q , , so why stop ?
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Introduction

Fluid dynamics from kinetic theory

From the Boltzmann equation to fluid dynamics and its

MTA-DE Particle Physics Research Group

From the Boltzmann equation to fluid dynamics and its applications

Fluid dynamics from kinetic theory

Stages of evolution in heavy-ion collisions I.

Initial stage (Belensky and Landau 1955)

From the Boltzmann equation to fluid dynamics and its applications

Fluid dynamics from kinetic theory

Stages of evolution in heavy-ion collisions II.

Hydrodynamical stage (Belensky and Landau 1955)

Fluid dynamical evolution of the

The second stage of the collision consists in the

From the Boltzmann equation to fluid dynamics and its applications

Fluid dynamics from kinetic theory

Stages of evolution in heavy-ion collisions III.

Freeze-out stage (Belensky and Landau 1955)

Transition to free particles

As the system expands,

From the Boltzmann equation to fluid dynamics and its applications

Fluid dynamics from kinetic theory

Stages of evolution in heavy-ion collisions III+.

The space-time picture of evolution.

From the Boltzmann equation to fluid dynamics and its applications

Fluid dynamics from kinetic theory

From the Boltzmann equation to fluid dynamics and its applications

Fluid dynamics from kinetic theory

For simplicity we choose the flat space-time, the metric is

The local rest frame (LRF) is defined as, uLRF

The projection tensor is defined perpendicular to the 4-flow of matter,

From the Boltzmann equation to fluid dynamics and its applications

Fluid dynamics from kinetic theory

Perfect fluid decomposition with respect to u

From the Boltzmann equation to fluid dynamics and its applications

Fluid dynamics from kinetic theory

Perfect Fluids II.

Auxiliary, S0 = s0 u , where s0 = S0 u , and for continuous solutions

The fundamental thermodynamic relations are derived from,

From the Boltzmann equation to fluid dynamics and its applications

Fluid dynamics from kinetic theory

General decomposition with u

isotropic (equilibrium + bulk viscous) pressure

From the Boltzmann equation to fluid dynamics and its applications

Fluid dynamics from kinetic theory

Dissipative Fluids II.

Convenient choice, n = 0, e = 0, p = hence, n = n0 , e = e0 ,

Landau & Lifsitz

We eliminated (3) unknowns, such that uL = uE + u .

From the Boltzmann equation to fluid dynamics and its applications

Fluid dynamics from kinetic theory

Dissipative Fluids III. - The relativistic Navier-Stokes theory

0, 0 bulk and shear viscosity coefficients, 0 coefficient of thermal

From the Boltzmann equation to fluid dynamics and its applications

Fluid dynamics from kinetic theory

Dissipative Fluids III+.

(Dilute) Gases may have or

Ref. Csernai et.al. PRL (2006)

Fluid dynamics from kinetic theory

Dissipative Fluids IV.

The 0 , 1 , 2 , 0 , 1 coefficients are frame dependent and remain undetermined

From the Boltzmann equation to fluid dynamics and its applications

Fluid dynamics from kinetic theory

2nd order equations from entropy production

The coefficients (0) ,