3 D structures: Stereochemistry
Stereoisomer- molecules with the same chemical bonds but differing
spatial arrangement.
Cis/trans isomerism (Geometric isomerism) is a form of stereoisomerism
describing the relative orientation of functional groups within a molecule.
Chirality:
1 Chiral Carbon = 2 Stereoisomers
(n)Chiral Carbons = 2n stereoisomers
Naming Conventions:
By Configuration R- and SBy optical activity: (+)- and (-)By configuration: D- and L- 9 (configurational standard Glyceraldehyde)
Enantiomers: stereoisomers that are mirror image
Diastereomers: Pairs of Stereoisomers that are not mirror imagesof each
other.
Know free energy(G), entropy (S) and enthalpy (H), and their
relationship:
dG= dH-TdS. What is the difference between endergonic and exergonic,
endothermic and exothermic? How to calculate equilibrium constant of a
chemical reaction? The equation of K and dG?
Basic Thermodynamics:
Free energy G:
The component of the total energy of a system that can do work at
constant temperature and pressure.
G=H-TS
Entropy S:
The randomness or disorder of the components of a chemical system.
Enthalpy H
G= H-TS
Endergonic vs Exergonic:
Endergonic reactions require an input of energy, and their G values are
positive.
Exergonic;
Endothermic vs Exothermic:
G= H-TS
How to calculate the equilibrium constant:
Keq = [C]ceq Ddeq
K and G
What is ATP, ADP, and AMP
ATP: adenosine triphosphate
ADP: adenosine diphosphate
AMP: adenosine monophosphate
Chapter 2: WATER
Part I:
What properties make water the best solvent for life? What is the
geometric and molecular structure for water? What is the electric dipole
for water? What is hydrogen bonding? What are requirements? Why is
carbon not able to do hydrogen bonding?
Know the interaction among water molecules due to electric dipole.
(What is longer? Why is weaker in comparison to the other?) What
makes hydrogen bonds weak or strong (generally)?
Know the non-covalent weak interactions/bonding (there are 4). Review
over colligative properties; the ones mentioned in class are boiling point,
melting point, and osmotic pressure. For osmotic pressure, understand
the 3 subtypes (hyper-, isotonic, and hypo-).
Fact: Multiple hydrogen bonds are added as a whole that increases the
amount of energy to break the bond.
Between butane, and butanol, butanol has a much higher boling point.
Explai why this occurs.
Know how many hydrogen bonds are possible for one water molecule in
ice and liquid.
Fact: The two most common functional groups involve in ionic
interactions are carboxylic group, and amino group.
Ina solid form of NaCl it is readily soluble in water because of what?
(hint: Entropy as a solid vs entropy in aqueous solution)
Fact: polarity determines solibility
Make sure to understand very well the entropy concept!