1.
GLASS
1.
GLASS
1.
GLASS
Other types of glass include the following:
Annealed glass is cooled slowly to relieve internal
stresses.
Heat-strengthened glass is annealed glass that is
partially tempered by a process of reheating and sudden
cooling. Heat-strengthened glass has about twice the
strength of annealed glass of the same thickness.
Tempered glass is annealed glass that is reheated to just
below the softening point and then rapidly cooled to induce
compressive stresses in the surfaces and edges of the
glass and tensile stresses in the interior. Tempered glass
has three to five times the resistance of annealed glass to
impact and thermal stresses but cannot be altered after
fabrication. When fractured, it breaks into relatively
harmless pebble-sized particles.
Laminated or safety glass consists of two or more plies of
flat glass bonded under heat and pressure to interlayers of
polyvinyl butyral resin that retains the fragments if the
glass is broken. Security glass is laminated glass that has
exceptional tensile and impact strength.
1.
1.
1.
1.
GLASS
Glass Product
Type
Nominal Thickness
Maximum Area
Weight
inch
(mm)
inches
(mm)
psf*
(2.4)
(3.2)
60 x 60
60 x 80
(1525 x 1525)
(1525 x 2030)
1.22
1.63
Sheet Glass
AA, A, B
SS 3/32
DS 1/8
Float or Plate
Mirror
Glazing
1/8
5/
16
3/8
5/8
7/8
1/8
7/32
7/32
3/8
(6.4)
(3.2)
(6.4)
(7.9)
(9.5)
(12.7)
(15.9)
(19.1)
(22.2)
(3.2)
(5.6)
(6.4)
(6.4)
(5.6)
(6.4)
(9.5)
75 sf
74 x 120
128 x 204
124 x 200
124 x 200
120 x 200
120 x 200
115 x 200
115 x 200
60 x 132
60 x 132
60 x 144
60 x 144
54 x 120
60 x 144
60 x 144
(7 m2)
(1880 x 3050)
(3250 x 5180)
(3150 x 5080)
(3150 x 5080)
(3050 x 5080)
(3050 x 5080)
(2920 x 5080)
(2920 x 5080)
(1525 x 3355)
(1525 x 3355)
(1525 x 3660)
(1525 x 3660)
(1370 x 3050)
(1525 x 3660)
(1525 x 3660)
3.28
1.64
3.28
4.10
4.92
6.54
8.17
9.18
11.45
1.60
2.40
3.50
3.50
2.82
3.50
4.45
3/8
5/8
(6.4)
(9.5)
(12.7)
(15.9)
72 x 120
72 x 120
72 x 120
72 x 120
(1830 x 3050)
(1830 x 3050)
(1830 x 3050)
(1830 x 3050)
3.30
4.80
6.35
8.00
Heavy
Plate
Float
Patterned Glass
Wired Glass
Laminated Glass
or
Glazing
Various
patterns
Polished-mesh
Patternedmesh
Parallel wires
(2) 1/8 float
Heavy float
*1 psf = 47.88 Pa
1.
GLASS
Glass Product
Type
Nominal Thickness
inch
Tinted Glassd
Insulating Glass
(2) 3/32 sheets
(2) 1/8 sheets
(2) 1/8
Sheet, plate or float
(2) 3/16
Plate or float
(2)
Plate or float
Bronze
Gray
Maximum Area
Weight
(mm)
inches
(mm)
psf*
1/8
3/16
3/8
1/8
3/16
3/8
1/2
(3.2)
(4.8)
(6.4)
(9.5)
(12.7)
(3.2)
(4.8)
(6.4)
(9.5)
(12.7)
35 sf
120 x 144
128 x 204
124 x 200
120 x 200
35 sf
120 x 144
128 x 204
124 x 200
120 x 200
(3 m2)
(3050 x 3660)
(3250 x 5180)
(3150 x 5080)
(3050 x 5080)
(3 m2)
(3050 x 3660)
(3250 x 5180)
(3150 x 5080)
(3050 x 5080)
1.64
2.45
3.27
4.90
6.54
1.64
2.45
3.27
4.90
6.54
3/8
7/16
(9.5)
(11.1)
10 sf
24 sf
(0.9 m2)
(2.2 m2)
2.40
3.20
5/8
7/8
(12.7)
(19.1)
(15.9)
(22.2)
(19.1)
(25.4)
22 sf
22 sf
34 sf
42 sf
50 sf
70 sf
(2.0 m2)
(2.0 m2)
(3.2 m2)
(3.8 m2)
(4.6 m2)
(6.5 m2)
3.27
3.27
4.90
4.90
6.54
6.54
*1 psf = 47.88 Pa
* R-value = 1.61
* R-value = 1.61
* R-value = 1.72
* R-value = 2.04
* R-values for units w/
air space and low-e
coating:
e = 0.20, R = 3.13
e = 0.40, R = 2.63
e = 0.60, R = 2.33
2.
HARDWARE
2.01
NAILS
Nails are straight, slender pieces of metal having one end pointed
and the other enlarged and flattened for hammering into wood or
other building materials as a fastener.
Material Nails are usually of mild steel, but may also be of aluminum,
copper, bras, zinc or stainless less.
Tempered, high-carbon steel nails are used for greater
strength in masonry applications.
The type of metal used should be compatible with the
materials being secured to avoid loss of holding power and
prevent staining of the materials.
Length and Nail lengths are designated by the term penny (d).
Diameter of Nails range in length from 2d, about 1 (25) long, to 60d
about 6 (150) long
the Shank
Nail length should be about 3 x thickness of the material
being secured
Large diameter nails are used for heavy work while lighter
nails are used for finish work; thinner nails are used for
hardwood rather than for softwood.
2.
HARDWARE
2.01
NAILS
Form of the
Shank
Nail Heads
2.
HARDWARE
2.01
NAILS
2.
HARDWARE
2.02
SCREWS
2.
HARDWARE
2.02
SCREWS
The length of a wood screw should be about 1/8 (3) less than
the combined thickness of the boards being joined, with to 2/3
of the screws length penetrating the base material. Finethreaded screws are generally used for hardwoods while
coarse-threaded ones are used for softwoods.
Holes for screws should be predrilled and be equal to the base
diameter of the threads. Some screws, such as self-tapping
and drywall screws, are designed to tap corresponding female
threads as they are driven.
2.
HARDWARE
2.03
BOLTS
2.
HARDWARE
2.03
BOLTS
2.
HARDWARE
2.03
BOLTS
2.
HARDWARE
2.03
BOLTS
Rivets are metal pins that are used for permanently joining
two or more structural steel members by passing a headed
shank through a hole in each piece and hammering down
the plain end to form a second head. Their use has been
largely superseded by the less labor-intensive techniques
of bolting or welding.
2.
HARDWARE
2.04 ADHESIVES
Adhesives are sued to secure the surfaces of two materials
together. Numerous types of adhesives are available, many of
them being tailor-made for use with specific materials and under
specified conditions. They may be supplied in the form of a solid,
liquid, powder or film; some require a catalyst to activate their
adhesive properties. Always follow the manufacturers
recommendations in the use of an adhesive. Important
considerations in the selection of an adhesive include:
Strength: Adhesives are usually strongest in resisting tensile
and shear stresses and weakest in resisting cleavage or
splitting stresses.
Curing or setting time: This ranges from immediate bonding to
curing times of up to several days.
Setting temperature range: Some adhesives will set at room
temperature while others require baking at elevated
temperatures.
Method of bonding: Some adhesives bond on contact while
others require clamping or higher pressures.
Characteristics: Adhesives vary in their resistance to water,
heat, sunlight and chemicals as well as their aging properties.
2.
HARDWARE
2.04
ADHESIVES
END OF
DOORS AND WINDOWS