ASPHALT
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Agenda
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Goal
Our Goal: To help prepare you to discuss
stated market segments to various audiences
so that you can be successful in enacting
change.
Your Goal: ???
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Resources
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One-directional traffic
patterns
Determines:
Given:
Soil Strength
Concrete Strength
Traffic Demand
-
Thickness
Jointing
Reinforcing (opt.)
Subbase (opt.)
ACI
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Design CH 3
-Materials CH 4
-Construction CH 5
-Inspection and Testing CH 6
-Maintenance and Repairs CH 7
Specifying and requiring the contents of ACI
330 R-08 gives a designer confidence that
many aspects of a concrete parking lot are
addressed.
Key Terminology:
k modulus of subgrade or CBR California Bearing
Ratio
ADTT average daily truck traffic
MOR modulus of rupture
650
600
550
500
650
600
550
500
650
600
550
500
A (ADTT =1)
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.5
A (ADTT = 10)
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.5
4.0
4.0
4.5
4.5
4.0
4.5
4.5
4.5
B (ADTT = 25)
4.0
4.5
4.5
5.0
4.5
4.5
5.0
5.5
4.5
4.5
5.0
5.5
B (ADTT = 300)
5.0
5.0
5.5
5.5
5.0
5.0
5.5
5.5
5.0
5.5
5.5
6.0
C (ADTT = 100)
5.0
5.0
5.5
5.5
5.0
5.5
5.5
6.0
5.5
5.5
6.0
6.0
C (ADTT = 300)
5.0
5.5
5.5
6.0
5.5
5.5
6.0
6.0
5.5
6.0
6.0
6.5
C (ADTT = 700)
5.5
5.5
6.0
6.0
5.5
5.5
6.0
6.5
5.5
6.0
6.5
6.5
D (ADTT = 700)
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
MOR, psi:
Traffic
Category
650
600
550
500
650
600
550
500
650
600
550
500
A (ADTT =1)
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.5
4.0
4.5
4.5
4.5
5.0
5.0
5.5
A (ADTT = 10)
4.5
4.5
5.0
5.0
4.5
5.0
4.5
5.0
5.0
5.5
5.0
5.5
5.5
6.0
B (ADTT = 25)
5.0
5.0
5.5
6.0
5.5
5.5
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.5
7.0
B (ADTT = 300)
5.5
5.5
6.0
6.5
6.0
6.0
6.5
7.0
6.5
7.0
7.0
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
8.0
MOR, psi:
Traffic
Category
k = 50 psi/in. (CBR = 2, R = 5)
5.5
6.0
6.0
6.5
6.0
6.5
6.5
7.0
6.5
7.0
Thickness
criteria
based
on
soil
support
C (ADTT = 300)
6.0
6.0
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
7.0
7.5
7.0
7.5
C (ADTT = 100)
6.0
6.5
6.5
7.0
6.5
7.0
7.0
7.5
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8.0
8.5
and
Average
Daily
Truck
Traffic
(ADTT)
D (ADTT = 700)
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
C (ADTT = 700)
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increasing stress
Concrete
subgrade
subgrade
subbase layer
base layers
4 in.
50
100
200
300
65
130
220
320
50
100
200
170
280
470
Subbase thickness
6 in.
9 in.
Granular aggregate subbase
75
85
140
160
230
270
330
370
Cement-treated subbase
230
310
400
520
640
830
85
175
280
350
50
100
200
300
12 in.
110
190
320
430
390
640
215
325
400
490
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AASHTO 1993
Manual:
In cases where design traffic is less than 1 million ESALS, an additional subbase layer may
not be needed
ACI 330R-08:
It is not economical to use subbase material for the sole purpose of increasing kvaluesgranular subbases are not normally used for concrete parking lots and should not be
used as a construction expedient instead of proper subgrade preparation
Normally, pavements that carry less than 200 heavily loaded trucks / day will not be damaged
by pumping, especially if speeds are low; therefore, they do not require subbases
ACI 325.12R02
Experience suggests that for pavements that fall into residential classification (22 kip SAL, 34
kip TAL) the use of a subbase to increase structural capacity may or may not be cost effective
in terms of long term performance of the pavement
With adequate subgrade preparation and appropriate considerations for surface and
subgrade drainage, concrete pavements designed for city streets may be built directly on
subgrades because moisture conditions are such that strong slab support may not be needed
NCHRP 27
It is agreed that base is not required under concrete pavement for low-volume roads and
streets except where the percentage of heavy vehicles is unusually high. Pumping is not a
problem unless there are large numbers of heavy wheel loads and the pavement foundation is
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wet
Macro Fibers
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Steel reinforcement
When used, the purpose of secondary
steel reinforcement is to keep cracks from
opening. To do this, it must be located
above the mid-thickness.
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Steel reinforcement
It is almost impossible to place rolled wire
mesh in the upper thickness where it can
function.
Rebar on chairs or welded rigid mats
perform better if steel is called for.
Secondary steel reinforcement is often
misunderstood and can rarely be justified
in flatwork that is properly jointed.
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Objectives of jointing
SPACING, FT.
8-10
10-12
12-15
14-15
15
Jointing and
Reinforcement
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Shrinkage
Swelling
Drying
Wet
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Objectives of jointing
RECOMMENDED
SPACING of JOINTS
FOR CRACK CONTROL
THICKNESS, IN.
4
5
6
7
8+
SPACING, FT.
8-10
10-12
12-15
14-15
15
Construction joint
formed or slipped face
Isolation joint
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Aggregate Interlock
Not Recommended!
Keyways
Dowels
TIEBARS DOWELS!
(not used for load transfer)
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Steel reinforcement
Not Recommended!
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Steel reinforcement
It is almost impossible to place
rolled wire mesh in the upper
thickness where it can function.
Rebar on chairs or welded rigid
mats perform better if steel is
called for.
Secondary steel reinforcement
is often misunderstood and can
rarely be justified in flatwork that
is properly jointed.
If steel is used, it should
generally be cut at all joints!
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Advantages:
Simplest to make
Most reliable crack
initiation
Disadvantages:
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Disadvantages:
Timing critical to success
Least reliable crack initiation
with gravel aggregates
More expensive to make
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Not
Recommended!
0.2D
D
0.2D
0.1D
Trapezoidal
Half-round
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Isolation joints
are sometimes called expansion joints but should generally
not be used to provide for expansion. They provide no load
transfer and should not be used as regularly spaced joints in
a joint layout. Their proper use is to isolate fixed objects,
providing for slight differential settlement without damaging
the pavement.
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No load transfer
Failure of sealants
Water intrusion
Common issue in
construction practice
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Diagonal
Circular
Isolation
joint
Reinforcing bars
recommended to
hold cracks tight
Inlet
Isolation
joint
Isolation joint
Isolation
joint
None
Telescoping Manhole
Inlet - Round
Isolation joint
Isolation
joint
around
perimeter
No boxout or
isolation joint
necessary
Isolation
joint
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Things to Do
Things to Avoid
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Sealing of joints
Traffic level
Soil types & local performance
Subbase use
Presence of wind blown debris
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Concrete Materials
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Strength
Durability
Economy
Workability
Lowest shrinkage potential
severe
moderate
negligible
Freezethaw
severity
zones
Entrained air
Pozzolanic benefits
Lower permeability
Sulfate resistance
Mitigation of aggregate reactivity
Environmental benefits
Construction best
practices, options
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Pre-construction conference
Indispensable in avoiding
problems and making the
project go smoothly
Should cover all functions
and responsibilities
Improves project quality
Saves time and money
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Subgrade preparation
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Density, lb/ft3
106
Max. Density
Compact granular
materials near
optimum moisture,
plastic soils slightly
above optimum.
103
100
95% Density
97
1% 3%
Opt. Moisture
94
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Moisture Content, %
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Monitoring density
Use if testing is
unavailable or
impractical, or to
supplement testing
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Not Recommended!
Of the different
sequencing options
used, the method of
paving in alternate
lanes (lower photo)
has been found most
efficient and also
helps minimize the
adverse effects of
shrinkage.
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Not Recommended!
No longer recommended
Drier subgrades help to
equalize concrete
moisture loss, minimizing
slab curling
ACI 330R-08:
normally dry subgrade
Consider circumstances
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Not Recommended!
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No power trowels!
Not Recommended!
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Thickened edges
Concrete at pavement edges or along
isolation joints that will support wheel loads
should be thickened to provide extra
support.
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Reduces cracking
Delay of drying shinkage
Minimizes warping
Improves durability and
lowers permeability
Facilitates most rapid
strength gain
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Opening to traffic
Rules of thumb:
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Opening to traffic
Too soon.
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Angle
Interlock
reduction
Overhang
Vehicle
projection
Aisle width
Module widths
VP
AW
W1
W2
W3
W4
W5
45 deg
2 ft, 0 in.
1 ft, 5 in.
15 ft, 3 in.
11 ft, 6 in.
26 ft, 9 in.
42 ft, 0 in.
40 ft, 0 in.
38 ft, 0 in.
39 ft, 2 in.
50 deg
1 ft, 10 in.
1 ft, 6 in.
15 ft, 9 in.
12 ft, 0 in.
27 ft, 9 in.
43 ft, 6 in.
41 ft, 8 in.
39 ft, 10 in.
40 ft, 6 in.
55 deg
1 ft, 8 in.
1 ft, 8 in.
16 ft, 1 in.
12 ft, 10 in.
28 ft, 11 in.
45 ft, 0 in.
43 ft, 4 in.
41 ft, 8 in.
41 ft, 8 in.
60 deg
1 ft, 5 in.
1 ft, 9 in.
16 ft, 4 in.
13 ft, 4 in.
29 ft, 8 in.
46 ft, 0 in.
44 ft, 7 in.
43 ft, 2 in.
42 ft, 6 in.
65 deg
1 ft, 2 in.
1 ft, 10 in.
16 ft, 6 in.
14 ft, 0 in.
30 ft, 6 in.
47 ft, 0 in.
45 ft, 10 in.
44 ft, 8 in.
43 ft. 4 in.
70 deg
1 ft, 0 in.
1 ft, 11 in.
16 ft, 7 in.
14 ft, 10 in.
31 ft, 5 in.
48 ft, 0 in.
47 ft, 0 in.
46 ft, 0 in.
44 ft, 2 in.
75 deg
0 ft, 9 in.
1 ft, 11 in.
16 ft, 6 in.
16 ft, 0 in.
32 ft, 6 in.
49 ft, 0 in.
48 ft, 3 in.
47 ft, 6 in.
45 ft, 2 in.
90 deg
0 ft, 0 in.
2 ft, 0 in.
15 ft, 6 in.
20 ft, 0 in.
35 ft, 6 in.
51 ft, 0 in.
51 ft, 0 in.
51 ft, 0 in.
47 ft, 0 in.
Large cars
Angle
Interlock
reduction
Overhang
Vehicle
projection
Aisle width
Module widths
VP
AW
W1
W2
W3
W4
W5
45 deg
2 ft, 4 in.
2 ft, 1 in.
18 ft, 0 in.
13 ft, 0 in.
31 ft, 0 in.
49 ft, 0 in.
46 ft, 8 in.
44 ft, 4 in.
44 ft, 10 in.
50 deg
2ft, 1 in.
2 ft, 4 in.
18 ft, 8 in.
13 ft, 8 in.
32 ft, 4 in.
51 ft, 0 in.
48 ft, 11 in.
46 ft, 10 in.
46 ft, 4 in.
55 deg
1 ft, 10 in.
2 ft, 5 in.
19 ft, 2 in.
14 ft, 8 in.
33 ft, 10 in.
53 ft, 0 in.
51 ft, 2 in.
49 ft, 4 in.
48 ft, 2 in.
60 deg
1 ft, 8 in.
2 ft, 7 in.
19 ft, 6 in.
16 ft, 0 in.
35 ft, 6 in.
55 ft, 0 in.
53 ft, 4 in.
51 ft, 8 in.
49 ft, 10 in.
65 deg
1 ft, 4 in.
2 ft, 9 in.
19 ft, 9 in.
17 ft, 0 in.
36 ft, 9 in.
56 ft, 6 in.
55 ft, 2 in.
53 ft, 10 in.
51 ft, 0 in.
70 deg
1 ft, 1 in.
2 ft, 10 in.
19 ft, 10 in.
18 ft, 4 in.
38 ft, 2 in.
58 ft, 0 in.
56 ft, 11 in.
55 ft, 10 in.
52 ft, 4 in.
75 deg
0 ft, 10 in.
2 ft, 11 in.
19 ft, 9 in.
20 ft, 0 in.
39 ft, 9 in.
59 ft, 6 in.
58 ft, 8 in.
57 ft, 10 in.
53 ft, 8 in.
90 deg
0 ft, 0 in.
3 ft, 0 in.
18 ft, 8 in.
24 ft, 8 in.
43 ft, 4 in.
62 ft, 0 in.
62 ft, 0 in.
62 ft, 0 in.
56 ft, 0 in.
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WIIFM???
Resources
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Audiences
Owners
Developers
Engineers
Contractors
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Resources
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Pavement Costs
AC
$67,750
Layer1
$17,750
Layer2
Labor Costs
Traffic Capacity
USD
USD
Gran.
Subgrade
$50,000
(Included)
$8,500
$76,230
13 Trucks/Day
5 Concrete
6
6
Granul
Granular
Base
ar
Base
Subgrade
Pavement
Costs
$93,050
Concrete3
$43,050
Gran Layer2
$50,000
Labor Costs
Monolithic
Curb & Gutter
Cost4
Total Initial
Cost
$45,000
$3,400
$141,450
110Trucks/Day
Concrete paving traditionally been over-designed, having a significant impact on initial costs
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
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Recommendation
Cost Impact
Design thickness to
match expected traffic
ACI 330 Guide
1020%/inch
Granular Base2
Used to prevent
pumping
Used as construction
platform
25-35%
Welded Wire
Mesh
7-12%
3-8%
Pavement
Thickness1
Macro
1)
2)
3)
Objective
Fibers3
Concrete = $85/CY
Granular Base = $15.30/SY
Concrete w/ Fibers = plus
$3/CY
Note: 5000 SY Parking Lot
To add impact
resistance and
crack control
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Project Examples:
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Savings to the owner over traditional concrete design: Undisclosed (reportedly 6figures)
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6 Concrete
4 Stone
Base
Traditional Concrete
Pavement
6 Concrete
6 Stone
Base
3 Asphalt
8 Concrete
6 Stone
Base
Subgrade
Subgrade
Subgrade
Asphalt Pavement
6
Granular
Base
Subgrade
Subgrade
4 Asphalt
8
Granular
Base
Subgrade
Savings to the owner over traditional concrete design: Undisclosed (reported to be 6figures)
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Good Kia
Rock Hill, SC
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Good Kia
Rock Hill, SC
ACI Concrete
Pavement
4.5
Concrete
6 Concrete
4 Stone
Base
Subgrade
Asphalt Pavement
3 Asphalt
6
Granular
Base
Subgrade
Subgrade
4 Asphalt
8
Granular
Base
Subgrade
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Subgrade
5.5
Concrete
6
Cement
Stabilized
Subgrade
Subgrade
Asphalt Pavement
3 Asphalt
6 Concrete
6
Granular
Base
Subgrade
Subgrade
Subgrade
4 Asphalt
8
Granular
Base
Subgrade
The Owners Were Willing to Pay $90,000 MORE for Concrete over Asphalt
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Taco Bell
Lenoir, NC
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Taco Bell
Lenoir, NC
Original Asphalt Pavement Design
USD
6Concrete
Asp. Layer 1
$37,450
7 Concrete
Gran. Layer2
$14,200
Labor Costs
$7,800
6
Granular
Base
USD
5Concrete
Conc. Layer
$70, 240
6 Concrete
Gran. Layer2
Labor Costs
6 HMAC
6
Granular
Base
USD
Conc. Layer
$58,520
$0
Gran. Layer2
$0
$18,430
Labor Costs
$18,430
$76,950
Subgrade
Subgrade
Subgrade
Total Initial Cost $59,450
$88,670
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Dollar General
Pilot Project #1
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Dollar General
Pilot Project #1
ACI Concrete
Pavement
4.5
Concrete
5.5
Concrete
Traditional Concrete
Pavement
5 Concrete
4 Stone
Base
Subgrade
Subgrade
3 Asphalt
6 Concrete
6 Stone
Base
Subgrade
6
Granular
Base
Subgrade
Subgrade
Concrete: $51,600
Soil: $4,200
Engr. & CMT: $2,000
Total: $57,800
Asphalt Pavement
Concrete: $54,600
Stone: $14,300
Total: $68,900
4 Asphalt
8
Granular
Base
Subgrade
$66,800
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The Developer Saved a NET $9000 Paving with Concrete over Asphalt
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WIIFM???
Resources
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Resources
www.concretepromotion.org
www.nrmca.org
Webinars (many free)
www.acpa.org
Downloadable Pamphlets through NRMCA
Design Assistance Program (DAP)
Concrete Pavement Analyst Software (CPA)
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QUESTIONS??? COMMENTS??
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Scott Jaguar
Charlotte, NC
Scott Jaguar
Charlotte, NC
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Shopping Mall
Owatanna, MN
Date
Constructed:
1998
Concrete
Thickness:
4
Subbase
Thickness:
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Walgreens Lantana, FL
Date Constructed:
2010
Concrete Thickness:
5
Subbase Thickness:
0
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http://www.concretepromotion.org/
resources/aci330casestudies.html
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Report?
http://www.concretepromotion.org/index.html
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Report?
http://www.concretepromotion.org/index.html
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Report?
Geotechnical Report
Site Plan
* If information is not available, a design report will be provided based on the information
available and assumptions that will be defined in the report.
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New Pavements, or
Rehabilitation of Existing Pavements.
Materials Include:
Conventional Concrete,
Pervious Concrete,
Roller-Compacted Concrete, or
Concrete Overlays.
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Traffic
Environmental Conditions
Subgrade Support
Concrete Strength
Load Transfer
Reliability
Others Depending on Design Method Used
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Traffic Conditions
Pavement Designs
Sustainability
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www.concretepromotion.org
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Thank you!
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