4 3 (Eng-Esp)

Introduction to Sustainable Construction
Module 4. Energy Efficiency and Environmental Certification in Construction

Master in European Construction Engineering
Pablo Pascual Muoz

This lesson is published under the License:
Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0

MODULE CONTENTS
1. The energy crisis
2. Energy efficiency
3. Environmental Certification

3. Environmental Assessment and Certification

I.
Definition of Environmental Certification
II. Benefits from Environmental Certification

III. Environmental Certification Systems
IV. Ecolabels
V. Green Public Procurement

I. Definition of environmental certification

It is an instrument for the environmental protection through which a
company voluntarily decides to meet environmental objectives set by a
certification system through the implementation of the methodologies,
standards and requirements by it defined.
The environmental certification can also be a powerful tool to enhance
the credibility and competitiveness of the companies by demonstrating
that their products, services or works meet customer expectations of
respect for the environment.
In summary, the environmental certification might result in a promising
business horizon for a new company that, even taking into account the
unavoidable economic-financial factor, decides to follow the criteria of
the sustainable construction.

II. Benefits from environmental certification

Several benefits can be attributed to the environmental certification of
a product, service, work, etc.:
COMPETITIVENESS: by making possible the access to markets in which the

fulfillment of certain environmental standards is mandatory, or to
countries with significant social awareness in which the ecological image
of a company is highly appreciated.
COST SAVING: through an efficient management and use of the materials

and energy required throughout the life cycle of the product, service or
work; and also thanks to the tax benefits coming from the environmental
protection policies.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: benefit inherent to the obtention of the

certification according to which users enjoy the environmental benefits
derived from it.
CUSTOMERS FIDELITY: Specifically those clients with higher environmental

concern, whose number is increasingly growing in the last few years.

III. Environmental certification systems

While international standards such as ISO 14001 assess the sustainable
organization and management of the construction (or any) companies,
the environmental certification systems here introduced allow the
assessment of the impacts associated to the life cycle of buildings and
civil constructions.
In recent years many of these certification systems have appeared,
especially in the building sector, aimed at the domestic market. These
are systems at national scale that take into account the particularities
related to these markets.
However, the global nature of the market itself, the claim for a greater
recognition abroad or the increasing interest in accessing the otherwise
inaccessible markets, have led to the widespread use and therefore the
international expansion of two systems: BREEAM and LEED.

III. Environmental certification systems

Among the methods, schemes or certification systems that exist to
date, some stand out for their intensive local use and others due to
their greater international expansion.
The BREEAM system was the first to appear, back in 1990 in the UK.
Ten years later the LEED system appeared in the United States.
Although these two systems are the most well-known and they are
used worldwide, many others have appeared in recent years: DGNB
(Germany), HQE (France), Green Star (Australia), Three Star (China)
VERDE (Spain), CASBEE (Japan) or Promise (Finland).
Most of them are used in the building construction sector, although
there are already available tools for the environmental assessment
of civil works and terms contracts, such as the CEEQUAL (UK).

certification system

INTRODUCTION
BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment
Methodology) was the first major certification method appeared in the
market back in 1990. The British Building Research Establishment (BRE)
began its development in the UK in the late 80s.
Initially conceived as a method for evaluating large office and residential
buildings, this system increased its scope and became one of the most
used system in the world.
Until 2014 more than 270,000 buildings in more than 60 countries of the
world have been certified with BREEAM (www.bream.org).
This expansion was possible due to the collaboration between BRE and
other local worldwide operators to adapt the original scheme of the
system to their particular conditions: Dutch Green Building Council is the
operator for the Netherlands (BREEAM NL); the Technological Institute of
Galicia is the operator for Spain (BREEAM ES); the Norwegian Green
Building Council is the operator for Norway (BREEAM NOR), etc.

CERTIFICATION SCHEMES
There exist different certification schemes based not only on the
type of operation, but also on the country of application and on
the way BREEAM has been adapted in the corresponding country.
For BREEAM UK, the operations that can be certified today are:
-
Design and construction of new buildings (domestic).

Design and construction of new buildings (non-domestic).
Design and planning of urban projects.
Evaluation of existing non-domestic buildings.
Rehabilitation of domestic and non-domestic buildings.
Similar operations can be certified with the BREEAM International

scheme and/or any of the schemes that have been adapted to suit
the particularities of the different countries offering this system of
certification.

CERTIFICATION PROCESS
1. Search and selection of a licensed BREEAM assessor and decision on the
BREEAM scheme that best suits the project.
2. Registration of the project in BREEAM.
3. Together with the licensed BREEAM assessor, collection of the necessary
documents. Compilation by the assessor of the evidences that justify the
assessment to be included in the final report.
4. Carrying out of a pre-assessment that allows to anticipate the final score
and rating of the project. While this is not an official certification, it will
be useful for predicting the level of sustainability can be achieved.
5. Submission to BRE by the assessor of the final report including all the
evidences for verification and validation. If there were not discrepancies,
the certification would be finally issued.

CATEGORIES, SCORES AND LEVELS OF CERTIFICATION
The level of certification of a building results from the score (or

rating) received in a number of categories previously established
by BREEAM.
Each category consists of a certain number of requirements that

buildings that are certified can meet (or not) to a certain degree.
Requirements may change depending on the selected scheme,
although the most important are kept the same.
The points received for each of the requirements in its category

are justified based on the evidences provided by the assessor.
Once they are assigned, the sum of the points for each category
is multiplied by a weighting factor that takes into consideration
the relative importance of the category, thus resulting the final
corrected value.

The sum of the corrected values obtained for each category is the
final score of the assessed building.
By way of example, the BREEAM UK categories for the evaluation

of a building under construction are:
-
MANAGEMENT
HEALTH & WELLBEING
ENERGY
TRANSPORT
WATER
MATERIALS
WASTE
LAND USE & ECOLOGY
POLLUTION

Finally, the rating of the building will translate into a classification

according to the 5 levels established by BREEAM:
-
OUTSTANDING (Rating > 85%)
EXCELLENT (Rating > 70%)
VERY GOOD (Rating > 55%)
GOOD (Rating > 45%)
PASS (Rating > 30%)

CASE STUDY / EXAMPLE

Construction of the Co-operative Group HQ, Manchester (UK)
https://www.flickr.com/photos/theco-operative/9405593029/in/photostream/

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Building: New Co-Operative Group Headquarters (2013).
Location: Manchester, England.
Its area is 30500 m2 and hosts more than 3000 employees.
Architect: 3D Reid.
Project Manager: Gardiner & Theobald.
Structural Engineer: Buro Happold.
Contractor: BAM.
Declared the most ecofriendly building in the world

(11/2013).
Higher BREEAM rating to date (November 2013): 95.16%
- Outstanding.


TECHNICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS:

It is a 15-storey building, with triangular structure and glazed faade with
vertically and horizontally curved double skin.
It has an atrium open to the sky in the heart of the building that, together
with the glazed faade, are key elements for cooling, heating and natural
lighting of the building.
In addition, for heating and cooling, the air is carried under the building
and then distributed at the ground temperature.
The slats located in the faade are opened in summer to remove the hot
air trapped between the two skins and are closed in winter for insulation
purposes.
Regardin the active systems, the building has its own source of heat and
electricity by means of a cogeneration CHP system.
The computers heat recovery system, the LED lighting and the rainwater
recycling system for toilets and irrigation deserve to be highlighted.



INTRODUCTION
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is an international
and voluntary certification system for buildings developed by the U.S.
Green Building Council (USGBC) in 1998 with the aim of verifying that the
buildings are built according to sustainable and environmental protection
criteria.
The Green Building Council of the United States was founded in 1993 and
hosts more than 12000 national associations representing the sustainable
construction industry.
To date (2014) more than 50000 projects have been or are being certified
with LEED in more than 130 countries worldwide.
http: //www.usgbc.org/about
This is an online tool mainly based on US regulations although it is being
adapted to the particularities of other countries through work groups
(LEED International Roundtable) formed by the Green Building Councils or
equivalent organizations in different countries around the world.

The LEED system offers different certification schemes which meet
the needs of every type of building and projects that are to be
certified:
-
LEED BD + C - Design and construction of new buildings.
LEED ID + C - Interior design and construction.
LEED BO & M - Building operations and maintenance.
LEED ND - Planning and urban development.
LEED HOMES - Design and construction of housing.
The BD + C scheme also includes major refurbishments while the

BO & M is suitable for maintenance operations or small works.
There may exist small variations between the different schemes in
regards to the stages of the certification process.

1. Selection of the LEED scheme that best suits the type of building or
project that is going to be certified.
2. Registration in the application according to the scheme selected,
and payment of the registration fee. The project is fully accessible
in on-line mode and hence, the information can be provided.
3. Collection, preparation and submission (on-line) of the documents
needed to apply for the certification. Details are provided to justify
compliance with the requirements of each category. An adequate
revision of the information will speed up the certification process.
4. Payment of the certification fee and revision by the corresponding
GBC of the information submitted in accordance with the scheme
selected before.
5. Decision making based on the score obtained. An official certificate
and a plaque placed on the building certified is received.

As in the previous system, the level of certification of the building

that is evaluated by the LEED is based on the score achieved in a
certain number of previously defined categories.
The categories of the LEED system are:

-
Integrative Process
Location and transportation
Materials and Resources
Water efficiency
Energy and atmosphere
Sustainable sites
Indoor environmental quality
Innovation
Regional priority credits
Smart Location & linkage (only LEED ND)
Neighborhood pattern & design (Only LEED ND)
Green infrastructure & buildings (Only LEED ND)

There exist specific requirements for every category that projects

can meet (or not) to a certain degree, achieving this way a score
per category.
The final score, achieved as the direct sum of the points received
in all the categories, defines the level of certification.
There exist 4 levels of certification

in the LEED system (v4) :
-
Certified (40-49 points)
Silver (50-59 points)
Gold (60-79 points)
Platinum (> 80 points)

Photo by Kevin Fedde
https://www.flickr.com/photos/valparaiso_university/8644346098


Renewal of Sidwell Friends Middle School, Washington DC (USA)
Photo by NCinDC - Http: //www.flickr.com/photos/ncindc/2819298872


Photo by NCinDC - Http: //www.flickr.com/photos/ncindc/2819298872


GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Building: Sidwell Friends School.
Location: Washington, United States.
Surface of renewal: 3200 m2.
Surface of extension : 3600 m2.
Architect: Kieran Timberlake Associates, LLP.
Project Manager: JFW Project Management.
Contractor: Hitt Contracting, Inc.
Water, material and energy savings were the priorities for the
sustainable renovation of the building.
The renovation carried out was awarded the highest possible
level of certification: LEED Platinum (2007).

TECHNICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS:
The project was built in 2007 and involved the renovation and expansion of a 55
years old, 3-storey building of 6200 m2. Execution focused on the sustainability
and the environmental protection.
Regarding the water management, a wetland built between the new and current
wings of the school treats the water coming from the kitchen and bathrooms for
its later reuse in the toilets.
Green roofs allow the grass and vegetables to grow and also the collection of
rainwater, thus reducing the water runoff.
The orientation of the building allows an optimum use of light. The use of slaps,
the good insulation and the solar chimney effect that removes the hot air, reduce
the need for air conditioning only to the hottest days.
The cladding made of wine barrels, the floors and terraces made from old piles of
the Baltimore harbour or the frames and doors made from agrofiber and bambu,
respectively, are clear examples of the use of recycled materials.


INTRODUCTION
This certificate was developed in 2008 by the Deutsche Gesellschaft fr
Bauen eV Nachhaltiges (DGNB) - German Association of Sustainable
Construction (http: //www.dgnb-system.de/en/).
The DGNB was founded in 2007 by entities belonging to the real estate
and construction sectors with the aim to promote a more efficient and
sustainable construction of buildings and urban design.
14 schemes are offered by the DGNB certification depending on the type
of operation that has to be assessed, some of which are: office buildings,
houses, industrial buildings, urban or business districts, hospitals, hotels,
shops and schools.
To date, only the scheme for New Offices is translated into English, while
the rest are in the process of translation (2014).

1. First contact between client and DGNB. Search and selection of a
suitable DGNB auditor that will give support to the client and will
be in charge of supervising the certification process.
2. Online registration in DGNB of the building or project that is going
to be evaluated. This task will be carried out by the auditor.
3. Assuming that an existing scheme is used or that the DGNB system
has been adapted to the particularities of a country and hence, a
new accreditated DGNB scheme is used, next step is collecting the
necessary information.
4. Assessement by the auditor according to the information collected
and project submission to the DGNB.
5. Verification and issuance of certificate to the client by DGNB.

As in previous cases, the project evaluation by DGNB system is carried

out based on the score achieved in a certain number of categories, each
one composed by criteria that the project will fulfill (or not) to a certain
extent.
The categories of the DGNB system are: economic and environmental

quality, sociocultural and functional quality, technical quality, process
quality and site quality.
Once the corresponding weighting factor is applied to each category,

the total sum of the corrected score (excluding the site quality, which is
calculated only in the case of urban districts) will determine the level of
certification awarded.
The levels of certification in this system are: Certified (> 35%), Bronze (>
50%), silver (> 65%) and Gold (> 80%).
A minimum score per level is needed to be awarded the certification.



Construction of Skyline Plaza, Frankfurt (Germany)
Photo by Hans-Joachim Schulz -http://www.flickr.com/photos/achim-s/12809402365/
Skyline Plaza Shopping Center, designed by ECE Projektmanagement GmbH & Co. KG
and built by REC Frankfurt Objekt KG. DGNB Certification: GOLD (2014).


INTRODUCTION
The CEEQUAL (Civil Engineering and Environmental Quality) was developed

by the ICE (Institution of Civil Engineers) with the financial support from the
government of the United Kingdom and released to the market in 2004.
The aim of this system for environmental assessment was to demonstrate

and improve the sustainability of any type of contracts and public works of
any size in the field of the civil engineering: airports, bridges, roads, dams,
tunnels, pipe networks, etc.
The CEEQUAL system scheme is available in two forms:

-
Certification of projects. There exist versions for UK, Ireland and an also
for international projects.
Certification of term contracts. Related to construction contracts with a

duration of years and taking place in a large geographic area.

1. Search and selection of an appropriate CEEQUAL assessor. Dispatch of
the application form by email, and by mail with the original signature.
2. Online project registration and reception of the Assessment Manual.
3. Appointment of a verifier by CEEQUAL.
4. Revision of the project by the assessor according to the Assessment
Manual. Questions that are irrelevant to the project are notified to the
verifier and then discarded.
5. Gathering by the assessor of the necessary evidences. The Assessor
enters scores and evidences into the assessment tool and notifies the
verifier that the assessment is complete.
6. Verifier and assessor meet to review and discuss any disputed evidence.
7. The verifier enters comments and scores into the assessment tool and
notifies that the project is ready for ratification.
8. After ratification the project is awarded the corresponding certification
according to the score achieved.

CEEQUAL is a self-assessment system that evaluates and scores a project or a

contract based on several questions that are part of the sections (categories)
included in the Assessment Manual.
The sections are actually a serie of criteria that the project will (or not) fulfill
to a certain degree. These sections are:
-
Project / Contract Strategy (optional)

Project / Contract Management
People & Communities
Land Use and Landscape
The Historic Environment
Ecology and Biodiversity
Water Environment
Physical Resources Use & Management
Transport
According to the score ratified by CEEQUAL, the project or contract will be

certified according to the following levels: Pass (<25%), Good (> 40%), Very
Good (> 60%) and excellent (> 75%).


Construction of the Peace Bridge, Derry (Northern Ireland).
Photo by David Jones - http://www.flickr.com/photos/davidcjones/7738517412
Suspension bridge for pedestrians and cyclists across the river Foyle (when passing through
Derry). It was designed by Wilkinson Eyre Architects and opened to the public in 2011.

Construction of the Peace Bridge, Derry (Northern Ireland).
GENERAL, TECHNICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS:

Length: 235 m.
The design of this bridge intended to improve the relation between two
historically divided communities in Northern Ireland.
The disruption caused to the residents of the area was minimized.
The piling work was limited to prevent impacts on the salmon migration.
A rainwater collection tank was placed in the work site for its reuse in tasks
like boots cleaning or dust removal.
Energy consumption was reduced thanks to the proper use of the lighting.
Demolished material was reused and most of the prefabricated elements
are easy to separate for recycling.
The project was awarded the highest level of certification:

Excellent (82.3%).

IV. ECOLABELS
Set of voluntary tools intended to stimulate the demand for products
and services with lower environmental loads.
The Ecolabels offer relevant information about products or services life
cycle in order to satisfy the demand of purchasers for environmental
information.
In general, the ecolabels can announce the buyer things such as that a
lower amount of energy has been consumed during the manufacture of
a product, that a lower amount of GHG has been emitted, that it has
been manufactured with recycled materials, or that it is biodegradable.
There exist three type of ecolabels:
-
Certified Ecolabels.
Self-declarations.
Environmental Declaration of Product.


Type I. Certified Ecolabels

This is an official certificate issued to a group of products or materials
that guarantees compliance with certain specific requirements defined
by the body that grants it.
The certification body is impartial and therefore, independent of the
seller and buyer.
The main objective of these ecolabels is to accurately and truthfully
inform of the environmental impact of a product to raise awareness of
the potential consumers while protecting the environment.
The EU Ecolabel was launched in 1992 and is valid throughout Europe.

Type II. Self-declarations

Manufacturers own statements on a product or material, which is not
endorsed by any official body.
Sometimes the information is not entirely true. At other times, it is not
clear what the environmental protection provided is.
Therefore, although the certification by an independent third party is
not mandatory for these statements, it is indeed preferred.
Thery are not highly developed in the construction sector, but they are
in other areas such as the office supplies or the cleaning products.
Photo by Mark Morgan

http: //www.flickr.com/photos/markmorgantrinidad/5766605055
http: //www.flickr.com/photos/markmorgantrinidad/5623317924
Photo by Tom Magliery

http: //www.flickr.com/photos/mag3737/3628080730
http: //www.flickr.com/photos/mag3737/5402622571
Photo by Richard Masoner

http: //www.flickr.com/photos/bike/3752517045

Type III. Environmental Declaration of Products

Pre-established methodology adapted to each country, and product or
group of products, based on the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), and with
the aim to facilitate quantitative, transparent, verified and comparable
environmental information to consumers.
There exist many countries with their own corresponding regulations:
Germany, Japan, Italy, Czech Republic, etc.
EDPs are considered as useful and strategic instruments for tenders and
acquisitions in the public and business sectors.
The selection of suppliers based on sustainability criteria is increasingly
valued both in national and international bidding processes, up to the
point that it is becoming a requirement or a eligible chapter.

V. Green Public Procurement

Instrument by which the European public authorities contribute to the
sustainable production and consumption by acquiring environmentallyfriendly products, services and works.
Public authorities expenses in Europe accounts for 19% of the GDP in
the European Union. This means that a small effort on their part would
result in a significant reduction of the environmental impact of these
goods, services and works.
When the whole life cycle of a product is considered, the Green Public
Procurement will also result also in saving of resources and costs.
This is a voluntary instrument, which means that each EU country can
use it to a greater or lesser extent at its convenience.
The Green Public Procurement should also provide an incentive for the
development of greener technologies by the industry.
http: //ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp/what_en.htm
Introduccin a la Construccin Sostenible

Mdulo 4. Eficiencia Energtica y Certificados Ambientales en Construccin
Pablo Pascual Muoz

Este tema se publica bajo Licencia:
Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0
Introducccin a la Construccin Sostenible

MODULE CONTENTS
1. La crisis energtica
2. Eficiencia energtica
3. Certificacin ambiental

3. Evaluacin y Certificacin Ambiental

I.
Qu es la certificacin ambiental?
II. Ventajas de la certificacin ambiental

III. Sistemas de certificacin ambiental
IV. EcoEtiquetas (Etiqueta Ecolgica)
V. Compra Pblica Verde

I. Qu es la certificacin ambiental?
Se trata de un instrumento para la proteccin del medio ambiente por
medio del cual una empresa decide voluntariamente satisfacer los
objetivos medioambientales marcados por un sistema de certificacin
a travs del cumplimiento de las metodologas, estndares y requisitos
por estos definidos.
La certificacin ambiental puede ser tambin una potente herramienta
para aumentar la credibilidad y la competitividad de las empresas en
tanto en cuanto estas demuestran que sus productos, servicios u obras
renen las expectativas del cliente de respeto por el medio ambiente.
En definitiva, la certificacin ambiental puede suponer un prometedor
horizonte de negocios para una nueva empresa que, aun teniendo en
cuenta el ineludible factor econmico-financiero, decide adoptar los
criterios de la construccin sostenible.

II. Ventajas de la certificacin ambiental

Diversas son las ventajas que pueden achacarse a la certificacin
ambiental de un producto, servicio, obra, etc.:
MEJORA DE LA COMPETITIVIDAD: mediante el acceso a mercados en los

que el cumplimiento de ciertos estndares medioambientales es requisito
obligatorio, o a paises con una elevada concienciacin social en los que la
imagen ecolgica de una empresa sea muy valorada.
AHORRO DE COSTES: a travs de la gestin y utilizacin eficiente de los

materiales y la energa requerida a lo largo del ciclo de vida del producto,
servicio u obra; y de los beneficios fiscales auspiciados por las polticas de
proteccin medioambiental.
PROTECCIN DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE: ventaja inherente a la obtencin de

un certificado y segn la cual los trabajadores de la empresa disfrutan de
los beneficios medioambientales de ello derivados.
FIDELIDAD DEL CLIENTE: concretamente de un tipo de consumidor, cuyo

nmero ha crecido en los ltimos aos en toda Europa, con una mayor
sensibilidad medioambiental.


Mientras que normas internacionales como la ISO 14.001 evalan la
sostenibilidad en la organizacin y gestin de la empresa constructora
(de cualquier empresa, si bien este curso se centra en la construccin),
los sistemas de certificacin ambiental que se aqu se tratan permiten
evaluar los impactos asociados al ciclo de vida completo de edificios y
construcciones civiles.
En los ltimos aos han ido apareciendo multitud de estos sistemas de
certificacin, sobre todo en el sector de la edificacin, cuyo objetivo es
el mercado domstico. Son sistemas de mbito nacional que tienen en
cuenta las particularidades asociadas a esos mercados.
Sin embargo, la propia globalidad del mercado, la pretensin de mayor
de reconocimiento en el exterior o el inters por el acceso a mercados
de otra forma inaccesibles han motivado el uso generalizado, y por
ende la expansin internacional, de dos sistemas: BREEAM y LEED.


De entre los mtodos, esquemas o sistemas de certificacin que
existen hoy en da, algunos destacan por su uso intensivo local y
otros lo hacen por su mayor expansin internacional.
El sistema BREEAM fue el primero en aparecer, all por el ao
1990, en el Reino Unido. Diez aos ms tarde aparecera el LEED en
los Estados Unidos.
Aunque estos dos sistemas son las ms conocidos y empleados en
todo el mundo, muchos otros han aparecido en los ltimos aos:
DGNB (Alemania), HQE (Francia), Green Star (Australia), Three Star
(China), VERDE (Espaa), CASBEE (Japn), PromisE (Finlandia), etc.
La mayor parte de ellos se utilizan en el mbito de la edificacin, si
bien existen ya herramientas para la evaluacin ambiental de obras
y contratos civiles como el CEEQUAL (Reino Unido).

Sistema de certificacin

INTRODUCCIN
El BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment
Methodology) fue el primer gran mtodo de certificacin aparecido en el
mercado, all por el ao 1990. El British Building Research Establishment
(BRE) comenz su desarrollo en el Reino Unido a finales de los 80.
Concebido inicialmente como mtodo de evaluacin de grandes edificios
de oficinas y residenciales, este sistema extendi su mbito de aplicacin
hasta convertirse en uno de los sistema ms utilizados en el mundo.
Hasta el ao 2014, ms de 270.000 edificios han sido certificados con el
BREEAM (www.bream.org) en ms de 60 pases de todo el mundo.
Esta expansion ha sido posible gracias a la colaboracin entre el BRE y los
operadores locales de otros paises para adaptar el esquema original del
sistema a sus condiciones particulares: el Dutch Green Building Council
es el operador para Holanda (BREEAM NL), el Instituto Tecnolgico de
Galicia es el operador para Espaa (BREEAM ES), el Norwegian Green
Building Council es el operador para Noruega (BREEAM NOR), etc.

ESQUEMAS DE CERTIFICACIN
Existen diferentes esquemas de certificacin en funcin no slo
del tipo de actuacin, sino tambin del pas de aplicacin y de la
forma en la que el BREEAM ha sido adaptada en dicho pas.
A nivel del Reino Unido (BREEAM UK), las actuaciones que a da de
hoy se certifican son las siguientes:
-
Diseo y construccin de nuevos edificios (vivienda).

Diseo y construccin de nuevos edificios (no vivienda).
Diseo y planificacin de proyectos urbansticos.
Evaluacin de edificios en uso (no vivienda).
Rehabilitacin y restauracin de edificios.
Idnticas o equivalentes actuaciones pueden certificarse con el

esquema BREEAM Internacional o con cualquiera de los esquemas
adaptados a cada pas, que pueden diferir del BREEAM UK para
adecuarse a las peculiaridades de cada uno de ellos.

PROCESO DE CERTIFICACIN
1. Bsqueda y seleccin de un asesor BREEAM acreditado y decision sobre
el esquema BREEAM que mejor se adece al proyecto en cuestin.
2. Registro del proyecto en BREEAM.
3. Obtencin de toda la documentacin necesaria y recopilacin por parte
del asesor de las evidencias que justifiquen la evaluacin recogida en el
informe que habr de redactar posteriormente.
4. Realizacin de una pre-evaluacin. Esta permitir anticipar la calificacin
final del proyecto. Si bien no se trata de una certificacin oficial, ser til
a la hora de predecir el nivel de sostenibilidad que puede alcanzarse.
5. Finalizada la evaluacin, el asesor enviar al BRE el informe con todas las
evidencias para su verificacin y validacin. Si no existiera discrepancia,
se expedira la certificacin final correspondiente.

CATEGORAS, PUNTUACIN Y NIVELES DE CERTIFICACIN
El nivel de certificacin de un edificio surge de la puntuacin final

recibida en una serie de categoras previamente establecidas por
BREEAM.
Cada una de las categoras consta de una serie de requisitos que

los edificios a certificar podrn cumplir en un cierto grado. Estos
requisitos pueden variar en funcin del esquema elegido, si bien
los ms importantes se mantienen.
La puntos recibidos por cada uno de los requisitos en su categora

se justifican en base a las evidencias aportadas por el asesor.
Una vez asignados, la suma de los puntos para cada categora se

multiplica por un factor de ponderacin que tiene en cuenta la
importancia relativa de cada una de ellas, obtenindose un valor
final corregido.

La suma de los valores corregidos obtenidos para cada categora

dar como resultado la puntuacin final del edificio evaluado.
A modo de ejemplo, para la evaluacin de un nuevo edificio en

construccin segn BREEAM UK, las categoras sern:
-
GESTIN
SALUD Y BIENESTAR
ENERGA
TRANSPORTE
AGUA
MATERIALES
RESDUOS
USO DEL SUELO Y ECOLOGA
CONTAMINACIN

Finalmente, la calificacin del nuevo edificio se traducir en una

clasificacin de acuerdo a los 5 niveles establecidos por BREEAM:
-
EXCEPCIONAL (Puntuacin > 85%)

EXCELENTE (Puntuacin > 70%)
MUY BUENO (Puntuacin > 55%)
BUENO (Puntuacin > 45%)
APROBADO (Puntuacin > 30%)
COSTES ASOCIADOS A LA CERTIFICACIN

El coste para el cliente de todo el proceso de certificacin incluye:
-
El coste de la certificacin, publicada por el organismo certificador.

Los honorarios del asesor.
Cualquier medida llevada a cabo para mejorar la calificacin final.

CASO DE ESTUDIO / EJEMPLO

Construccin del Co-operative Group HQ, Manchester (Reino Unido)

CARACTERSTICAS GENERALES:
Edificio: Nuevas oficinas centrales del grupo Co-Operative (2013).
Localizacin: Manchester, Inglaterra.
Su superficie es de 30500 m2 y aloja a ms de 3000 empleados.
Arquitecto: 3D Reid.
Project Manager: Gardiner & Theobald.
Structural Engineer: Buro Happold.
Constructor: BAM.
Declarado el edificio ms respetuoso con el medio ambiente

del mundo (11/2013).
Mayor calificacin BREEAM hasta la fecha (noviembre 2013):
95.16% - Excepcional.


CARACTERSTICAS TCNICAS Y AMBIENTALES:

Se trata de un edificio de 15 plantas, con estructura triangular y fachada
acristalada de doble piel que se curva vertical y horizontalmente.
Posee un atrio abierto al cielo en el corazn del edificio que, junto con la
fachada acristalada son elementos clave para la refrigeracin, calefaccin
e iluminacin natural del edificio.
Adems, para el calentamiento/refrescamiento, se hace pasar el aire por
debajo del edificio para luego redistribuirlo a la temperatura del terreno.
Posee lamas en la fachada que en verano se abren para eliminar el aire
caliente entre las dos pieles y en invierno se cierra para hacer de aislante.
En cuanto a sistemas activos, el edificio posee su propia fuente de calor y
electricidad a travs de un sistema de CHP de cogeneracin.
Finalmente, destacan lo sistemas de recuperacin de calor de los equipos
informticos, iluminacin LED y el sistema de reciclado de agua de lluvia
para uso en el inodoro y el riego.



INTRODUCCIN
El LEED (Leadership in Energa and Environmental Design) es un sistema
internacional y voluntario de certificacin de edificios desarrollado por el
U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) en 1998 con el objetivo de verificar
que el edificio ha sido construido de acuerdo a criterios de sostenibilidad
y proteccin medioambiental.
El Green Building Council de los EE.UU. se fund en 1993 y est formado
por ms de 12000 asociaciones del pas que representan a la industria de
la construccin sostenible.
Hasta la fecha (2014), ms de 50000 proyectos han sido o estn siendo
certificados con el sistema LEED en ms de 130 pases de todo el mundo
(http://www.usgbc.org/about).
Se trata de una herramienta on-line, basada principalmete en normativa
de los EE.UU. si bien est siendo adaptada a las particularidades de otros
pases a travs de una Mesa de Trabajo (LEED International Roundtable)
formada por los Green Building Council u organizaciones equivalentes de
diferentes pases de todo el mundo.

El sistema LEED ofrece diferentes esquemas de certificacin, que
se ajustan a las necesidades de cada uno de los tipos de edificios y
proyectos a certificar:
-
LEED BD+C - Diseo y construccin de nuevos edificios.

LEED ID+C - Diseo y construccin de interiores de edificios.
LEED BO&M - Operacin y mantenimiento de edificios.
LEED ND - Planificacin y desarrollo urbano.
LEED HOMES - Diseo y construccin de viviendas.
El esquema BD+C incluye tambin grandes reformas mientras que

el BO&M se dirige a actuaciones de mantenimiento y/o pequeos
trabajos de construccin.
Podrn existir pequeas variaciones entre los diferentes esquemas
en lo que se refiere a las etapas del proceso de certificacin.

1. Seleccin del esquema LEED que mejor se adece a la tipologa de
edificio o proyecto que se desea certificar.
2. Registro en la aplicacin segn esquema seleccionado y pago de
la cuota de inscripcin correspondiente. El proyecto es totalmente
accesible en modo on-line y ya es posible aportar la informacin.
3. Preparacin y aportacin (on-line) de la documentacin necesaria
para la solicitud de la certificacin. Se precisarn los detalles que
justifiquen el cumplimiento de los requisitos de cada categora. La
adecuada revisin de la informacin aportada agilizar el proceso
de revisin de la solicitud.
4. Pago de la cuota de revisin y revisin de la aplicacin por el GBC
correspondiente segn el esquema elegido de certificacin.
5. Decisin final segn calificacin obtenida. Se recibe un certificado
oficial y una placa para colocar en el edificio certificado.

Como en el sistema anterior, el nivel de certificacin del edificio a

evaluar mediante el LEED se basa en la puntuacin recibida en
una serie de categoras previamente definidas.
Las categoras para el sistema LEED son las siguientes:

-
Proceso integral
Localizacin y transporte
Materiales y recursos
Uso eficiente del agua
Energa y atmsfera
reas/Obras sostenibles
Calidad ambiental interior
Innovacin
Prioridad segn zona geogrfica
Localizacin inteligente y conexiones (slo LEED ND)
Patrn y diseo urbano (slo LEED ND)
Infraestructura y edificios sostenibles (slo LEED ND)

Por cada una de las categoras existen unos requisitos especficos

que los proyectos satisfarn en cierta medida, recibiendo as una
puntuacin para cada categora.
La puntuacin final obtenida como la suma directa de los puntos

recibidos en todas las categoras definir el nivel de certificacin
obtenido.
Existen en el sistema LEED (v4)

niveles de certificacin:
-
Certificado (40-49 puntos)
Plata (50-59 puntos)
Oro (60-79 puntos)
Platino (> 80 puntos)

Photo by Kevin Fedde
https://www.flickr.com/photos/valparaiso_university/8644346098


Renovacin del colegio Sidwell Friends Middle, Washington DC (EEUU)
Photo by NCinDC - http://www.flickr.com/photos/ncindc/2819298872


Photo by NCinDC - http://www.flickr.com/photos/ncindc/2819298872


CARACTERSTICAS GENERALES:
Edificio: Colegio Sidwell Friends.
Localizacin: Washington, Estados Unidos.
Superficie de renovacin: 3200 m2.
Superficie de ampliacin: 3600 m2.
Arquitecto: KieranTimberlake Associates, LLP.
Project Manager: JFW Project Management
Constructor: Hitt Contracting, Inc.
Como objetivos prioritarios para la renovacin sostenible del

edificio se fijaron los ahorros de agua, materiales y energa.
El certificado recibido por la actuacin fue el mximo otorgado
por la USGBC: LEED Platino (2007).

CARACTERSTICAS TCNICAS Y AMBIENTALES:
El proyecto se ejecut en el ao 2007 y supuso la renovacin y ampliacin de un

edificio de tres pisos y 6200 m2 con 55 aos de antigedad, con el nfasis puesto
en la sostenibilidad y la proteccin ambiental.
En cuanto a la gestin de las aguas, un humedal construido entre las alas nuevas y
viejas del colegio trata las aguas residuales que provienen de la cocina y los baos
para su utilizacin posterior en inodoros.
Los tejados verdes permiten el cultivo de hierba y verduras y acumulan el agua de

lluvia reduciendo la escorrenta de las aguas pluviales.
La orientacin del edificio permite el ptimo aprovechamiento de la luz. El uso de

lamas, el buen aislamiento y el efecto chimena solar que elimina el aire caliente
reducen la necesidad del aire acondicionado slo a los das ms calurosos.
El revestimiento a base de barriles de vino, los suelos y terrazas fabricadas con

antiguos pilotes del puerto de Baltimore o los marcos de agrofibra y puertas de
bamb son ejemplos claros del uso de materiales reciclados y con gran potencial
de reciclaje posterior.


INTRODUCCIN
Este certificado fue desarrollado en el ao 2008 por la Deutsche Gesellschaft

fr Nachhaltiges Bauen e.V. (DGNB) - Asociacin Alemana de la Construccin
Sostenible (http://www.dgnb-system.de/en/).
Por su parte, la DGNB fue fundada en el ao 2007 por entidades del mbito
inmobiliario y de la construccin con el objetivo de promover la construccin
de edificios y el diseo urbano ms eficientes y sostenibles.
Catorce son los esquemas de certificacin ofrecidos por la DGNB en funcin

del tipo de actuacin a evaluar, entre los que destacan: edificios de oficinas,
viviendas, edificios industriales, distritos urbanos o de negocios, hospitales,
hoteles, locales comerciales o colegios.
Hasta la fecha, slo el esquema para Nuevas Oficinas est traducido al ingls,
si bien el resto estn en proceso de traduccin (2014).

1. Toma de contacto entre cliente y DGNB. Bsqueda y seleccin del
auditor DGNB acreditado ms adecuado, que se encargar de dar
soporte al cliente y supervisar el proceso de certificacin.
2. Resgistro online en el DGNB del edificio o proyecto a evaluar. Esta
tarea la llevar a cabo el auditor contratado anteriormente.
3. Suponiendo que se usa un esquema ya existente o que el sistema
DGNB se ha adaptado a las particularidades del pas en cuestion y
por tanto se utiliza un nuevo esquema acreditado por el DGNB, es
turno ya recopilar la informacin necesaria.
4. Evaluacin de la actuacin por parte del auditor y presentacin al
DGNB de toda la documentacin justificativa.
5. Verificacin y concesin del certificado al cliente por la DGNB.

Como en casos previos, la evaluacin del proyecto mediante el sistema

DGNB se llevar a cabo en base a la puntuacin obtenida en una serie
de categoras compuestas a su vez por unos criterios que el proyecto
cumplir en mayor o menor medida.
Las categoras del sistema DGNB son las siguientes: calidad ambiental,
calidad econmica, calidad sociocultural y funcional, calidad tcnica,
calidad en el proceso y calidad del rea.
Aplicada la ponderacin correspondiente a cada categora, la suma total

de la puntuacin corregida (exceptuando la de la calidad del rea, que
se sumar slo en el caso de distritos urbanos) determinar el nivel de
certificacin recibido.
Los niveles de certificacin para este sistema son: Certificado (> 35%),
Bronce (> 50%), Plata (> 65%) y Oro (> 80%).
Es necesario obtener una puntuacin mnima en cada nivel para recibir

la certificacin.


Construccin del Skyline Plaza, Frankfurt (Alemania)
Photo by Hans-Joachim Schulz - http://www.flickr.com/photos/achim-s/12809402365/
Centro comercial Skyline Plaza, diseado por ECE Projektmanagement GmbH & Co. KG y
construdo por REC Frankfurt Objekt KG. Certificado por DGNB con el nivel ORO (2014).


INTRODUCCIN
El CEEQUAL (Civil Engineering and Environmental QUALity) fue desarrollado

por la ICE (Institution of Civil Engineers) con la ayuda financiera del gobierno
del Reino Unido, y lanzado al Mercado en el ao 2004.
Este sistema de evaluacin ambiental naci con el objetivo de demostrar y

mejorar la sostenibilidad de contratos y obras pblicas de cualquier tipo o
tamao en el mbito de la ingeniera civil: aeropuertos, puentes, carreteras,
presas, redes de tuberas, tneles, etc.
El sistema CEEQUAL diferencia entre dos esquemas de actuacin:

-
Certificacin de proyectos. Con versions para Reino Unido, Irlanda y una

edicin para proyectos Internacionales.
Certificacin de contratos temporales. Referidos a contratos de obra con

una duracin de aos y que tienen lugar en un area geogrfica extensa.

1. Bsqueda y seleccin de asesor. Envo del impreso de solicitud por email
y por correo ordinario con la firma original.
2. Registro online del proyecto y recepcin del Manual de Evaluacin.
3. Nombramiento de un verificador por parte de CEEQUAL.
4. El asesor revisa el proyecto segn el Manual y descarta, tras notificacin
al verificador, los puntos del manual irrelevantes para el proyecto
5. El asesor rene las evidencias necesarias, las carga en la aplicacin junto
con sus puntuaciones y notifica al verificador que el proyecto est listo.
6. Verificador y asesor se renen para revisar y discutir las evidencias.
7. El verificador carga sus comentarios y puntuaciones en la aplicacin,
notificando que el proyecto est listo para su ratificacin.
8. Tras su ratificacin, el proyecto recibe la certificacin correspondiente en
funcin de la puntuacin obtenida.

CEEQUAL es un sistema de autoevaluacin en el que se evala y punta un

proyecto o contrato en base a una serie de secciones (categoras) expuestas
en un Manual, para su posterior verificacin y ratificacin.
Las secciones, organizadas a su vez en una serie de criterios que el proyecto

cumplir en diferente medida, son las siguientes:
-
Proyecto / Estrategia Contrato (opcional)

Proyecto / Gestin del Contrato
Gente y Comunidades
Uso del Terreno y del Paisaje
Contexto Histrico
Ecologa y Biodiversidad
Entorno Acutico
Uso y Gestin de Recursos
Transporte
Segn la puntuacin ratificada por CEEQUAL, el proyecto o contrato recibir

la certificacin de acuerdo a los siguientes niveles: Aprobado (< 25%), Bueno
(> 40%), Muy Bueno (> 60%) y Excelente (> 75%).


Construccin del Puente de la Paz, Derry (Irlanda del Norte).
Photo by David Jones - http://www.flickr.com/photos/davidcjones/7738517412
Se trata de un puente colgante para peatones y ciclistas que cruza el ro Foyle a su paso
por Derry. Fue diseado por Wilkinson Eyre Architects e inaugurado en 2011.

Construccin del Puente de la Paz, Derry (Irlanda del Norte).
CARACTERSTICAS GENERALES, TCNICAS Y AMBIENTALES:

Longitud: 235 m.
El diseo de este puente emblemtico pretenda escenificar la unin entre
dos comunidades histricamente divididas en Irlanda del Norte.
Se minimizaron los trastornos ocasionados a los residentes de la zona.
Se limitaron al mximo los trabajos de pilotaje para prevenir los impactos
en la migracin del salmn.
Durante la obra se dispuso de un tanque de recogida de agua de lluvia para
su reutilizacin en tareas como la limpieza de botas o eliminacin de polvo.
Se redujo el consumo de energa gracias al uso adecuado de la iluminacin.
Se reutiliz material demolido y la mayora de los elementos prefabricados
utilizados son de fcil separacin para su reciclaje.
El certificado recibido fue el de mayor nivel: Excelente (82.3%).


IV. ECOETIQUETAS
Son el conjunto de herramientas voluntarias que pretenden estimular
la demanda de productos y servicios con menores cargas ambientales.
Ofrece informacin relevante sobre su ciclo de vida para satisfacer la
demanda de informacin ambiental por parte de los compradores.
En general, las ecoetiquetas pueden anunciar al comprador un menor
consumo de energa durante la fabricacin del producto en cuestin,
un menor nivel de emisin de gases, que esta fabricado con material
reciclable, que es biodegradable, etc.
Existen actualmente tres tipos de ecoetiquetas:
-
Tipo I. Ecoetiquetas certificadas.
Tipo II. Autodeclaraciones.
Tipo III. Declaracin ambiental de producto.


Tipo I. Ecoetiquetas Certificadas

Es un certificado oficial expedido a un grupo de productos o materiales
que garantiza el cumplimiento de unos requisitos concretos definidos
por el organismo que lo otorga.
La entidad certificadora es imparcial y, por lo tanto, independiente del
vendedor y del comprador.
El objetivo principal de estas etiquetas ser informar sobre el impacto
ambiental de un producto de forma exacta y verdica para sensibilizar a
los potenciales consumidores mientras se protege el medio ambiente.
Destaca la Etiqueta Ecolgica Europea (EU Ecolabel), creada en 1992 y
vlida en toda Europa.

Tipo II. Autodeclaraciones ambientales

Son declaraciones de los fabricantes sobre un producto o material que
no estn avaladas por ningn organismo oficial.
En algunas ocasiones, esta informacin no es del todo cierta o bien no
queda suficientemente claro a qu se refiere la proteccin ambiental
proporcionada.
Por todo ello, aunque para este tipo de declaraciones no es obligatoria
la certificacin por una tercera parte independiente, si es preferible.
No estn muy desarrolladas en el sector de la construccin pero s en
otros mbitos como el material de oficina o los productos de limpieza.
Photo by Mark Morgan

http://www.flickr.com/photos/markmorgantrinidad/5766605055
http://www.flickr.com/photos/markmorgantrinidad/5623317924
Photo by Tom Magliery

http://www.flickr.com/photos/mag3737/3628080730
http://www.flickr.com/photos/mag3737/5402622571
Photo by Richard Masoner

http://www.flickr.com/photos/bike/3752517045

Tipo III. Declaracin Ambiental de Producto (DAP)

Metodologa preestablecida, adaptada a cada pas y a cada producto o
grupo de productos, basada en el Anlisis del Ciclo de Vida (ACV), cuyo
objetivo es facilitar informacin ambiental cuantitativa, transparente,
verificada y comparable a los consumidores.
Existen multitud de pases con normativa propia al respecto: Alemania,
Japn, Italia, Repblica Checa, etc.
Las DAP son consideradas como una herramienta til y estratgica en
licitaciones y adquisiciones en los sectores pblico y empresarial.
La eleccin de proveedores con criterios de sostenibilidad es cada vez
ms valorada tanto en los concursos nacionales como internacionales,
tanto que se est convirtiendo en exigencia o captulo puntuable.

V. Compra Pblica Verde

Instrumento por el cual las autoridades pblicas europeas contribuyen
a la produccin y al consumo sostenible mediante la adquisicin de
bienes, servicios y obras respetuosas con el medio ambiente.
El gasto de las autoridades pblicas europeas supone el 19% del PIB de
la Unin Europea. Esto quiere decir que un pequeo esfuerzo por su
parte traera consigo una reduccin importante del impacto ambiental
asociado a esos bienes, servicios y obras.
Considerado todo el ciclo de vida de un producto, la Compra Pblica
Verde supondr adems un ahorro de recursos y de costes.
Es un instrumento voluntario, lo que implica que cada pas de la UE
puede utilizarlo en mayor o menor medida segn le convenga.
La Compra Pblica Verde debera suponer tambin un incentivo para
el desarrollo de tecnologas ms ecolgicas por parte de la industria.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp/what_en.htm

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Introduction to Sustainable Construction

Module 4. Energy Efficiency and Environmental Certification in Construction

Pablo Pascual Muoz

Introduction to Sustainable Construction

Master in European Construction Engineering

Introduction to Sustainable Construction

3. Environmental Assessment and Certification

Definition of Environmental Certification

II. Benefits from Environmental Certification

Master in European Construction Engineering

Introduction to Sustainable Construction

I. Definition of environmental certification

Master in European Construction Engineering

Introduction to Sustainable Construction

II. Benefits from environmental certification

COMPETITIVENESS: by making possible the access to markets in which the

COST SAVING: through an efficient management and use of the materials

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: benefit inherent to the obtention of the

CUSTOMERS FIDELITY: Specifically those clients with higher environmental

Introduction to Sustainable Construction

III. Environmental certification systems

Introduction to Sustainable Construction

III. Environmental certification systems

Introduction to Sustainable Construction

Introduction to Sustainable Construction

Introduction to Sustainable Construction

Design and construction of new buildings (domestic).

Similar operations can be certified with the BREEAM International

Introduction to Sustainable Construction

Introduction to Sustainable Construction

CATEGORIES, SCORES AND LEVELS OF CERTIFICATION

The level of certification of a building results from the score (or

Each category consists of a certain number of requirements that

The points received for each of the requirements in its category

Introduction to Sustainable Construction

CATEGORIES, SCORES AND LEVELS OF CERTIFICATION

By way of example, the BREEAM UK categories for the evaluation

HEALTH & WELLBEING

LAND USE & ECOLOGY

Introduction to Sustainable Construction

CATEGORIES, SCORES AND LEVELS OF CERTIFICATION

Finally, the rating of the building will translate into a classification

OUTSTANDING (Rating > 85%)

EXCELLENT (Rating > 70%)

VERY GOOD (Rating > 55%)

GOOD (Rating > 45%)

PASS (Rating > 30%)

Master in European Construction Engineering

Introduction to Sustainable Construction

CASE STUDY / EXAMPLE

Introduction to Sustainable Construction

Construction of the Co-operative Group HQ, Manchester (UK)

Declared the most ecofriendly building in the world

Introduction to Sustainable Construction

Construction of the Co-operative Group HQ, Manchester (UK)

Introduction to Sustainable Construction

Construction of the Co-operative Group HQ, Manchester (UK)

TECHNICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS:

Introduction to Sustainable Construction

Construction of the Co-operative Group HQ, Manchester (UK)

Introduction to Sustainable Construction

Introduction to Sustainable Construction

Introduction to Sustainable Construction