AERONAUTICAL CRASH PREVENTION SYSTEM

THROUGH RF COMMUNICATION

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the
Degree of B.Tech in Electronics and communications.

BY

Department of Electronics and communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report Aeronautical Crash Prevention

System through RF Communication entitled that is being submitted by J. Srikanth
Reddy and G. Anvesh Reddy in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communications Engineering to the
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University is a record of bonafide work carried out by
him under my guidance and supervision. The results embodied in this project report have
not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree or
diploma.
Date:

Internal Guide:

External guide:

Ms N Sumalatha

Mr S. Srinivasa Rao

Designation: Lecturer

Designation: Asst Professor

Head of Department:
Prof S. Srinivas Rao Sir
Designation: professor

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We extend our heartfelt thanks to Dr. Prabhu G. Benakop , Director, Auroras

Technological and Research Institute for allowing us to pursue our project in Idea Labs
and for supporting us in taking guidance from a renowned institution where we could
truly gain a hands-on experience of doing the chosen project.
It is our great privilege to acknowledge our indebtedness to Professor S.Srinivas
Rao Sir. Head, Electronics & Communication Engineering Department, ATRI , for his

ii

scholarly guidance and constructive advice, which helped in the successful

accomplishment of the main project.

Our sincere thanks to Mrs. Archana Ghule, Project Heads for her support and
valuable suggestions.
We thank our internal project guide Ms N Sumalatha, for sparing her precious time.
We express our gratitude for guiding us throughout the course of the main project and
helping us in bringing this report in its final form.
We also thank people who have directly or indirectly have help in making of
project and report feasible. This action is vote of thanks gratitude towards all who have
contributed in their own special way towards the completion of this project.

J.SRIKANTH REDDY
G.ANVESH REDDY

07841A0484
07D91A04B2

ABSTRACT

An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform a

dedicated function. Embedded system is fast growing technology in various fields like
industrial automation, home appliances, automobiles, aeronautics etc. Now more than
iii

ever, embedded systems designers are recognizing the value of wireless. From home light
switches and entertainment systems to industrial controls to remote monitoring and
communications, wireless is permeating an increasing variety of applications that might
once have been thought of as either standalone or otherwise happily tethered to a wire of
some sort.
The main aim of this project is to prevent the collision among air flights. Many
methods have to be followed to prevent the collision between the flights, but here RF
technology is used. The microcontroller provides some additional features for future
enhancement. This project consists of two major units 1) Transmitter Unit and 2)
Receiver Unit.
The RF transmitter consists of an encoder which takes parallel data from micro
controller and transmits serial data. And receiver system containing the decoder converts
the serial data into parallel data and fetches it to the micro controller unit. Then the data
can be processed by the controller presented in the Receiver unit, and drives the motors in
the opposite direction. All the status about transmitter end is displayed in LCD. The
controller also initiates the Buzzer. This unit is placed in the Flight.

CONTENTS OF THE THESIS

Contents

Page No

CERTIFICATE

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

vi

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to project

CHAPTER 2: Literature Survey

3
iv

CHAPTER 3: Block Diagram and Circuit Diagram

CHAPTER 4: Theoretical Analysis

4.1 Embedded Micro Controller and Hard ware

4.1.1

Introduction

4.1.2

Features of Micro Controller

10

4.1.3

Pin Diagram & Port Description

12

4.2 Introduction to Embedded C

15

4.3 433 MHz RF Transmitter STT-433

19

4.3.1 Overview

19

4.3.2. Features

20

4.3.3. Applications

20

4.3.4 Specification

21

4.3.5. Pin Description

21

4.3.6. Operation

21

4.4 433 MHz RF Receiver STR-433

22

4.4.1 Overview

23

4.4.2. Features

23

4.4.3. Applications

23

4.4.4 Specification

24

4.4.5. Pin Description

24
4.4.6. Operation

24

4.5 Decoders

26

4.5.1 General Description

26

4.5.2 Features

27

4.5 3 Applications

27
v

4.5.4 Pin Description

28

4.5.5 Pin Assignment

28

4.6 Encoders
4.6.1 General Description

29

4.6.2 Features

29

4.6.3 Applications

30

4.6.4 Pin Assignment

30

4.6.5 Pin Description

31

4.7 Liquid Crystal Display

31

4.8 Power Supply Design

34

4.9 Electromagnetic Relays

38

4.10 ULN2803
39
SOURCE CODE

41

RESULTS

48

CONCLUSION

50

BIBLIOGRAPHY

51
LIST OF FIGURES

Figures

Page No

Fig 3.1 Transmitter Section

Fig 3.2 Receiver section

Fig 3.3 Schematic of transmitter

Fig 3.4 Schematic of receiver

Fig. 4.1 Block Diagram of 89C52

11

Fig. 4.2 PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89C52

12

Fig 4.3 STT 433 overview diagram

20
vi

Fig 4.4 overview diagram of STR_433

22

Fig 4.5 pin assignment of decoder

28

Fig 4.6 pin assignment of encoder

30

Fig 4.7 LCD

31

Fig 4.8 Block diagram of RPS

35

Fig 4.9 Bridge rectifier

36

Fig 4.10 Smoothing wave form

37

Fig 4.11 Relays

39

Fig4.12 Pin Assignment of ULN2803

40

Fig i transmitter section

48

Fig ii receiver section

48

Fig iii shows receiving the transmitted data

49

Fig iv shows when aero bus found

49

Fig v shows no aero bus found

49
LIST OF TABLES

Tables

Page No

Table 4.1 specification of STT 433

21

Table 4.2 pin description of STT 433

21

Table 4.3 specification of STR 433

24

Table 4.4 pin description of STR 433

24

Table 4.5 pin description of decoder

28

Table 4.6 pin description of encoder

31

Table 4.7 pin assignment of LCD

34

vii

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The main aim of this project is to prevent the collision among air flights. Many methods
have to be followed to prevent the collision between the flights, but here RF technology is used.
The microcontroller provides some additional features for future enhancement. This project
consists of two major units 1) Transmitter Unit and 2) Receiver Unit.
The RF transmitter consists of an encoder which takes parallel data from micro
controller and transmits serial data. And receiver system containing the decoder converts the
serial data into parallel data and fetches it to the micro controller unit. Then the data can be
processed by the controller presented in the Receiver unit, and drives the motors in the opposite
direction. All the status about transmitter end is displayed in LCD. The controller also initiates
the Buzzer. This unit is placed in the Flight.

The system requirements and control specifications clearly rule out the use of 16, 32 or
64 bit micro controllers or microprocessors. Systems using these may be earlier to implement
due to large number of internal features. They are also faster and more reliable but, the above
application is satisfactorily served by 8-bit micro controller. Using an inexpensive 8-bit
Microcontroller will doom the 32-bit product failure in any competitive market place.
Coming to the question of why to use AT89C52 of all the 8-bit microcontroller available
in the market the main answer would be because it has 8 Kb on chip flash memory which is just
sufficient for our application. The on-chip Flash ROM allows the program memory to be
reprogrammed in system or by conventional non-volatile memory Programmer. Moreover

ATMEL is the leader in flash technology in todays market place and hence using AT 89C52 is
the optimal solution.

In this project we are using 318 decoders. The decoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for
remote control system applications. They are paired with the 318 series of encoders. For proper
operation a pair of encoder/decoder pair with the same number of address and data format should
be selected

The programmable address/ data is transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or
an infrared transmission medium upon receipt of a trigger signal. The capability to select a TE
trigger type or a DATA trigger type further enhances the application flexibility of the 318 series
of encoders.

CHAPTER 2
Literature Survey
Embedded systems do a very specific task; they cannot be programmed to do different
things. Embedded systems have very limited resources, particularly the memory. Generally, they
do not have secondary storage devices such as the CDROM or the floppy disk. Embedded
systems have to work against some deadlines. A specific job has to be completed within a
specific time. In some embedded systems, called real-time systems, the deadlines are stringent.
Missing a deadline may cause a catastrophe-loss of life or damage to property. Embedded
systems are constrained for power. As many embedded systems operate through a battery, the
power consumption has to be very low. Some embedded systems have to operate in extreme
environmental conditions such as very high temperatures and humidity.
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform a
dedicated function. Embedded system is fast growing technology in various fields like industrial
automation, home appliances, automobiles, aeronautics etc. Now more than ever, embedded
systems designers are recognizing the value of wireless. From home light switches and
entertainment systems to industrial controls to remote monitoring and communications, wireless
is permeating an increasing variety of applications that might once have been thought of as either
standalone or otherwise happily tethered to a wire of some sort.

Why RF?
10

Bluetooth range is very low ,but we want somewhat higher range

AF communication is point to point, but we want to detect objects which are

travelling all the sides of main object

Satellite range is very high, it can detect objects at long distance also .so it is also
of no use

But with RF we can rectify the above three problems.

11

CHAPTER 3
BLOCK DIAGRAM

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
BASE STATION (AIRPORT)

Micro
contr
oller

RF
Rx

Audio memory
Section 9600

AF
AMP

Speaker

AIRCRAFT
Vibration
Sensor

AT89S52
12
RF
Tx

Recorder

Engine
Temperature
Sensor
Collision
IR Tx
IR Rx

Transmitter section:

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
RF technology is made technology is used for many applications like process control, energy
metering, security system, remote applications etc.
In our project we will be using RF technology for exchange of information between
Aircraft (Transmitter) and base station (Receiver). In transmitter side there are different sensors
used for measuring Aircraft vibration, Engine temperature, and Collision detector. So as to check
that there is no abnormal rise in engine temperature or unwanted vibration that is taking place in
the aircraft that may lead to an accident to avoid that. We will be transmitting information to
airport so as to make an emergency landing or if required to take any necessary action.
In base station, pre recorded messages will be stored in Audio Memory Section
(9600). Depending upon signal received at receiver section particular message will be played
back at airport.

13

CHAPTER 4

Theoretical Analysis
4.1 EMBEDDED MICROCONTROLLER AND HARDWARE
4.1.1 Introduction
A micro controller (also MCU or C) is a functional computer system-on-a-chip. It
contains a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Micro
controllers include an integrated CPU, memory (a small amount of RAM, program memory, or
both) and peripherals capable of input and output.
It emphasizes high integration, in contrast to a microprocessor, which only contains a
CPU (the kind used in a PC). In addition to the usual arithmetic and logic elements of a generalpurpose microprocessor, the micro controller integrates additional elements such as read-write
memory for data storage, read-only memory for program storage, Flash memory for permanent
data storage, peripherals, and input/output interfaces. At clock speeds of as little as 32 KHz,
micro controllers often operate at very low speed compared to microprocessors, but this is
14

adequate for typical applications. They consume relatively little power (milli watts or even
microwatts), and will generally have the ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event
such as a button press or interrupt. Power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and
peripherals disabled) may be just nano watts, making them ideal for low power and long lasting
battery applications.

4.1.2 The Major Features of AT89S52 Microcontroller:

3.2.9 MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52
3.2.9.1 Features

8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory

4.0V to 5.5V Operating voltage.

Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz

256 * 8-bit Internal RAM

32 Programmable I/O Lines

Three 16-bit Timer/Counters

15

Eight Interrupt Sources

Full Duplex UART Serial Channel

Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode

Power-off Flag

Fast Programming Time

Flexible ISP Programming

3.2.9.2 Description
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K
bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels
high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the indus-try-standard
80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be
reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a
versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel
AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective
solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard
features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers,
three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port,
on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for
operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The
Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt
system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the
oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.
3.2.9.3 Pin Description

16

Fig 3.10
VCC Supply voltage.
GND Ground.
Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can
sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data
bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pullups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes
during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification
Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled
17

high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are
externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In
addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input
(P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the
following table. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming
and verification.
Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled
high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are
externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2
emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during
accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this
application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external
data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2
Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control
signals during Flash programming and verification.
Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled
high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are
externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives
some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions
of various special features of the AT89S52.
RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running
resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out.
The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the
default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.
ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the
address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG)
18

during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the
oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note,
however, that one ALE pulse is skipped dur-ing each access to external data memory. If
desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set,
ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly
pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external
execution mode.
PSEN Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When
the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each
machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external
data memory.
EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device
to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note,
however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should
be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt
programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.
XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.
XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

19

3.2.9.4 Block Diagram

Fig 3.11
The 89S52 has 4 different ports, each one having 8 Input/output lines providing a total of 32
I/O lines. Those ports can be used to output DATA and orders do other devices, or to read the
state of a sensor, or a switch. Most of the ports of the 89S52 have 'dual function' meaning that
they can be used for two different functions.
The first one is to perform input/output operations and the second one is used to implement
special features of the microcontroller like counting external pulses, interrupting the execution of
the program according to external events, performing serial data transfer or connecting the chip
to a computer to update the software. Each port has 8 pins, and will be treated from the software
point of view as an 8-bit variable called 'register', each bit being connected to a different
Input/Output pin.

20

There are two different memory types: RAM and EEPROM. Shortly, RAM is used to store
variable during program execution, while the EEPROM memory is used to store the program
itself, that's why it is often referred to as the 'program memory'. It is clear that the CPU (Central
Processing Unit) is the heart of the micro controllers. It is the CPU that will Read the program
from the FLASH memory and Execute it by interacting with the different peripherals.
3.2.9.5 8051 Instruction Set
i.

Arithmetic Operations

Mnemonic

Description

Size

Cycles

ADD A,Rn

Add register to Accumulator (ACC).

ADD A,direct

Add direct byte to ACC.

ADD A,@Ri

Add indirect RAM to ACC

ADD A,#data

Add immediate data to ACC

ADDC A,Rn

Add register to ACC with carry

ADDC A,direct

Add direct byte to ACC with carry.

ADDC A,@Ri

Add indirect RAM to ACC with carry.

ADDC A,#data

Add immediate data to ACC with carry.

SUBB A,Rn

Subtract register from ACC with borrow.

SUBB A,direct

Subtract direct byte from ACC with borrow

SUBB A,@Ri

Subtract indirect RAM from ACC with borrow.

SUBB A,#data

Subtract immediate data from ACC with borrow.

INC A

Increment ACC.

INC Rn

Increment register.

INC direct

Increment direct byte.

INC @Ri

Increment indirect RAM.

DEC A

Decrement ACC.

21

DEC Rn

Decrement register.

DEC direct

Decrement direct byte.

DEC @Ri

Decrement indirect RAM.

INC DPTR

Increment data pointer.

MUL AB

Multiply A and B Result: A <- low byte, B <- high byte. 1

DIV AB

Divide A by B Result: A <- whole part, B <- remainder. 1

DA A

Decimal adjust ACC.

ii.

Logical Operations

Mnemonic

Description

Size

Cycles

ANL A,Rn

AND Register to ACC.

ANL A,direct

AND direct byte to ACC.

ANL A,@Ri

AND indirect RAM to ACC.

ANL A,#data

AND immediate data to ACC.

ANL direct,A AND ACC to direct byte.

ANL direct,#data

AND immediate data to direct byte.

ORL A,Rn

OR Register to ACC.

ORL A,direct

OR direct byte to ACC.

ORL A,@Ri

OR indirect RAM to ACC.

ORL A,#data

OR immediate data to ACC.

ORL direct,A

OR ACC to direct byte.

ORL direct,#data

OR immediate data to direct byte.

XRL A,Rn

Exclusive OR Register to ACC.

22

XRL A,direct

Exclusive OR direct byte to ACC.

XRL A,@Ri

Exclusive OR indirect RAM to ACC.

XRL A,#data

Exclusive OR immediate data to ACC.

XRL direct,A

Exclusive OR ACC to direct byte.

XRL direct,#data

XOR immediate data to direct byte.

CLR A

Clear ACC (set all bits to zero).

CPL A

Compliment ACC.

RL A

Rotate ACC left.

RLC A

Rotate ACC left through carry.

RR A

Rotate ACC right.

RRC A

Rotate ACC right through carry.

SWAP A

iii.

Swap nibbles within ACC.

Data Transfer

Mnemonic

Description

Size

Cycles

MOV A,Rn

Move register to ACC.

MOV A,direct

Move direct byte to ACC.

MOV A,@Ri

Move indirect RAM to ACC.

MOV A,#data

Move immediate data to ACC.

MOV Rn,A

Move ACC to register.

MOV Rn,direct

Move direct byte to register.

MOV Rn,#data

Move immediate data to register.

MOV direct,A

Move ACC to direct byte.

23

MOV direct,Rn

Move register to direct byte.

MOV direct,direct

Move direct byte to direct byte.

MOV direct,@Ri

Move indirect RAM to direct byte.

MOV direct,#data

Move immediate data to direct byte.

MOV @Ri,A

Move ACC to indirect RAM.

MOV @Ri,direct

Move direct byte to indirect RAM.

MOV @Ri,#data

Move immediate data to indirect RAM.

MOV DPTR,#data16 Move immediate 16 bit data to data pointer register. 3

MOVC A,@A+DPTR Move code byte relative to DPTR to ACC (16 bit address). 1
MOVC A,@A+PC

Move code byte relative to PC to ACC (16 bit address).1

MOVX A,@Ri

Move external RAM to ACC (8 bit address) .

MOVX A,@DPTR

Move external RAM to ACC (16 bit address).

MOVX @Ri,A

Move ACC to external RAM (8 bit address).

PUSH direct

Push direct byte onto stack.

POP direct

Pop direct byte from stack.

XCH A,Rn

Exchange register with ACC.

XCH A,direct

Exchange direct byte with ACC.

XCH A,@Ri

Exchange indirect RAM with ACC.

XCHD A,@Ri

Exchange low order nibble of indirect

RAM with low order nibble of ACC

iv.

Boolean Variable Manipulation

Mnemonic

Description

Size

Cycles

CLR C

Clear carry flag.

24

CLR bit

Clear direct bit.

SETB C

Set carry flag.

SETB

bitSet direct bit

CPL C

Compliment carry flag.

CPL bit

Compliment direct bit.

ANL C,bit

AND direct bit to carry flag.

ANL C,/bit

AND compliment of direct bit to carry.

ORL C,bit

OR direct bit to carry flag.

ORL C,/bit

OR compliment of direct bit to carry.

MOV C,bit

Move direct bit to carry flag.

MOV bit,C

Move carry to direct bit.

JC rel

Jump if carry is set.

JNC rel

Jump if carry is not set.

JB bit,rel

Jump if direct bit is set.

JNB bit,rel

Jump if direct bit is not set.

JBC bit,rel

Jump if direct bit is set & clear bit.

v.

Program Branching

Mnemonic

Description

Size

Cycles

RET

Return from subroutine.

RETI

Return from interrupt.

SJMP rel

Short jump (relative address).

JMP @A+DPTR

Jump indirect relative to the DPTR.

JZ rel

Jump relative if ACC is zero.

25

JNZ rel

Jump relative if ACC is not zero.

CJNE A,direct,rel

Compare direct byte to ACC and jump if not equal.

CJNE A,#data,rel

Compare immediate byte to ACC and jump if not equal.3

CJNE Rn,#data,rel

Compare immediate byte to register and jump if not equal.3 2

CJNE @Ri,#data,rel Compare immediate byte to indirect and jump if not equal.32
DJNZ Rn,rel

Decrement register and jump if not zero.

DJNZ direct,rel

Decrement direct byte and jump if not zero.

Why AT89S52
The system requirements and control specifications clearly rule out the use of 16, 32 or
64 bit micro controllers or microprocessors. Systems using these may be earlier to implement
due to large number of internal features. They are also faster and more reliable but, the above
application is satisfactorily served by 8-bit micro controller. Using an inexpensive 8-bit
Microcontroller will doom the 32-bit product failure in any competitive market place.
Coming to the question of why to use AT89S52 of all the 8-bit microcontroller available
in the market the main answer would be because it has 8 Kb on chip flash memory which is just
sufficient for our application. The on-chip Flash ROM allows the program memory to be
reprogrammed in system or by conventional non-volatile memory Programmer. Moreover
ATMEL is the leader in flash technology in todays market place and hence using AT89S52 is the
optimal solution.

26

Fig. 4.1 Block Diagram of 89C52

27

4.1.3 PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89C52

Fig. 4.2 PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89C52

4.1.3 Port Description

ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during
accesses to external memory. ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 of the oscillator frequency,
for external timing or clocking purposes, even when there are no accesses to external memory.

28

(However, one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory.) This pin is
also the program pulse input (PROG) during EPROM programming.
PSEN: Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external Program Memory. When the device is
executing out of external Program Memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle (except
that two PSEN activations are skipped during accesses to external Data Memory). PSEN is not
activated when the device is executing out of internal Program Memory.
EA/VPP: When EA is held high the CPU executes out of internal Program Memory (unless the
Program Counter exceeds 0FFFH in the 80C52). In the 80C31, EA must be externally wired
low. In the EPROM devices, this pin also receives the programming supply voltage (VPP) during
EPROM programming.
XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier.
XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional port. As an open drain output port, it can sink
eight LS TTL loads. Port 0 pins that have 1s written to them float, and in that state will function
as high impedance inputs. Port 0 is also the multiplexed low-order address and data bus during
accesses to external memory. In this application it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s.
Port 0 emits code bytes during program verification. In this application, external pull-ups are
required.
Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. Port 1 pins that have 1s
written to them are pulled high by the internal pull-ups, and in that state can be used as inputs. As
inputs, port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current because of the internal
pull-ups.

29

Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the highorder address byte during accesses to external memory that use 16-bit addresses. In this
application, it uses the strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s.
Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. It also serves the functions
of various special features of the 80C52 Family as follows:
Port Pin Alternate Function
P3.0 RxD (serial input port)
P3.1 TxD (serial output port)
P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)
P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)
P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)
P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)
VCC: Supply voltage
VSS: Circuit ground potential
AT89C52 MICROCONTROLLER ARCHITECTURE
The 89C52 architecture consists of these specific features:

Eight bit CPU with registers A (the accumulator) and B

Sixteen-bit program counter (PC) and data pointer (DPTR)

Eight- bit stack pointer (PSW)

Eight-bit stack pointer (Sp)

Internal ROM or EPROM (8751) of 0(8031) to 8K (89C52)

30

Internal RAM of 256 bytes:

1. Four register banks, each containing eight registers
2. Sixteen bytes, which may be addressed at the bit level
3. Eighty bytes of general- purpose data memory

Thirty two input/output pins arranged as four 8-bit ports:p0-p3

Two 16-bit timer/counters: T0, T1 and T2

Full duplex serial data receiver/transmitter: SBUF

Control registers: TCON, TMOD, SCON, PCON, IP, and IE

Two external and three internal interrupts sources.

Oscillator and clock circuits

4.2 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED C:

Vision IDE Overview
The Vision IDE from Keil combines project management, make facilities, source code
editing, program debugging, and complete simulation in one powerful environment. The Vision
development platform is easy-to-use and it helps you quickly create embedded programs that
work. The Vision editor and debugger are integrated in a single application that provides a
seamless embedded project development environment.
Vision is the Keil Integrated Development and Debugging Environment that helps you
quickly create and test embedded applications for ARM7, ARM9, Cortex-M3, C16x, ST10,
XC16x, C251, and C51 embedded microcontrollers. It combines all aspects of embedded project
development including source code editing, project organization and management, revision

31

control, make facility, target debugging, simulation, and Flash programming. Vision offers a
significant advantage to new users and to developers who must get projects working quickly.
A51 Macro Assembler
The A51 Assembler is a macro assembler for the 8051 family of microcontrollers. It
supports all 8051 derivatives. It translates symbolic assembly language mnemonics into
relocatable object code where the utmost speed, small code size, and hardware control are
critical. The macro facility speeds development and conserves maintenance time since common
sequences need only be developed once. The A51 assembler supports symbolic access to all
features of the 8051 architecture.
The A51 assembler translates assembler source files into a relocatable object module.
The DEBUG directive adds full symbolic information to the object module and supports
debugging with the Vision Debugger or an in-circuit emulator. In addition to object files, the
A51 assembler generates list files which may optionally include symbol table and cross reference
information.
C51 C Compiler
Compiler Details

Compiler Directives

Code Optimizer

Memory Models

Memory Types

32

Pointers

Interrupt Functions

Library Reference

The Keil C51 C Compiler for the 8051 microcontroller is the most popular 8051 C compiler
in the world. It provides more features than any other 8051 C compiler available today. The C51
Compiler allows you to write 8051 microcontroller applications in C that, once compiled, have
the efficiency and speed of assembly language. Language extensions in the C51 Compiler give
you full access to all resources of the 8051.
The C51 Compiler translates C source files into re-locatable object modules which contain
full symbolic information for debugging with the Vision Debugger or an in-circuit emulator. In
addition to the object file, the compiler generates a listing file which may optionally include
symbol table and cross reference information.
Features

Nine basic data types, including 32-bit IEEE floating-point,

Flexible variable allocation with bit, data, bdata, idata, xdata, and pdata memory types,

Interrupt functions may be written in C,

Full use of the 8051 register banks,

Complete symbol and type information for source-level debugging,

Use of AJMP and ACALL instructions,

Bit-addressable data objects,

Built-in interface for the RTX51 Real-Time Kernel,

33

Support for dual data pointers on Atmel, AMD, Cypress, Dallas Semiconductor, Infineon,
Philips, and Transcends microcontrollers,

Support for the Philips 8xC750, 8xC751, and 8xC752 limited instruction sets,

Support for the Infineon 80C517 arithmetic unit.

Why You Need a Simulator

We agree that you can probably create, test, and debug your embedded applications without
a simulator. However, there are several reasons why a simulator (like the Vision Debugger) can
make your engineering tasks easier and save you lots of development time.

Customers with the simulator spend less time debugging simple program errors. The
simulator lets them learn about things like on-chip peripherals and addressing modes
without designing real hardware.

It is our experience that customers who have a simulator require LESS technical support
and are able to get up-to-speed with the tools faster. The simulator makes it easy to write
and test code and learn about programming your microcontroller.

The Vision Debugger provides complete simulation support for on-chip peripherals like
PWM, Power saving modes, A/D, Serial I/O, and so on.

It is easier for our support engineers to explain complex problems if you have a simulator.

It is easier to discover if a problem is in the hardware or software when you use a

simulator. For example, if the application works in the simulator and if it works in the
emulator, there's most likely a problem with the target hardware.

The simulator requires no setup time. An emulator may require configuration and a target
board before you can debug.
34

The simulator is not a replacement for an emulator. A simulator is a different tool entirely.
While an emulator allows you to debug software running on your target hardware, a simulator
allows you to debug your software as well as your understanding of the microcontroller and the
programming language. There are no real-time debugging effects of a simulator.
For debugging embedded applications, we have a general list of favorite tools that we use inhouse.

Logic Probe

Digital Multi-Meter

High-speed Analog Oscilloscope

High-speed Digital Storage Oscilloscope

Logic Analyzer (with a disassembly pod)

Emulator

Software Simulator

4.3 433 MHz RF Transmitter STT-433

4.3.1 Overview
The STT-433 is ideal for remote control applications where low cost and longer range is
required. The transmitter operates from a 1.5-12V supply, making it ideal for battery-powered
applications. The transmitter employs a SAW-stabilized oscillator, ensuring accurate frequency
control for best range performance. Output power and harmonic emissions are easy to control,
making FCC and ETSI compliance easy. The manufacturing-friendly SIP style package and lowcost make the STT-433 suitable for high volume applications.

35

Fig 4.3 STT 433 overview diagram

4.3.2. Features
433.92 MHz Frequency
Low Cost
1.5-12V operation
11mA current consumption at 3V
Small size
4 dBm output power at 3V

4.3.3. Applications
Remote Lighting Controls
On-Site Paging
Asset Tracking
Wireless Alarm and Security Systems
Long Range RFID
Automated Resource Management

36

4.3.4 Specification Symbol Min Typ. Max Unit

.
Table 4.1 specification of STT 433
4.3.5. Pin Description

Table 4.2 pin description of STT 433

4.3.6. Operation
4.3 6.1. Theory
OOK (On Off Keying) modulation is a binary form of amplitude modulation. When a
logical 0 (data line low) is being sent, the transmitter is off, fully suppressing the carrier. In this

37

state, the transmitter current is very low, less than 1mA. When a logical 1 is being sent, the
carrier is fully on. In this state, the module current consumption is at its highest, about 11mA
with a 3V power supply.
OOK is the modulation method of choice for remote control applications where power
consumption and cost are the primary factors. Because OOK transmitters draw no power when
they transmit a 0, they exhibit significantly better power consumption than FSK transmitters.
OOK data rate is limited by the start-up time of the oscillator. High-Q oscillators which
have very stable center frequencies take longer to start-up than low-Q oscillators. The start-up
time of the oscillator determines the maximum data rate that the transmitter can send.

4.3.6.2. Data Rate

The oscillator start-up time is on the order of 40uSec, which limits the maximum data
rate to 4.8 Kbit/sec.
4.3.6.3. SAW stabilized oscillator
The transmitter is basically a negative resistance LC oscillator whose center frequency is
tightly controlled by a SAW resonator. SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) resonators are
fundamental frequency devices that resonate at frequencies much higher than crystals.
4.4 433 MHz RF Receiver STR-433

38

Fig 4.4 overview diagram of STR_433

4.4.1. Overview
The STR-433 is ideal for short-range remote control applications where cost is a
primary concern. The receiver module requires no external RF components except for the
antenna. It generates virtually no emissions, making FCC and ETSI approvals easy. The superregenerative design exhibits exceptional sensitivity at a very low cost. The manufacturingfriendly SIP style package and low-cost make the STR-433 suitable for high volume
applications.
4.4.2. Features
Low Cost
5V operation
3.5mA current drain
No External Parts are required
Receiver Frequency: 433.92 MHZ
Typical sensitivity: -105dBm
IF Frequency: 1MHz
4.4.3. Applications
Car security system
Sensor reporting
Automation system
Remote Keyless Entry (RKE)
Remote Lighting Controls
On-Site Paging

39

 Wireless Alarm and Security Systems

Long Range RFID
Automated Resource Management
4.4.4. Specification

Table 4.3 specification of STR 433

4.4.5Pin Outs

Na
Table 4.4 pin description of STR 433

4.4.6. Operation
4.4.6.1. Super-Regenerative AM Detection

40

The STR-433 uses a super-regenerative AM detector to demodulate the incoming AM

carrier. A super-regenerative detector is a gain stage with positive feedback greater than unity so
that it oscillates. An RC-time constant is included in the gain stage so that when the gain stage
oscillates, the gain will be lowered over time proportional to the RC time constant until the
oscillation eventually dies. When the oscillation dies, the current draw of the gain stage
decreases, charging the RC circuit, increasing the gain, and ultimately the oscillation starts again.
In this way, the oscillation of the gain stage is turned on and off at a rate set by the RC time
constant. This rate is chosen to be super-audible but much lower than the main oscillation rate.
Detection is accomplished by measuring the emitter current of the gain stage. Any RF input
signal at the frequency of the main oscillation will aid the main oscillation in restarting. If the
amplitude of the RF input increases, the main oscillation will stay on for a longer period of time,
and the emitter current will be higher. Therefore, we can detect the original base-band signal by
simply low-pass filtering the emitter current. The average emitter current is not very linear as a
function of the RF input level. It exhibits a 1/ln response because of the exponentially rising
nature of oscillator start-up. The steep slope of a logarithm near zero results in high sensitivity to
small input signals.

4.4.6.2. Data Slicer

41

The data slicer converts the base-band analog signal from the super-regenerative detector
to a CMOS/TTL compatible output. Because the data slicer is AC coupled to the audio output,
there is a minimum data rate. AC coupling also limits the minimum and maximum pulse width.
Typically, data is encoded on the transmit side using pulse-width modulation (PWM) or nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ). The most common source for NRZ data is from a UART embedded in a
micro-controller. Applications that use NRZ data encoding typically involve microcontrollers.
The most common source for PWM data
is from a remote control IC such as the HC-12E from Holtek or ST14 CODEC from Sunrom
Technologies. Data is sent as a constant rate square-wave. The duty cycle of that square wave
will generally be either 33% (a zero) or 66% (a one). The data slicer on the STR-433 is
optimized for use with PWM encoded data, though it will work with NRZ data if certain
encoding rules are followed.

4.4.6.3. Power Supply

The STR-433 is designed to operate from a 5V power supply. It is crucial that this power
supply be very quiet. The power supply should be bypassed using a 0.1uF low-ESR ceramic
capacitor and a 4.7uF tantalum capacitor. These capacitors should be placed as close to the power
pins as possible. The STR- 433 is designed for continuous duty operation. From the time power
is applied, it can take up to 750mSec for the data output to become valid.

4.4.6.4. Antenna Input

42

It will support most antenna types, including printed antennas integrated directly onto the
PCB and simple single core wire of about 17cm. The performance of the different antennas
varies. Any time a trace is longer than 1/8th the wavelength of the frequency it is carrying, it
should be a 50 ohm micro strip.
4.5 Decoders
4.5.1 General Description
The 318 decoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications.
They are paired with the 318 series of encoders. For proper operation a pair of encoder/decoder
pair with the same number of address and data format should be selected (refer to the encoder/
decoder cross reference tables).
The 318 series of decoders receives serial address and data from that series of encoders
that are transmitted by a carrier using an RF or an IR transmission medium. It then compares the
serial input data twice continuously with its local address. If no errors or unmatched codes are
encountered, the input data codes are decoded and then transferred to the output pins. The VT pin
also goes high to indicate a valid transmission. The 318 decoders are capable of decoding 18 bits
of information that consists of N bits of address and 18N bits of data. To meet various
applications they are arranged to provide a number of data pins whose range is from 0 to 8 and
an address pin whose range is from 8 to 18. In addition, the 318 decoders provide various
combinations of address/data number in different packages

4.5.2 Features

43

Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V

Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology
Low standby current
Capable of decoding 18 bits of information
Pairs with HOLTEKs 318 series of encoders
8~18 address pins
0~8 data pins
Trinary address setting
Two times of receiving check
Built-in oscillator needs only a 5% resistor
Valid transmission indictor
Easily interface with an RF or an infrared transmission medium
Minimal external components

4.5.3 Applications

Burglar alarm system

Smoke and fire alarm system
Garage door controllers
Car door controllers
Car alarm system
Security system
Cordless telephones
Other remote control systems

4.5.4 Pin Description

Table 4.5 pin description of decoder

4.5.5 Pin Assignment
44

Fig 4.5 pin assignment of decoder

4.6 Encoders
4.6.1 General Description
The 318 encoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications.
They are capable of encoding 18 bits of information which consists of N address bits and 18_N
data bits. Each address/data input is externally trinary programmable if bonded out. It is
otherwise set floating internally. Various packages of the 318 encoders offer flexible
Combinations of programmable address/data to meet various application needs. The
45

programmable address/ data is transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or an infrared
transmission medium upon receipt of a trigger signal. The capability to select a TE trigger type
or a DATA trigger type further enhances the application flexibility of the 3 18 series of encoders.
4.6.2 Features

Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V

Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology
Low standby current
Three words transmission
Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor
Easy interface with an RF or infrared transmission media
Minimal external components

4.6.3 Applications

Burglar alarm system

Smoke and fire alarm system
Garage door controllers
Car door controllers
Car alarm system
Security system
Cordless telephones
Other remote control systems

4.6.4 Pin Assignment

46

Fig 4.6 pin assignment of encoder

4.6.5 Pin Description

47

Table 4.6 pin description of encoder

4.8 POWER SUPPLY DESIGN

There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage AC mains
electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics circuits and other devices. A power
supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function.
48

Fig 4.8 Block diagram of RPS

Transformer
Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power.
Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC.
Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most power
supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage to a safer
low voltage. The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary.
There is no electrical connection between the two coils, instead they are linked by an alternating
magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the
circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is equal
to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up. The ratio of the
number of turns on each coil, called the turns ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages.

49

A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary coil which is
connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary coil to
give a low output voltage.
Rectifier
There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a rectifier to convert AC to DC.
The bridge rectifier is the most important and it produces full-wave varying DC. A full-wave
rectifier can also be made from just two diodes if a centre-tap transformer is used, but this
method is rarely used now that diodes are cheaper. A single diode can be used as a rectifier but it
only uses the positive parts of the AC wave to produce half-wave varying dc.
Bridge rectifier
A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also available in
special packages containing the four diodes required. It is called a full-wave rectifier because it
uses the entire AC wave. 1.4V is used up in the bridge rectifier because each diode uses 0.7V
when conducting and there are always two diodes conducting, as shown in the diagram below.
Bridge rectifiers are rated by the maximum current they can pass and the maximum reverse
voltage they can withstand.

Fig 4.9 Bridge rectifier

50

Smoothing
Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC
supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from
the rectifier is falling.

Fig 4.10 Smoothing wave form

51

Note that smoothing significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the peak
value. For example 6V RMS AC is rectified to full wave DC of about 4.6V RMS, with
smoothing this increases to almost the peak value giving 1.4 4.6 = 6.4V smooth DC.
Smoothing is not perfect due to the capacitor voltage falling a little as it discharges, giving a
small ripple voltage. For many circuits a ripple which is 10% of the supply voltage is satisfactory
and the equation below gives the required value for the smoothing capacitor. A larger capacitor
will give less ripple. The capacitor value must be doubled when smoothing half-wave DC.
Regulator
Voltage regulator ICs is available with fixed or variable output voltages. The maximum
current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for using
dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current and
overheating.

IR SENSOR
This project and its circuit are one of the most basic and popular sensor modules.
In electronics, this sensor is analogous to humans visionary senses which can be
used to detect an obstacle which is one of its common applications.
Infrared radiation is the portion of electromagnetic spectrum having wavelengths
longer than visible light wavelengths, but smaller than microwaves, i.e., the region

52

roughly from 0.75m to 1 m is the infrared region. Infrared waves are invisible to
human eyes. The wavelength region of 0.75m to 3 m is called near infrared, the
region from 3 m to 6 m is called mid infrared and the region higher than 6 m is
called far infrared.
Break Beam Sensors
This type of sensors consists of a pair of light emitting and light detecting
elements. Infrared source transmits a beam of light towards a remote IR receiver
creating an electronic fence. Once a beam is broken/interrupted due to some
opaque object, output of detector changes and associated electronic circuitry takes
appropriate actions.

53

Typical applications of such sensors are intrusion detection, shaft encoder (for
measurement of rotation angle/rate of rotation)

Reflectance Sensors

This type of sensors house both an IR source and an IR detector in a single housing
in such a way that light from emitter LED bounces off an external object and is
reflected into a detector. Amount of light reflected into the detector depends upon
the reflectivity of the surface.

This principle is used in intrusion detection, object detection (measure the presence
of an object in the sensors FOV), barcode decoding, and surface feature detection
(detecting features painted, taped, or otherwise marked onto the floor), wall
tracking (detecting distance from the wall), etc.
It can also be used to scan a defined area; the transmitter emits a beam of light into
the scan zone, the reflected light is used to detect a change in the reflected light
thereby scanning the desired zone.

54

In robotics, a group of such modules are used so that a robot can follow a line
pattern.
This circuit is made using the following:
1. LM358 IC 2.
IR Transmitter and Receiver Pair
3. Resistors of the range of Kilo ohms
4. Variable Resistors
5. LED
The transmitter part of the sensor project is an Infrared (IR) Led which transmits
continuous IR rays to be received by an IR receiver. The output of the receiver
varies depending upon its reception of IR rays. Since this variation cannot be
analyzed as such, therefore this output can be fed to a comparator. Here operational
amplifier (op-amp) of LM 339 is used as comparator.

LM 339

55

LM339 is a comparator IC with four inbuilt comparators. A comparator is a

simple circuit that moves signals between the analog and digital worlds. It
compares two input voltage levels and gives digital output to indicate the larger
one. The two input pins are termed as inverting (V-) and non-inverting (V+). The
output pin goes high when voltage at V+ is greater than that at V-, and vice versa.
In common applications, one of the pins is provided with a reference voltage and
the other one receives analog input from a sensor or any external device. If
inverting pin (V-) is set as reference, then V+ must exceed this reference to result
in high output. For inverted logic, the reference is set at V+ pin.
Pin Diagram:

56

Pin Description:
Pin No Function

Name

Output of 2 comparator

nd

Output 2

Output of 1st comparator

Output 1

Supply voltage; 5V (+36 or 18V)

Vcc

Inverting input of 1 comparator

Non-inverting input of 1 comparator

Inverting input of 1 comparator

Non-inverting input of 2 comparator

Inverting input of 3 comparator

Non-inverting input of 3 comparator

st

Input 1-

st

st

Input 1+
Input 2-

nd

rd

Input 2+
Input 3-

rd

57

Input 3+

th

10

Inverting input of 4 comparator

11

Non-inverting input of 4 comparator

Input 4+

12

Ground (0V)

Ground

13

Output of 4 comparator

th

Output 4

14

Output of 3 comparator

rd

Output 3

Input 4-

th

When the IR receiver does not receive signal the potential at the
inverting input goes higher than that that at non-inverting input of the
comparator (LM 339). Thus the output of the comparator goes low and
the LED does not glow .When the IR receiver receives signal the
potential at the inverting input goes low. Thus the output of the
comparator (LM 339) goes high and the LED starts glowing. Resistor
R1 (100

), R2 (10k

) and R3 (330

) are used to ensure that

minimum 10 mA current passes through the IR LED, photodiode and

normal LED, respectively. Resistor VR2 (preset=5k
adjust the output. Resistor VR1 (preset=10k

) is used to

) is used to set the

sensitivity of the circuit. Read more about IR sensor here.

Temperature sensor
LM35 is a precision IC temperature sensor with its output proportional to the
temperature (in oC). The sensor circuitry is sealed and therefore it is not subjected to
oxidation and other processes. With LM35, temperature can be measured more accurately
than with a thermistor. It also possess low self heating and does not cause more than 0.1
o
C temperature rise in still air.

The operating temperature range is from -55C to 150C. The output voltage varies by
10mV in response to every oC rise/fall in ambient temperature, i.e., its scale factor is
0.01V/ oC.

Pin Diagram:

Pin Description:

Pin

Function

Name
2

No
1
2
3

Supply voltage; 5V (+35V to -2V)

Output voltage (+6V to -1V)
Ground (0V)

Vcc
Output
Ground

RF Transmitter
RF MODULE

The RF module, as the name suggests, operates at Radio Frequency. The corresponding
frequency range varies between 30 kHz & 300 GHz. In this RF system, the digital data is
represented as variations in the amplitude of carrier wave. This kind of modulation is
known as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).
Transmission through RF is better than IR (infrared) because of many reasons. Firstly,
signals through RF can travel through larger distances making it suitable for long range
applications. Also, while IR mostly operates in line-of-sight mode, RF signals can travel
even when there is an obstruction between transmitter & receiver. Next, RF transmission
is more strong and reliable than IR transmission. RF communication uses a specific
frequency unlike IR signals which are affected by other IR emitting sources.
This RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter and an RF Receiver. The
transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair operates at a frequency of 434 MHz. An RF transmitter
receives serial data and transmits it wirelessly through RF through its antenna connected
at pin4. The transmission occurs at the rate of 1Kbps - 10Kbps.The transmitted data is
received by an RF receiver operating at the same frequency as that of the transmitter.
The RF module is often used alongwith a pair of encoder/decoder. The encoder is used for
encoding parallel data for transmission feed while reception is decoded by a decoder.
HT12E-HT12D, HT640-HT648, etc. are some commonly used encoder/decoder pair ICs.
Pin Diagram:
3

Pin Description:
RF Transmitter
Pin No
1
2
3
4

Function
Ground (0V)
Serial data input pin
Supply voltage; 5V
Antenna output pin

Name
Ground
Data
Vcc
ANT
RF Receiver

Pin No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Function
Ground (0V)
Serial data output pin
Linear output pin; not connected
Supply voltage; 5V
Supply voltage; 5V
Ground (0V)
Ground (0V)
Antenna input pin

Name
Ground
Data
NC
Vcc
Vcc
Ground
Ground
ANT

RF based Wireless Remote Control

The circuit of this project utilises the RF module (Tx/Rx) for making a wireless remote,
which could be used to drive an output from a distant place. RF module, as the name
suggests, uses radio frequency to send signals. These signals are transmitted at a
particular frequency and a baud rate. A receiver can receive these signals only if it is
configured for that frequency.
A four channel encoder/decoder pair has also been used in this system. The input signals,
at the transmitter side, are taken through four switches while the outputs are monitored on
a set of four LEDs corresponding to each input switch.
The circuit can be used for designing Remote Appliance Control system. The outputs
from the receiver can drive corresponding relays connected to any household appliance.

RF simulator
Wireless remote controlled toy cars work on the concept explained in this project. Motor
control through RF communication is a very interesting application and is widely used in
robotics, electronics toys, automation systems etc. This topic covers the way DC motors
can be driven by using the controls from a distant place. The controls are transferred from
one end to another by employing an RF module.
The remote control application of RF has been extended to operate a motor driver which
in turn controls the direction of motors.

APR 9600
APR9600 is a low-cost high performance sound record/replay IC incorporating flash
analogue
storage technique. Recorded sound is retained even after power supply is removed from
the
module. The replayed sound exhibits high quality with a low noise level. Sampling rate
for a 60
second recording period is 4.2 kHz that gives a sound record/replay bandwidth of 20Hz to
2.1 kHz.
However, by changing an oscillation resistor, a sampling rate as high as 8.0 kHz can be
achieved.
This shortens the total length of sound recording to 32 seconds.
6

Total sound recording time can be varied from 32 seconds to 60 seconds by changing the
value of a
single resistor. The IC can operate in one of two modes: serial mode and parallel mode.
In serial access mode, sound can be recorded in 256 sections. In parallel access mode,
sound can be
recorded in 2, 4 or 8 sections. The IC can be controlled simply using push button keys. It
is also
possible to control the IC using external digital circuitry such as micro-controllers and
computers.
The APR9600 has a 28 pin DIP package. Supply voltage is between 4.5V to 6.5V. During
recording and replaying, current consumption is 25 mA. In idle mode, the current drops to
1 A.
The APR9600 experimental board is an assembled PCB board consisting of an APR9600
IC, an
electret microphone, support components and necessary switches to allow users to
explore all
functions of the APR9600 chip. The oscillation resistor is chosen so that the total
recording period
is 60 seconds with a sampling rate of 4.2 kHz. The board measures 80mm by 55mm.
Speaker

CONCLUSION

The project Aeronautical Crash Prevention System through RF

Communication has been successfully designed and tested. Integrating features of all
the hardware components used have developed it. Presence of every module has been
reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing to the best working of the unit.
Secondly, using highly advanced ICs and with the help of growing technology the project
has been successfully implemented. Using the RF COMMUNICATION we are
successfully able to control the aero planes to prevent from the crashing.
The main objective achieved from this project is to prevent aero planes from
crashing. By using the basic idea of this project we can also construct many useful
systems. This is executed by depend upon the ip address every aero plane consists of both
transmitter and receiver section. Transmitter send the ip address of aero plane and
7

receiver takes the ip address other than its ip address. If receiver receives any information
it means that other aero plane within the hundred meter region so it may possible that
crash will occur, so we divert the both aero planes from initial position

Bibliography:

Reference books:
1. Linear Integrated Circuits by D.Roy Chowdhury, New Age International (P)
Limited ,Second Edition,2003.
2. The 8051 microcontroller and embedded systems by Mazidi,PHI,2000.
3. Microcontrollers architecture , Programming, Interfacing and System Design by
Rajkamal,
Pearson Education,2005

Reference Websites:
1.

http://www.ikalogic.com/cat_microcontrollers.php/89C52/interfacing

2.

http://www.electronicsforu.com/Electronicsforu/articles/subcategory.asp/